Background
Material and method
Suicide victims
Accident victims
Procedure
Measurements
Ethics
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographic characteristics
Localization, diurnal and seasonal distribution
Suicide | Suicide group | Accident | Accident group | Suicide vs. accident | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | boys vs. girls | Boys | girls | boys vs. girls | ||||||||
n%
|
n%
|
OR
|
(CI)
|
p
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
OR
|
(CI)
|
p
|
OR
|
(CI)
|
p
| |
Gender | 30 (71) | 12 (29) | 22 (52) | 20 (48) | .4 | (.2-1.1) | .12 | ||||||
Age, mean | 14.3 | 14.4 | .25 | 13.7 | 13.2 | .63 | <.01 | ||||||
SD | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.7 | |||||||||
Strangulation | 19 (63) | 9 (75) | .72 | 1 (5) | - | ||||||||
Hung Freely | 11 (58) | 5 (56) | .46 | - | - | ||||||||
Both feet on the ground | 5 (26) | 1 (11) | - | - | |||||||||
Sitting down | 3 (16) | 3 (33) | |||||||||||
Firearm | 9 (30) | 1 (8.3) | .23 | ||||||||||
Jumping/falling | 1 (3.5) | 1 (8.3) | .49 | - | 1 (5) | .48 | |||||||
Drowning | 1 (3.5) | 1 (8.3) | .49 | 4 (18) | 4 (20) | 1.00 | |||||||
Intoxication | - | - | 2 (9) | - | |||||||||
Pedestrian, bicycle | - | - | 11 (50) | 12 (60) | .55 | ||||||||
Train, tram, subway | - | - | 2 (9) | 1 (5) | 1.00 | ||||||||
Other accident* | - | - | 2 (9) | 2 (10) | 1.00 | ||||||||
Place of death | <.01 | ||||||||||||
Family residence | 10 (33) | 8 (67) | .3 | (.1-1.0) | .08 | 2 (9) | 1 (5)** | 1.9 | (.2-22.7) | 1.00 | |||
Family garage | 6 (20) | 1 (8) | 2.8 | (.3-25.7) | .65 | - | - | ||||||
Elsewhere | 14 (47) | 3 (25) | 2.6 | (.6-11.7) | 30 | 19 (86) | 19 (95) | .3 | (.0-3.5) | 61 | |||
Time of death | N=41 | .94 | N=34 | .81 |
.02
| ||||||||
Morning 6a.m.-14p.m. | 3 (35) | 2 (17) | 7 (11) | 4 (29) | |||||||||
Afternoon 14-18p.m. | 16 (57) | 6 (50) | 3 (15) | 4 (29) | |||||||||
Evening 18-24p.m. | 6 (40) | 3 (25) | 8 (21) | 5 (36) | |||||||||
Night 0a.m.-6a.m. | 3 (11) | 1 (8) | 2 (10) | 1 (7) | |||||||||
Died on a |
n = 40
| .41 |
n = 35
| .84 | .18 | ||||||||
Monday | 5 (18) | 6 (55) | 3 (14) | 3 (21) | |||||||||
Tuesday | 5 (18) | 1 (8) | 0 | 1 (7) | |||||||||
Wednesday | 5 (18) | 1 (8) | 4 (19) | 3 (21) | |||||||||
Thursday | 8 (29) | 1 (8) | 3 (14) | 2 (14) | |||||||||
Friday | 1 (4) | 1 (8) | 4 (19) | 2 (14) | |||||||||
Saturday | 2 (7) | 1 (8) | 4 (19) | 1 (7) | |||||||||
Sunday | 2 (7) | 1 (8) | 3 (14) | 2 (14) | |||||||||
Season | |||||||||||||
Bright (March-Aug.) | 11 (37) | 3 (25) | 1.0 | 15 (68) | 17 (85) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Dark (Sept.-Feb.) | 19 (63) | 9 (75) | 1.7 | (.4-7.8) | .72 | 7 (32) | 3 (15) | .4 | (.1-1.7) | .28 | 6.4 | (2.5-16.7) | <.01 |
The deceased found by | |||||||||||||
Family member | 17 (57) | 7 (58) | 1.0 | 5 (23) | 1 (5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Other | 13 (43) | 5 (42) | .9 | (.2-3.6) | 1.00 | 17 (77) | 19 (95) | 5.6 | (.6-52.7) | .19 | .1 | (.0-.4) | <.01 |
Alive when found | |||||||||||||
