Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Annals of Vascular Surgery 5/2006

01.09.2006 | General Reviews

Statins and Peripheral Arterial Disease: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Benefits

verfasst von: Mohamad E. Alnaeb, MD, MRCS, Nasser Alobaid, MSc, MRCS, Alexander M. Seifalian, PhD, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis, MD, FRCPath, FRCP, George Hamilton, MD, FRCS

Erschienen in: Annals of Vascular Surgery | Ausgabe 5/2006

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a manifestation of widespread atherosclerosis. Lipid modification (especially with statins) is a component of the treatment of patients with PAD since this condition is considered a coronary heart disease equivalent. This review considers the mechanism of action of statins in PAD. Statins have been shown to reduce the incidence of new coronary events in patients with PAD. However, surveys suggest that many such patients remain undertreated. Statins can also increase walking distance in patients with PAD. There is also evidence that statins can improve renal function in these patients. Several other actions of statins are considered in this review. PAD patients have an increased morbidity and mortality, largely due to myocardial infarction and stroke. Recognizing and treating these high-risk patients as early as possible should be a priority.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Munger MA, Hawkins DW. Atherothrombosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prevention. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 2004;44:S5-S12 Munger MA, Hawkins DW. Atherothrombosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prevention. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 2004;44:S5-S12
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez ER, Kannewurf BS. Atherosclerosis: a unifying disorder with diverse manifestations. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1998;55:S4-S7PubMed Gonzalez ER, Kannewurf BS. Atherosclerosis: a unifying disorder with diverse manifestations. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1998;55:S4-S7PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bettmann MA, Dake MD, Hopkins LN et al. Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group VI: revascularization. Circulation 2004;109:2643-2650PubMed Bettmann MA, Dake MD, Hopkins LN et al. Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group VI: revascularization. Circulation 2004;109:2643-2650PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Criqui MH, et al. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population. Circulation 1985;71:510-515PubMed Criqui MH, et al. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population. Circulation 1985;71:510-515PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Hiatt WR, Hoag S, Hamman RF. Effect of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Circulation 1995;91:1472-1479PubMed Hiatt WR, Hoag S, Hamman RF. Effect of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Circulation 1995;91:1472-1479PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996;348:1329-1339 CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996;348:1329-1339
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Newman AB, et al. Ankle-arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. The Cardiovascular Health Study Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:538-545PubMed Newman AB, et al. Ankle-arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. The Cardiovascular Health Study Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:538-545PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Aronow WS, Ahn C. Frequency of new coronary events in older persons with peripheral arterial disease and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:789-791PubMed Aronow WS, Ahn C. Frequency of new coronary events in older persons with peripheral arterial disease and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:789-791PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat McDermott MM, et al. Knowledge and attitudes regarding cardiovascular disease risk and prevention in patients with coronary or peripheral arterial disease. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2157-2162PubMed McDermott MM, et al. Knowledge and attitudes regarding cardiovascular disease risk and prevention in patients with coronary or peripheral arterial disease. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2157-2162PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat McKenna M, Wolfson S, Kuller L. The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality. Atherosclerosis 1991;87:119-128PubMed McKenna M, Wolfson S, Kuller L. The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality. Atherosclerosis 1991;87:119-128PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Vogt MT, McKenna M, Anderson SJ, Wolfson SK, Kuller LH. The relationship between ankle-arm index and mortality in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:523-530PubMed Vogt MT, McKenna M, Anderson SJ, Wolfson SK, Kuller LH. The relationship between ankle-arm index and mortality in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:523-530PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Graham IM, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA 1997;277:1775-1781PubMed Graham IM, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA 1997;277:1775-1781PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Dieter RS, Chu WW, Pacanowski JP Jr, McBride PE, Tanke TE. The significance of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Clin Cardiol 2002;25:3-10PubMed Dieter RS, Chu WW, Pacanowski JP Jr, McBride PE, Tanke TE. The significance of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Clin Cardiol 2002;25:3-10PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Mukherjee D, et al. Missed opportunities to treat atherosclerosis in patients undergoing peripheral vascular interventions: insights from the University of Michigan Peripheral Vascular Disease Quality Improvement Initiative (PVD-QI2). Circulation 2002;106:1909-1912PubMed Mukherjee D, et al. Missed opportunities to treat atherosclerosis in patients undergoing peripheral vascular interventions: insights from the University of Michigan Peripheral Vascular Disease Quality Improvement Initiative (PVD-QI2). Circulation 2002;106:1909-1912PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Aronow WS. Management of peripheral arterial disease. Cardiol Rev 2005;13:61-68PubMed Aronow WS. Management of peripheral arterial disease. Cardiol Rev 2005;13:61-68PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Burns P, Gough S, Bradbury AW, et al. Management of peripheral arterial disease in primary care. BMJ 2003;326:584-588PubMed Burns P, Gough S, Bradbury AW, et al. Management of peripheral arterial disease in primary care. BMJ 2003;326:584-588PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Antiplatelet therapy in peripheral arterial disease. Consensus statement. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;26:1-16 Antiplatelet therapy in peripheral arterial disease. Consensus statement. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;26:1-16
