Background
Methods
Study population
Anthropometric measurements
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance protocol
Post processing and data analysis
Intra- and inter-observer variability
Statistical analysis
Results
Participant characteristics
Controls N = 45 | |
---|---|
Age, years | 54 ± 14 (range 24–75) |
Male, % | 59 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 133 ± 20 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78 ± 10 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7 ± 3.8 |
Heart rate, beats per minute | 65 ± 13 |
CMR data | |
LV ejection fraction, % | 66 ± 4 |
LV end diastolic volume, ml | 155 ± 31 |
LV EDV indexed BSA, ml/m2 | 82 ± 14 |
LV end systolic volume, ml | 52 ± 13 |
LV stroke volume, ml | 103 ± 21 |
Cardiac output, L/min | 6.5 ± 1.4 |
4D flow components’ volume and kinetic energy
Mean ± SD | Retained inflow (P value) | Delayed ejection flow (P value) | Residual volume (P value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Multiple comparisons for volume, % EDV | ||||
Direct flow, % EDV | 38 ± 4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Retained inflow, % EDV | 16 ± 4 | ̶ | 0.7534 | < 0.001 |
Delayed ejection flow, % EDV | 16 ± 3 | 0.7534 | ̶ | < 0.001 |
Residual volume, % EDV | 30 ± 4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ̶ |
Multiple comparisons for KE at ED, μJ/ml | ||||
Direct flow, μJ/ml | 7.8 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 | 0.0256 | < 0.001 |
Retained inflow, μJ/ml | 4.1 ± 2.0 | ̶ | 0.0049 | < 0.001 |
Delayed ejection flow, μJ/ml | 6.3 ± 2.3 | 0.0049 | ̶ | < 0.001 |
Residual volume, μJ/ml | 1.2 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ̶ |
Intra and inter-observer variability
Intra-observer (Investigator 1) | Inter-observer (Investigator 2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis 1.1 | Analysis 1.2 | CoV | Analysis 2 | CoV | |
Direct flow, % EDV | 38 ± 4 | 37 ± 5 | 3.9 | 36 ± 5 | 5.7 |
Retained inflow, % EDV | 14 ± 3 | 15 ± 3 | 3.6 | 15 ± 3 | 2.6 |
Delayed ejection flow, % EDV | 17 ± 3 | 17 ± 3 | 6.1 | 18 ± 3 | 4.8 |
Residual volume, % EDV | 31 ± 3 | 30 ± 3 | 3.5 | 31 ± 4 | 5.0 |
Ejection fraction, % | 70 ± 3 | 69 ± 3 | 4.0 | 67 ± 4 | 4.1 |
EDV, ml | 162 ± 46 | 166 ± 44 | 4.3 | 154 ± 40 | 5.8 |
ESV, ml | 50 ± 16 | 51 ± 17 | 5.7 | 51 ± 16 | 5.6 |
Scan-rescan repeatability
Scan-rescan | Interval scans | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observed mean difference (95% confidence interval) | CoV | Observed mean difference (95% confidence interval) | CoV | P value between CoV for scan-rescan and interval scans | |
End diastolic volume, ml | 6.6 (−11.9 to 25.1) | 4.6 | 1.1 (−19.2 to 21.4) | 4.6 | 0.65 |
End systolic volume, ml | 1.4 (−7.3 to 10.2) | 6.8 | −1.0 (− 13.3 to 11.3) | 9.5 | 0.11 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction, % | 0.4 (−5.5 to 6.5) | 3.0 | 1.1 (−5.2 to 7.3) | 3.3 | 0.12 |
Heart rate, bpm | 4.3 (−6.9 to 15.5) | 7.6 | 1.7 (−11.7 to 15.1) | 6.8 | 0.18 |
Volume ratios | |||||
Direct flow, % EDV | −0.2 (−2.8 to 2.3) | 2.5 | −1.0 (−7.1 to 5.1) | 6.2 | 0.10 |
Retained inflow, % EDV | −0.5 (−4.1 to 3.0) | 6.6 | 0.7 (−6.0 to 7.5) | 16.1 | 0.04 |
Delayed ejection flow, % EDV | 0.6 (−3.9 to 5.0) | 9.2 | −0.6 (−7.2 to 6.0) | 15.0 | 0.07 |
Residual volume, % EDV | 0.2 (−2.0 to 2.4) | 3.0 | 0.9 (−5.4 to 7.2) | 8.0 | 0.007 |
Kinetic energy | |||||
Direct flow KE at ED, μJ/ml | 0.4 (−2.8 to 3.7) | 13.5 | −0.01 (−4.2 to 4.2) | 16.9 | 0.40 |
Retained inflow KE at ED, μJ/ml | 0.5 (−1.6 to 2.6) | 13.8 | 0.03 (−3.5 to 3.5) | 20.4 | 0.13 |
Delayed ejection flow KE at ED, μJ/ml | 0.7 (−1.5 to 3.0) | 17.7 | 0.6 (−2.5 to 3.8) | 27.5 | 0.16 |
Residual volume KE at ED, μJ/ml | 0.06 (−0.5 to 0.6) | 15.4 | 0.1 (−0.8 to 0.9) | 29.0 | 0.23 |