Yes | 5 (17) | 1 (8) | 1.0 | 13 (59) | 3 (81) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
No | 25 (83) | 11 (92) | 2.0 | (.2-21.1) | .66 | 9 (41) | 3 (19) | .3 | (.1-1.5) | .18 | 13.0 | (4.3-39.1) | <.01 |
Risk factors for suicide
Experience of loss and conflict
Contributing factors | Suicide victims | Accident victims | Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = positive score (%)
|
n = positive score (%)
|
OR
|
CI
|
p
| |
Loss | 21 (50) | 7 (17) | 5.0 | 1.8-13.8 | <.01 |
Conflict | 24 (59) | 5 (12) | 10.4 | 3.4-32.1 |
.01
|
Bullied | 12 (29) | 6 (14) | 2.4 | .8-7.2 | .18 |
Suicide interest | 19 (46) | 1 (2) | 35.4 | 4.4-282.4 |
.01
|
Suicide threat | 4 (10) | 0 (0) | .06 | ||
Suicide attempt* | 5 (12) | 0 (0) |
.03
| ||
Self harm | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1.0 | .1-16.5 | 1.00 |
Mental health problems | 14 (33) | 5 (12) | 3.7 | 1.2-11.5 |
.04
|
Sub-threshold depression | 8 (16) | 1 (2) | 9.9 | 1.2-83.5 |
.02
|
Depression* | 4 (10) | 0 (0) | .06 | ||
Any other psychiatric diagnosis | 6 (14) | 3 (7) | 2.3 | .5-9.9 | .31 |
Vulnerable/touchy | 21 (50) | 4 (10) | 9.5 | 2.9-31.4 | <.01 |
Worried/anxious | 7 (17) | 1 (2) | 7.8 | .9-66.6 | .06 |
Self or socially confident** | 38 (91) | 27 (64) | 5.3 | 1.6-17.7 | <.01 |
Impulsive/temperamental | 6 (14) | 0 (0) |
.03
| ||
Suicide in family or local community | 18 (43) | 1 (2) | 30.8 | 3.9-245.1 | <.01 |
Suicidal behavior
Mental health
Supplementary information
SIS and suicide notes in suicide victims
SIS item | Boys | Girls | Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 29
|
n = 12
| ||||
n | (%) | n | (%) |
p
| |
1. Isolation | .17 | ||||
Somebody present | 1 | (3) | 1 | (8) | |
Somebody nearby | 9 | (31) | 7 | (58) | |
No one nearby | 19 | (66) | 4 | (33) | |
2. Timing | .14 | ||||
Intervention probable | 4 | (14) | 5 | (42) | |
Intervention not likely | 16 | (55) | 5 | (42) | |
Intervention unlikely | 9 | (31) | 2 | (17) | |
3. Precautions | .55 | ||||
No precautions | 10 | (34) | 6 | (50) | |
Passive precautions | 15 | (52) | 4 | (33) | |
Active precautions | 4 | (14) | 2 | (17) | |
4. Acting to get help | .64 | ||||
Notified helper | 2 | (7) | 0 | ||
Contacted | 2 | (7) | 1 | (8) | |
No contact | 25 | (86) | 11 | (92) | |
5. Final acts | .18 | ||||
None | 21 | (72) | 10 | (83) | |
Some arrangements | 2 | (7) | 2 | (17) | |
Completed arrangements | 6 | (21) | 0 | ||
6. Active preparation | .85 | ||||
None | 8 | (28) | 4 | (33) | |
Minimal/moderate | 14 | (48) | 6 | (50) | |
Extensive | 7 | (24) | 2 | (18) | |
7. Suicide note | 1.00 | ||||
Absence of note | 16 | (55) | 7 | (58) | |
Presence of note | 13 | (45) | 5 | (42) | |
8. Communication | .62 | ||||
None | 14 | (48) | 4 | (33) | |
Ambiguous | 10 | (35) | 6 | (50) | |
Marked | 5 | (17) | 2 | (17) | |
SIS Total score, mean | 8.4 | SD=3.1 | 7.0 | SD=3.2 | .22 |
Precautions, mean 1 + 2 + 3 | 3.6 | SD=1.4 | 2.7 | SD=1.4 | .06 |
Planning, mean 5 + 6 + 7 | 2.3 | SD=2.0 | 1.7 | SD=1.9 | .32 |
Communication, mean 4 + 8 | 2.5 | SD=.7 | 2.8 | SD=.8 | .28 |