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Kroger K. Dyslipoproteinemia and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Angiology 2004;55:135-138PubMed Kroger K. Dyslipoproteinemia and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Angiology 2004;55:135-138PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohler ER III, Hiatt WR, Creager MA. Cholesterol reduction with atorvastatin improves walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003;108:1481-1486PubMed Mohler ER III, Hiatt WR, Creager MA. Cholesterol reduction with atorvastatin improves walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003;108:1481-1486PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Anand SS, Kundi A, Eikelboom J, Yusuf S. Low rates of preventive practices in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Can J Cardiol 1999;15:1259-1263PubMed Anand SS, Kundi A, Eikelboom J, Yusuf S. Low rates of preventive practices in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Can J Cardiol 1999;15:1259-1263PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark AL, Byrne JC, Nasser A, McGroarty E, Kennedy JA. Cholesterol in peripheral vascular disease—a suitable case for treatment? QJM 1999;92:219-222PubMed Clark AL, Byrne JC, Nasser A, McGroarty E, Kennedy JA. Cholesterol in peripheral vascular disease—a suitable case for treatment? QJM 1999;92:219-222PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat McDermott MM, Mehta S, Ahn H, Greenland P. Atherosclerotic risk factors are less intensively treated in patients with peripheral arterial disease than in patients with coronary artery disease. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:209-215PubMedCrossRef McDermott MM, Mehta S, Ahn H, Greenland P. Atherosclerotic risk factors are less intensively treated in patients with peripheral arterial disease than in patients with coronary artery disease. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:209-215PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison EM, Holdsworth RJ. How many claudicants should be prescribed statins? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;25:367-368PubMed Harrison EM, Holdsworth RJ. How many claudicants should be prescribed statins? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;25:367-368PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Cimminiello C. PAD. Epidemiology and pathophysiology. Thromb Res 2002;106:V295-V301PubMed Cimminiello C. PAD. Epidemiology and pathophysiology. Thromb Res 2002;106:V295-V301PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 2002;420:868-874PubMed Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 2002;420:868-874PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Mlot C. Chlamydia linked to atherosclerosis. Science 1996;272:1422PubMed Mlot C. Chlamydia linked to atherosclerosis. Science 1996;272:1422PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Libby P. Changing concepts of atherogenesis. J Intern Med 2000;247:349-358PubMed Libby P. Changing concepts of atherogenesis. J Intern Med 2000;247:349-358PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson AD, et al. Structural identification by mass spectrometry of oxidized phospholipids in minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein that induce monocyte/endothelial interactions and evidence for their presence in vivo. J Biol Chem 1997;272:13597-13607PubMed Watson AD, et al. Structural identification by mass spectrometry of oxidized phospholipids in minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein that induce monocyte/endothelial interactions and evidence for their presence in vivo. J Biol Chem 1997;272:13597-13607PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Lefer AM, Ma XL. Decreased basal nitric oxide release in hypercholesterolemia increases neutrophil adherence to rabbit coronary artery endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb 1993;13:771-776PubMed Lefer AM, Ma XL. Decreased basal nitric oxide release in hypercholesterolemia increases neutrophil adherence to rabbit coronary artery endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb 1993;13:771-776PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Galis ZS, Sukhova GK, Kranzhofer R, Clark S, Libby P. Macrophage foam cells from experimental atheroma constitutively produce matrix-degrading proteinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:402-406PubMed Galis ZS, Sukhova GK, Kranzhofer R, Clark S, Libby P. Macrophage foam cells from experimental atheroma constitutively produce matrix-degrading proteinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:402-406PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Davies MJ. Pathology of arterial thrombosis. Br Med Bull 1994;50:789-802PubMed Davies MJ. Pathology of arterial thrombosis. Br Med Bull 1994;50:789-802PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Libby P. Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995;91:2844-2850PubMed Libby P. Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995;91:2844-2850PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Silva JA, White CJ. Plaque instability in peripheral vessels. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2002;44:429-436PubMed Silva JA, White CJ. Plaque instability in peripheral vessels. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2002;44:429-436PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Pedersen TR, et al. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Atherosclerosis 2004;5(Suppl.):81-87PubMed Pedersen TR, et al. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Atherosclerosis 2004;5(Suppl.):81-87PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-1357 The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-1357
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Wheeler DC. Statins and the kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998;7:579-584PubMed Wheeler DC. Statins and the kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998;7:579-584PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis M, et al. The effect of short-term lipid lowering with atorvastatin on carotid artery intima media thickness in patients with peripheral vascular disease: a pilot study. Curr Med Res Opin 2000;16:198-204PubMed Davis M, et al. The effect of short-term lipid lowering with atorvastatin on carotid artery intima media thickness in patients with peripheral vascular disease: a pilot study. Curr Med Res Opin 2000;16:198-204PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsiara S, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Early vascular benefits of statin therapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19:540-556PubMed Tsiara S, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Early vascular benefits of statin therapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19:540-556PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation 1998;97:1440-1445 Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation 1998;97:1440-1445
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Sacks FM, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-1009PubMed Sacks FM, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-1009PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellosta S, et al. Direct vascular effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Atherosclerosis 1998;137(Suppl.):S101-S109PubMed Bellosta S, et al. Direct vascular effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Atherosclerosis 1998;137(Suppl.):S101-S109PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Landmesser U, et al. Simvastatin versus ezetimibe: pleiotropic and lipid-lowering effects on endothelial function in humans. Circulation 2005;111:2356-2363PubMed Landmesser U, et al. Simvastatin versus ezetimibe: pleiotropic and lipid-lowering effects on endothelial function in humans. Circulation 2005;111:2356-2363PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson TJ, et al. The effect of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. N Engl J Med 1995;332:488-493PubMed Anderson TJ, et al. The effect of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. N Engl J Med 1995;332:488-493PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Treasure CB, et al. Beneficial effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy on the coronary endothelium in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1995;332:481-487PubMed Treasure CB, et al. Beneficial effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy on the coronary endothelium in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1995;332:481-487PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Stroes ES, Koomans HA, de Bruin TW, Rabelink TJ. Vascular function in the forearm of hypercholesterolaemic patients off and on lipid-lowering medication. Lancet 1995;346:467-471PubMed Stroes ES, Koomans HA, de Bruin TW, Rabelink TJ. Vascular function in the forearm of hypercholesterolaemic patients off and on lipid-lowering medication. Lancet 1995;346:467-471PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat John S, et al. Increased bioavailability of nitric oxide after lipid-lowering therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Circulation 1998;98:211-216PubMed John S, et al. Increased bioavailability of nitric oxide after lipid-lowering therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Circulation 1998;98:211-216PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Ross R. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Am Heart J 1999;138:S419-S420PubMed Ross R. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Am Heart J 1999;138:S419-S420PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Radomski MW, Moncada S. Regulation of vascular homeostasis by nitric oxide. Thromb Haemost 1993;70:36-41PubMed Radomski MW, Moncada S. Regulation of vascular homeostasis by nitric oxide. Thromb Haemost 1993;70:36-41PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsagas MI, Geroulakos G, Mikhailidis DP. The role of platelets in peripheral arterial disease: therapeutic implications. Ann Vasc Surg 2002;16:246-258PubMed Matsagas MI, Geroulakos G, Mikhailidis DP. The role of platelets in peripheral arterial disease: therapeutic implications. Ann Vasc Surg 2002;16:246-258PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Cornwell TL, Arnold E, Boerth NJ, Lincoln TM. Inhibition of smooth muscle cell growth by nitric oxide and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by cGMP. Am J Physiol 1994;267:C1405-C1413PubMed Cornwell TL, Arnold E, Boerth NJ, Lincoln TM. Inhibition of smooth muscle cell growth by nitric oxide and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by cGMP. Am J Physiol 1994;267:C1405-C1413PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat De Caterina R, et al. Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. J Clin Invest 1995;96:60-68PubMed De Caterina R, et al. Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. J Clin Invest 1995;96:60-68PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Laufs U, La FV, Plutzky J, Liao JK. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998;97:1129-1135PubMed Laufs U, La FV, Plutzky J, Liao JK. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998;97:1129-1135PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Haaber AB, Eidemak I, Jensen T, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S. Vascular endothelial cell function and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;5:1581-1584PubMed Haaber AB, Eidemak I, Jensen T, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S. Vascular endothelial cell function and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;5:1581-1584PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Hand MF, Haynes WG, Johnstone HA, Anderton JL, Webb DJ. Erythropoietin enhances vascular responsiveness to norepinephrine in renal failure. Kidney Int 1995;48:806-813PubMed Hand MF, Haynes WG, Johnstone HA, Anderton JL, Webb DJ. Erythropoietin enhances vascular responsiveness to norepinephrine in renal failure. Kidney Int 1995;48:806-813PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2005-2016PubMed Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2005-2016PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Daskalopoulou SS, Daskalopoulos ME, Liapis CD, Mikhailidis DP. Peripheral arterial disease: a missed opportunity to administer statins so as to reduce cardiac morbidity and mortality. Curr Med Chem 2005;12:443-452PubMed Daskalopoulou SS, Daskalopoulos ME, Liapis CD, Mikhailidis DP. Peripheral arterial disease: a missed opportunity to administer statins so as to reduce cardiac morbidity and mortality. Curr Med Chem 2005;12:443-452PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Statins and renal function. Angiology 2002;53:493-502PubMed Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Statins and renal function. Angiology 2002;53:493-502PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Athyros VG, et al. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidaemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol 2004;57:728-734PubMed Athyros VG, et al. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidaemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol 2004;57:728-734PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Athyros VG, et al. Effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidemia on serum uric acid levels in patients with coronary heart disease: a subgroup analysis of the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:589-599PubMed Athyros VG, et al. Effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidemia on serum uric acid levels in patients with coronary heart disease: a subgroup analysis of the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:589-599PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Youssef F, et al. The early effect of lipid-lowering treatment on carotid and femoral intima media thickness (IMT). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002;23:358-364PubMed Youssef F, et al. The early effect of lipid-lowering treatment on carotid and femoral intima media thickness (IMT). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002;23:358-364PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Ludmer PL, et al. Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1046-1051PubMedCrossRef Ludmer PL, et al. Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1046-1051PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Andrews TC, et al. Effect of cholesterol reduction on myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary disease. Circulation 1997;95:324-328PubMed Andrews TC, et al. Effect of cholesterol reduction on myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary disease. Circulation 1997;95:324-328PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Vita JA, et al. Coronary vasomotor response to acetylcholine relates to risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circulation 1990;81:491-497PubMed Vita JA, et al. Coronary vasomotor response to acetylcholine relates to risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circulation 1990;81:491-497PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Keidar S, Aviram M, Maor I, Oiknine J, Brook JG. Pravastatin inhibits cellular cholesterol synthesis and increases low density lipoprotein receptor activity in macrophages: in vitro and in vivo studies. Br J Clin. Pharmacol. 1994;38:513-519PubMed Keidar S, Aviram M, Maor I, Oiknine J, Brook JG. Pravastatin inhibits cellular cholesterol synthesis and increases low density lipoprotein receptor activity in macrophages: in vitro and in vivo studies. Br J Clin. Pharmacol. 1994;38:513-519PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Hussein O, Schlezinger S, Rosenblat M, Keidar S, Aviram M. Reduced susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to lipid peroxidation after fluvastatin therapy is associated with the hypocholesterolemic effect of the drug and its binding to the LDL. Atherosclerosis 1997;128:11-18PubMed Hussein O, Schlezinger S, Rosenblat M, Keidar S, Aviram M. Reduced susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to lipid peroxidation after fluvastatin therapy is associated with the hypocholesterolemic effect of the drug and its binding to the LDL. Atherosclerosis 1997;128:11-18PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. The effects of lipid-regulating therapy on haemostatic parameters. Curr Pharm Des 2003;9:2425-2443PubMed Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. The effects of lipid-regulating therapy on haemostatic parameters. Curr Pharm Des 2003;9:2425-2443PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsuda Y, et al. Effects of pravastatin sodium and simvastatin on plasma fibrinogen level and blood rheology in type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1996;122:225-233PubMed Tsuda Y, et al. Effects of pravastatin sodium and simvastatin on plasma fibrinogen level and blood rheology in type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1996;122:225-233PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Lacoste L, et al. Hyperlipidemia and coronary disease. Correction of the increased thrombogenic potential with cholesterol reduction. Circulation 1995;92:3172-3177PubMed Lacoste L, et al. Hyperlipidemia and coronary disease. Correction of the increased thrombogenic potential with cholesterol reduction. Circulation 1995;92:3172-3177PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron DJ, Fazio S, Linton MF. Current perspectives on statins. Circulation 2000;101:207-213PubMed Maron DJ, Fazio S, Linton MF. Current perspectives on statins. Circulation 2000;101:207-213PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee AJ, Fowkes FG, Lowe GD, Rumley A. Fibrin D-dimer, haemostatic factors and peripheral arterial disease. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:828-832PubMed Lee AJ, Fowkes FG, Lowe GD, Rumley A. Fibrin D-dimer, haemostatic factors and peripheral arterial disease. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:828-832PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat McDermott MM, et al. Relation of levels of hemostatic factors and inflammatory markers to the ankle brachial index. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:194-199PubMed McDermott MM, et al. Relation of levels of hemostatic factors and inflammatory markers to the ankle brachial index. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:194-199PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Bustos C, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibition by atorvastatin reduces neointimal inflammation in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:2057-2064PubMed Bustos C, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibition by atorvastatin reduces neointimal inflammation in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:2057-2064PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Dimmeler S, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Clin Invest 2001;108:391-397PubMed Dimmeler S, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Clin Invest 2001;108:391-397PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Llevadot J, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mobilizes bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. J Clin Invest 2001;108:399-405PubMed Llevadot J, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mobilizes bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. J Clin Invest 2001;108:399-405PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Rupp S, et al. Statin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease improves the impaired endothelial progenitor cell differentiation into cardiomyogenic cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2004;99:61-68PubMed Rupp S, et al. Statin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease improves the impaired endothelial progenitor cell differentiation into cardiomyogenic cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2004;99:61-68PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Kureishi Y, et al. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin activates the protein kinase Akt and promotes angiogenesis in normocholesterolemic animals. Nat Med 2000;6:1004-1010PubMed Kureishi Y, et al. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin activates the protein kinase Akt and promotes angiogenesis in normocholesterolemic animals. Nat Med 2000;6:1004-1010PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Alobaid N, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells and their potential clinical applications in peripheral arterial disease. Endothelium 2005;12:243-250PubMed Alobaid N, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells and their potential clinical applications in peripheral arterial disease. Endothelium 2005;12:243-250PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Thor M, Yu A, Swedenborg J. Markers of inflammation and hypercoagulability in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with lower extremity ischemia. Thromb Res 2002;105:379-383PubMed Thor M, Yu A, Swedenborg J. Markers of inflammation and hypercoagulability in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with lower extremity ischemia. Thromb Res 2002;105:379-383PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Banerjee AK, et al. A six year prospective study of fibrinogen and other risk factors associated with mortality in stable claudicants. Thromb Haemost 1992;68:261-263PubMed Banerjee AK, et al. A six year prospective study of fibrinogen and other risk factors associated with mortality in stable claudicants. Thromb Haemost 1992;68:261-263PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Lassila R, et al. Severity of peripheral atherosclerosis is associated with fibrinogen and degradation of cross-linked fibrin. Arterioscler Thromb 1993;13:1738-1742PubMed Lassila R, et al. Severity of peripheral atherosclerosis is associated with fibrinogen and degradation of cross-linked fibrin. Arterioscler Thromb 1993;13:1738-1742PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheshire NJ, Wolfe JH, Barradas MA, Chambler AW, Mikhailidis DP. Smoking and plasma fibrinogen, lipoprotein (a) and serotonin are markers for postoperative infrainguinal graft stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996;11:479-486PubMed Cheshire NJ, Wolfe JH, Barradas MA, Chambler AW, Mikhailidis DP. Smoking and plasma fibrinogen, lipoprotein (a) and serotonin are markers for postoperative infrainguinal graft stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996;11:479-486PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Goudevenos JA, et al. The effect of atorvastatin on serum lipids, lipoprotein(a) and plasma fibrinogen levels in primary dyslipidaemia–a pilot study involving serial sampling. Curr Med Res Opin 2001;16:269-275PubMed Goudevenos JA, et al. The effect of atorvastatin on serum lipids, lipoprotein(a) and plasma fibrinogen levels in primary dyslipidaemia–a pilot study involving serial sampling. Curr Med Res Opin 2001;16:269-275PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Koh KK, et al. Vascular effects of diet and statin in hypercholesterolemic patients. Int J Cardiol 2004;95:185-191PubMed Koh KK, et al. Vascular effects of diet and statin in hypercholesterolemic patients. Int J Cardiol 2004;95:185-191PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Leng GC, et al. Incidence, natural history and cardiovascular events in symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol 1996;25:1172-1181PubMed Leng GC, et al. Incidence, natural history and cardiovascular events in symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol 1996;25:1172-1181PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Muluk SC, et al. Outcome events in patients with claudication: a 15-year study in 2777 patients. J Vasc Surg 2001;33:251-257PubMed Muluk SC, et al. Outcome events in patients with claudication: a 15-year study in 2777 patients. J Vasc Surg 2001;33:251-257PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Jelnes R, et al. Fate in intermittent claudication: outcome and risk factors. BMJ 1986;293:1137-1140PubMed Jelnes R, et al. Fate in intermittent claudication: outcome and risk factors. BMJ 1986;293:1137-1140PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Criqui MH, et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1992;326:381-386PubMedCrossRef Criqui MH, et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1992;326:381-386PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497 Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith SC Jr, et al. AHA/ACC scientific statement. AHA/ACC guidelines for preventing heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation 2001;104:1577-1579PubMed Smith SC Jr, et al. AHA/ACC scientific statement. AHA/ACC guidelines for preventing heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation 2001;104:1577-1579PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Summary of the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). JAMA 1993;269:3015-3023 Summary of the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). JAMA 1993;269:3015-3023
91.
Zurück zum Zitat The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2413-2446 The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2413-2446
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Clarke R, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia: an independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1149-1155PubMedCrossRef Clarke R, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia: an independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1149-1155PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Langer RD, Fronek A. The epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease: importance of identifying the population at risk. Vasc Med 1997;2:221-226PubMed Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Langer RD, Fronek A. The epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease: importance of identifying the population at risk. Vasc Med 1997;2:221-226PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Marin R, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in peripheral arterial disease. A study of 403 cases [in Spanish]. Rev Clin Esp 1993;193:357-362PubMed Marin R, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in peripheral arterial disease. A study of 403 cases [in Spanish]. Rev Clin Esp 1993;193:357-362PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Novo S, et al. Prevalence of risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease. A clinical and epidemiological evaluation. Int Angiol 1992;11:218-229PubMed Novo S, et al. Prevalence of risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease. A clinical and epidemiological evaluation. Int Angiol 1992;11:218-229PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmerman BR, et al. A prospective study of peripheral occlusive arterial disease in diabetes. III. Initial lipid and lipoprotein findings. Mayo Clin Proc 1981;56:233-242PubMed Zimmerman BR, et al. A prospective study of peripheral occlusive arterial disease in diabetes. III. Initial lipid and lipoprotein findings. Mayo Clin Proc 1981;56:233-242PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith I, Franks PJ, Greenhalgh RM, Poulter NR, Powell JT. The influence of smoking cessation and hypertriglyceridaemia on the progression of peripheral arterial disease and the onset of critical ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996;11:402-408PubMed Smith I, Franks PJ, Greenhalgh RM, Poulter NR, Powell JT. The influence of smoking cessation and hypertriglyceridaemia on the progression of peripheral arterial disease and the onset of critical ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996;11:402-408PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheng SW, Ting AC, Wong J. Lipoprotein (a) and its relationship to risk factors and severity of atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997;14:17-23PubMed Cheng SW, Ting AC, Wong J. Lipoprotein (a) and its relationship to risk factors and severity of atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997;14:17-23PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Price JF, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Fowkes FG. Lipoprotein (a) and development of intermittent claudication and major cardiovascular events in men and women: the Edinburgh Artery Study. Atherosclerosis 2001;157:241-249PubMed Price JF, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Fowkes FG. Lipoprotein (a) and development of intermittent claudication and major cardiovascular events in men and women: the Edinburgh Artery Study. Atherosclerosis 2001;157:241-249PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA 2001;285:2481-2485PubMed Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA 2001;285:2481-2485PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Laufs U, La F, V, Plutzky J, Liao JK. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998;97:1129-1135 Laufs U, La F, V, Plutzky J, Liao JK. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998;97:1129-1135
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan F, Litchfield SJ, Belch JJ. Cutaneous microvascular responses are improved after cholesterol-lowering in patients with peripheral vascular disease and hypercholesterolaemia. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997;428:49-54PubMed Khan F, Litchfield SJ, Belch JJ. Cutaneous microvascular responses are improved after cholesterol-lowering in patients with peripheral vascular disease and hypercholesterolaemia. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997;428:49-54PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirk G, McLaren M, Muir AH, Stonebridge PA, Belch JJ. Decrease in P-selectin levels in patients with hypercholesterolaemia and peripheral arterial occlusive disease after lipid-lowering treatment. Vasc Med 1999;4:23-26PubMed Kirk G, McLaren M, Muir AH, Stonebridge PA, Belch JJ. Decrease in P-selectin levels in patients with hypercholesterolaemia and peripheral arterial occlusive disease after lipid-lowering treatment. Vasc Med 1999;4:23-26PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Leng GC, Price JF, Jepson RG. Lipid-lowering for lower limb atherosclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;CD000123 Leng GC, Price JF, Jepson RG. Lipid-lowering for lower limb atherosclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;CD000123
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Blankenhorn DH, et al. Effects of colestipol-niacin therapy on human femoral atherosclerosis. Circulation 1991;83:438-447PubMed Blankenhorn DH, et al. Effects of colestipol-niacin therapy on human femoral atherosclerosis. Circulation 1991;83:438-447PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis B. Randomised controlled trial of the treatment of hyperlipidaemia on progression of atherosclerosis. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1985;701:53-57PubMed Lewis B. Randomised controlled trial of the treatment of hyperlipidaemia on progression of atherosclerosis. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1985;701:53-57PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Pedersen TR, et al. Effect of simvastatin on ischemic signs and symptoms in the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S). Am J Cardiol 1998;81:333-335PubMed Pedersen TR, et al. Effect of simvastatin on ischemic signs and symptoms in the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S). Am J Cardiol 1998;81:333-335PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Kroon AA, van Asten WN, Stalenhoef AF. Effect of apheresis of low-density lipoprotein on peripheral vascular disease in hypercholesterolemic patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:945-954PubMed Kroon AA, van Asten WN, Stalenhoef AF. Effect of apheresis of low-density lipoprotein on peripheral vascular disease in hypercholesterolemic patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:945-954PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Aronow WS, Nayak D, Woodworth S, Ahn C. Effect of simvastatin versus placebo on treadmill exercise time until the onset of intermittent claudication in older patients with peripheral arterial disease at six months and at one year after treatment. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:711-712PubMed Aronow WS, Nayak D, Woodworth S, Ahn C. Effect of simvastatin versus placebo on treadmill exercise time until the onset of intermittent claudication in older patients with peripheral arterial disease at six months and at one year after treatment. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:711-712PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat McDermott MM, et al. Statin use and leg functioning in patients with and without lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003;107:757-761PubMed McDermott MM, et al. Statin use and leg functioning in patients with and without lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003;107:757-761PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Sarnak MJ, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2003;108:2154-2169PubMed Sarnak MJ, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2003;108:2154-2169PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Moorhead JF. Lipids and the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1991;17:65-70PubMed Moorhead JF. Lipids and the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1991;17:65-70PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Alnaeb ME, Youssef F, Mikhailidis DP, Hamilton G. Short-term lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin improves renal function but not renal blood flow indices in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology 2006;57:65-71PubMed Alnaeb ME, Youssef F, Mikhailidis DP, Hamilton G. Short-term lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin improves renal function but not renal blood flow indices in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology 2006;57:65-71PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Tonelli M, Moye L, Sacks FM, Cole T, Curhan GC. Effect of pravastatin on loss of renal function in people with moderate chronic renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:1605-1613PubMed Tonelli M, Moye L, Sacks FM, Cole T, Curhan GC. Effect of pravastatin on loss of renal function in people with moderate chronic renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:1605-1613PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson SH, et al. Lipid-lowering-independent effects of simvastatin on the kidney in experimental hypercholesterolaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:703-709PubMed Wilson SH, et al. Lipid-lowering-independent effects of simvastatin on the kidney in experimental hypercholesterolaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:703-709PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Massy ZA, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Kasiske BL. Lipid-lowering therapy in patients with renal disease. Kidney Int 1995;48:188-198PubMed Massy ZA, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Kasiske BL. Lipid-lowering therapy in patients with renal disease. Kidney Int 1995;48:188-198PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Valdivielso P, et al. Atorvastatin in dyslipidaemia of the nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology (Carlton) 2003;8:61-64 Valdivielso P, et al. Atorvastatin in dyslipidaemia of the nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology (Carlton) 2003;8:61-64
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Youssef F, et al. The effect of short-term treatment with simvastatin on renal function in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology 2004;55:53-62PubMedCrossRef Youssef F, et al. The effect of short-term treatment with simvastatin on renal function in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology 2004;55:53-62PubMedCrossRef
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Daskalopoulou SS, Athyros VG, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Uric acid levels and vascular disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:951-954PubMed Daskalopoulou SS, Athyros VG, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Uric acid levels and vascular disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:951-954PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoieggen A, et al. The impact of serum uric acid on cardiovascular outcomes in the LIFE study. Kidney Int 2004;65:1041-1049PubMed Hoieggen A, et al. The impact of serum uric acid on cardiovascular outcomes in the LIFE study. Kidney Int 2004;65:1041-1049PubMed
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Wheeler DC, Bernard DB. Lipid abnormalities in the nephrotic syndrome: causes, consequences, and treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 1994;23:331-346PubMed Wheeler DC, Bernard DB. Lipid abnormalities in the nephrotic syndrome: causes, consequences, and treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 1994;23:331-346PubMed
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Sacco DE, Albers JJ. Lipid lowering and plaque regression. New insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease. Circulation 1993;87:1781-1791PubMed Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Sacco DE, Albers JJ. Lipid lowering and plaque regression. New insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease. Circulation 1993;87:1781-1791PubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Vieira JM Jr, Mantovani E, Tavares RL, et al. Simvastatin attenuates renal inflammation, tubular transdifferentiation and interstitial fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20:1582–1591PubMed Vieira JM Jr, Mantovani E, Tavares RL, et al. Simvastatin attenuates renal inflammation, tubular transdifferentiation and interstitial fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20:1582–1591PubMed
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaughan CJ, Murphy MB, Buckley BM. Statins do more than just lower cholesterol. Lancet 1996;348:1079-1082PubMed Vaughan CJ, Murphy MB, Buckley BM. Statins do more than just lower cholesterol. Lancet 1996;348:1079-1082PubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Safian RD, Textor SC. Renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:431-442PubMed Safian RD, Textor SC. Renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:431-442PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Conlon PJ, et al. Survival in renal vascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:252-256PubMed Conlon PJ, et al. Survival in renal vascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:252-256PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Minuz P, et al. Increased oxidative stress and platelet activation in patients with hypertension and renovascular disease. Circulation 2002;106:2800-2805PubMed Minuz P, et al. Increased oxidative stress and platelet activation in patients with hypertension and renovascular disease. Circulation 2002;106:2800-2805PubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Lerman LO, et al. Increased oxidative stress in experimental renovascular hypertension. Hypertension 2001;37:541-546PubMed Lerman LO, et al. Increased oxidative stress in experimental renovascular hypertension. Hypertension 2001;37:541-546PubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Suresh M, Laboi P, Mamtora H, Kalra PA. Relationship of renal dysfunction to proximal arterial disease severity in atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000;15:631-636PubMed Suresh M, Laboi P, Mamtora H, Kalra PA. Relationship of renal dysfunction to proximal arterial disease severity in atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000;15:631-636PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Wright JR, et al. Clinicopathological correlation in biopsy-proven atherosclerotic nephropathy: implications for renal functional outcome in atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16:765-770PubMed Wright JR, et al. Clinicopathological correlation in biopsy-proven atherosclerotic nephropathy: implications for renal functional outcome in atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16:765-770PubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Kasiske BL. Relationship between vascular disease and age-associated changes in the human kidney. Kidney Int 1987;31:1153-1159PubMed Kasiske BL. Relationship between vascular disease and age-associated changes in the human kidney. Kidney Int 1987;31:1153-1159PubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Manttari M, Tiula E, Alikoski T, Manninen V. Effects of hypertension and dyslipidemia on the decline in renal function. Hypertension 1995;26:670-675PubMed Manttari M, Tiula E, Alikoski T, Manninen V. Effects of hypertension and dyslipidemia on the decline in renal function. Hypertension 1995;26:670-675PubMed
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Khong TK, Missouris CG, Belli AM, MacGregor GA. Regression of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis with aggressive lipid lowering therapy. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:431-433PubMed Khong TK, Missouris CG, Belli AM, MacGregor GA. Regression of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis with aggressive lipid lowering therapy. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:431-433PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Jardine AG, et al. fluvastatin prevents cardiac death and myocardial infarction in renal transplant recipients: post-hoc subgroup analyses of the ALERT Study. Am J Transplant 2004;4:988-995PubMed Jardine AG, et al. fluvastatin prevents cardiac death and myocardial infarction in renal transplant recipients: post-hoc subgroup analyses of the ALERT Study. Am J Transplant 2004;4:988-995PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahlof B, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:895-906PubMed Dahlof B, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:895-906PubMed
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Sever PS, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1149-1158PubMed Sever PS, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1149-1158PubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Athyros VG, et al. Effect of statins and aspirin alone and in combination on clinical outcome in dyslipidaemic patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the GREACE study. Platelets 2005;16:65-71PubMed Athyros VG, et al. Effect of statins and aspirin alone and in combination on clinical outcome in dyslipidaemic patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the GREACE study. Platelets 2005;16:65-71PubMed
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Athyros VG, et al. Effect of statins and ACE inhibitors alone and in combination on clinical outcome in patients with coronary heart disease. J Hum Hypertens 2004;18:781-788PubMed Athyros VG, et al. Effect of statins and ACE inhibitors alone and in combination on clinical outcome in patients with coronary heart disease. J Hum Hypertens 2004;18:781-788PubMed
139.
Zurück zum Zitat LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1999;282:2340-2346PubMed LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1999;282:2340-2346PubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Coresh J, Kwiterovich PO Jr. Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles and coronary heart disease risk: a clear association with uncertain implications. JAMA 1996;276:914-915PubMed Coresh J, Kwiterovich PO Jr. Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles and coronary heart disease risk: a clear association with uncertain implications. JAMA 1996;276:914-915PubMed
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Aronow WS. Should hypercholesterolemia in older persons be treated to reduce cardiovascular events? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:M411-M413PubMed Aronow WS. Should hypercholesterolemia in older persons be treated to reduce cardiovascular events? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:M411-M413PubMed
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Aronow WS, Ahn C. Incidence of new coronary events in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:67-69PubMed Aronow WS, Ahn C. Incidence of new coronary events in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:67-69PubMed
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Matthews KA. Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: a quantitative review of primary prevention trials. BMJ 1990;301:309-314PubMedCrossRef Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Matthews KA. Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: a quantitative review of primary prevention trials. BMJ 1990;301:309-314PubMedCrossRef
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Marschner IC, et al. Long-term risk stratification for survivors of acute coronary syndromes. Results from the Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) study. LIPID study investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:56-63PubMed Marschner IC, et al. Long-term risk stratification for survivors of acute coronary syndromes. Results from the Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) study. LIPID study investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:56-63PubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat LIPID Group Study. Long-term effectiveness and safety of pravastatin in 9014 patients with coronary heart disease and average cholesterol concentrations: the LIPID trial follow-up. Lancet 2002;359:1379-1387 LIPID Group Study. Long-term effectiveness and safety of pravastatin in 9014 patients with coronary heart disease and average cholesterol concentrations: the LIPID trial follow-up. Lancet 2002;359:1379-1387
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Schillinger M, et al. Statin therapy improves cardiovascular outcome of patients with peripheral artery disease. Eur Heart J 2004;25:742-748PubMed Schillinger M, et al. Statin therapy improves cardiovascular outcome of patients with peripheral artery disease. Eur Heart J 2004;25:742-748PubMed
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Yokoi H, Nobuyoshi M, Mitsudo K, Kawaguchi A, Yamamoto A. Three-year follow-up results of angiographic intervention trial using an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor to evaluate retardation of obstructive multiple atheroma (ATHEROMA) study. Circ J 2005;69:875-883PubMed Yokoi H, Nobuyoshi M, Mitsudo K, Kawaguchi A, Yamamoto A. Three-year follow-up results of angiographic intervention trial using an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor to evaluate retardation of obstructive multiple atheroma (ATHEROMA) study. Circ J 2005;69:875-883PubMed
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Vigen C, Hodis HN, Selzer RH, Mahrer PR, Mack WJ. Relation of progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis to risk of cardiovascular events (from the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study). Am J Cardiol 2005;95:1277-1282PubMed Vigen C, Hodis HN, Selzer RH, Mahrer PR, Mack WJ. Relation of progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis to risk of cardiovascular events (from the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study). Am J Cardiol 2005;95:1277-1282PubMed
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Balk EM, et al. Effects of statins on vascular structure and function: a systematic review. Am J Med 2004;117:775-790PubMed Balk EM, et al. Effects of statins on vascular structure and function: a systematic review. Am J Med 2004;117:775-790PubMed
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Meijer WT, et al. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:185-192PubMed Meijer WT, et al. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:185-192PubMed
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Fowkes FG. The measurement of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease in epidemiological surveys. Int J Epidemiol 1988;17:248-254PubMed Fowkes FG. The measurement of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease in epidemiological surveys. Int J Epidemiol 1988;17:248-254PubMed
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Newman AB, et al. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group. Circulation 1993;88:837-845 Newman AB, et al. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group. Circulation 1993;88:837-845
153.
Zurück zum Zitat TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC). Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Section D. Chronic critical limb ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000;19(Suppl. A):S144-S243 TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC). Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Section D. Chronic critical limb ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000;19(Suppl. A):S144-S243
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Deedwania P, Volkova N. Dyslipidemia and lipid-lowering therapy in the elderly. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2005;3:453-463PubMed Deedwania P, Volkova N. Dyslipidemia and lipid-lowering therapy in the elderly. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2005;3:453-463PubMed
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Aronow WS. Hypercholesterolemia. The evidence supports use of statins. Geriatrics 2003;58:18-31PubMed Aronow WS. Hypercholesterolemia. The evidence supports use of statins. Geriatrics 2003;58:18-31PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Statins and Peripheral Arterial Disease: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Benefits
verfasst von
Mohamad E. Alnaeb, MD, MRCS
Nasser Alobaid, MSc, MRCS
Alexander M. Seifalian, PhD
Dimitri P. Mikhailidis, MD, FRCPath, FRCP
George Hamilton, MD, FRCS
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2006
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Annals of Vascular Surgery / Ausgabe 5/2006
Print ISSN: 0890-5096
Elektronische ISSN: 1615-5947
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10016-006-9104-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2006

Annals of Vascular Surgery 5/2006 Zur Ausgabe

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

21.05.2024 Allgemeine Chirurgie Nachrichten

Ein Frauenanteil von mindestens einem Drittel im ärztlichen Op.-Team war in einer großen retrospektiven Studie aus Kanada mit einer signifikanten Reduktion der postoperativen Morbidität assoziiert.

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

17.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Sie sei „ethisch geboten“, meint Gesundheitsminister Karl Lauterbach: mehr Transparenz über die Qualität von Klinikbehandlungen. Um sie abzubilden, lässt er gegen den Widerstand vieler Länder einen virtuellen Klinik-Atlas freischalten.

Was nützt die Kraniektomie bei schwerer tiefer Hirnblutung?

17.05.2024 Hirnblutung Nachrichten

Eine Studie zum Nutzen der druckentlastenden Kraniektomie nach schwerer tiefer supratentorieller Hirnblutung deutet einen Nutzen der Operation an. Für überlebende Patienten ist das dennoch nur eine bedingt gute Nachricht.

Klinikreform soll zehntausende Menschenleben retten

15.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Gesundheitsminister Lauterbach hat die vom Bundeskabinett beschlossene Klinikreform verteidigt. Kritik an den Plänen kommt vom Marburger Bund. Und in den Ländern wird über den Gang zum Vermittlungsausschuss spekuliert.

Update Chirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Karpaltunnelsyndroms“

Karpaltunnelsyndrom BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“

Radiusfraktur BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Webinar beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?

PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske
Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“

Appendizitis BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.