nach oben

Journal of Behavioral Medicine

Erschienen in:

01.02.2012

The association between chronic stress type and C-reactive protein in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: does gender make a difference?

verfasst von: Smriti Shivpuri, Linda C. Gallo, John R. Crouse, Matthew A. Allison

Erschienen in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine | Ausgabe 1/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The objective of this study is to examine how chronic stress in major life domains [relationship, work, sympathetic-caregiving, financial] relates to CVD risk, operationalized using the inflammatory marker C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and whether gender differences exist. Participants were 6,583 individuals aged 45–84 years, recruited as part of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Demographic and behavioral factors, health history, and chronic stress were self-reported. CRP was obtained through venous blood draw. In aggregate, gender by chronic stress interaction effects accounted for a significant, albeit small, amount of variance in CRP (P < .01). The sympathetic-caregiving stress by gender interaction was significant (P < .01); the work stress by gender effect approached significance (P = .05). Women with sympathetic-caregiving stress had higher CRP than those without, whereas no difference in CRP by stress group was observed for men. Findings underscore the importance of considering gender as an effect modifier in analyses of stress—CVD risk relationships.

Aiello, A. E., Diez-Roux, A., Noone, A. M., Ranjit, N., Cushman, M., & Tsai, M. Y. (2009). Socioeconomic and psychosocial gradients in cardiovascular pathogen burden and immune response: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23, 663–671.PubMedCrossRef

Almeida, D. M. (2005). Resilience and vulnerability to daily stressors assessed via diary methods. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 64–68. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00336.x.CrossRef

Atienza, A. A., Henderson, P. C., Wilcox, S., & King, A. C. (2001). Gender differences in cardiovascular response to dementia caregiving. Gerontologist, 41, 490–498.PubMedCrossRef

Barker, D. B. (2007). Antecedents of stressful experiences: Depressive symptoms, self-esteem, gender, and coping. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 333–349. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.4.333.CrossRef

Barnett, R. C., Steptoe, A., & Gareis, K. C. (2005). Marital-role quality and stress-related psychobiological indicators. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 36–43.PubMedCrossRef

Benzaquen, L. R., Yu, H., & Rifai, N. (2002). High sensitivity C-reactive protein: An emerging role in cardiovascular risk assessment. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 39, 459–497.PubMedCrossRef

Bierhaus, A., Humpert, P. M., & Nawroth, P. P. (2006). Linking stress to inflammation. Anesthesiology Clinics, 24, 325–340.PubMedCrossRef

Bilbo, S. D., Yirmiya, R., Amat, J., Paul, E. D., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2008). Bacterial infection early in life protects against stressor-induced depressive-like symptoms in adult rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 261–269.PubMedCrossRef

Bild, D. E., Bluemke, D. A., Burke, G. L., Detrano, R., Diez Roux, A. V., & Folsom, A. R. (2002). Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: Objectives and design. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 871–881.PubMedCrossRef

Black, P. H., & Garbutt, L. D. (2002). Stress, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52, 1–23.PubMedCrossRef

Bromberger, J. T., & Matthews, K. A. (1996). A longitudinal study of the effects of pessimism, trait anxiety, and life stress on depressive symptoms in middle-aged women. Psychology and Aging, 11, 207–213.PubMedCrossRef

Casas, J. P., Shah, T., Hingorani, A. D., Danesh, J., & Pepys, M. B. (2008). C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease: A critical review. Journal of Internal Medicine, 264, 295–314.PubMedCrossRef

Choi, J., & Chen, C. C. (2006). Gender differences in perceived work demands, family demands, and life stress among married Chinese employees. Management and Organization Review, 2, 209–229. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00041.x.CrossRef

Clays, E., De Bacquer, D., Delanghe, J., Kittel, F., Van Renterghem, L., & De Backer, G. (2005). Associations between dimensions of job stress and biomarkers of inflammation and infection. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 47, 878–883.PubMedCrossRef

Coussons-Read, M. E., Okun, M. L., & Nettles, C. D. (2007). Psychosocial stress increases inflammatory markers and alters cytokine production across pregnancy. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 21, 343–350.PubMedCrossRef

Danesh, J., Collins, R., Appleby, P., & Peto, R. (1998). Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: Meta-analyses of prospective studies. JAMA, 279, 1477–1482.PubMedCrossRef

Danesh, J., & Pepys, M. B. (2009). C-reactive protein and coronary disease: Is there a causal link? Circulation, 120, 2036–2039.PubMedCrossRef

Danesh, J., Whincup, P., Walker, M., Lennon, L., Thomson, A., & Appleby, P. (2000). Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses. BMJ, 321, 199–204. (Clinical Research Ed.).PubMedCrossRef

Dantzer, R. (2009). Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression. Immunology And Allergy Clinics Of North America, 29, 247–264.PubMedCrossRef

Davis, M. C., Burleson, M. H., & Kruszewski, D. M. (2011). Gender: Its relationship to stressor exposure, cognitive appraisal/coping processes, stress responses, and health outcomes. In R. J. Contrada & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health (pp. 247–261). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.

Davis, M. C., Matthews, K. A., & Twamley, E. W. (1999). Is life more difficult on Mars or Venus? A meta-analytic review of sex differences in major and minor life events. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 83–97. doi:10.1007/bf02895038.PubMedCrossRef

Davis, M. C., Zautra, A. J., Younger, J., Motivala, S. J., Attrep, J., & Irwin, M. R. (2008). Chronic stress and regulation of cellular markers of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis: Implications for fatigue. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22, 24–32.PubMedCrossRef

de Smet, P., Sans, S., Dramaix, M., Boulenguez, C., de Backer, G., & Ferrario, M. (2005). Gender and regional differences in perceived job stress across Europe. European Journal of Public Health, 15, 536–545.PubMedCrossRef

Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., & Rubin, D. B. (1977). Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via em algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B-Methodological, 39, 1–38.

Dohrenwend, B. P. (2006). Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 477–495.PubMedCrossRef

Fortmann, S. P., Ford, E., Criqui, M. H., Folsom, A. R., Harris, T. B., & Hong, Y. (2004). CDC/AHA workshop on markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: Application to clinical and public health practice: Report from the population science discussion group. Circulation, 110, e554–e559.PubMedCrossRef

Fuligni, A. J., Telzer, E. H., Bower, J., Cole, S. W., Kiang, L., & Irwin, M. R. (2009). A preliminary study of daily interpersonal stress and C-reactive protein levels among adolescents from Latin American and European backgrounds. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 329–333.PubMedCrossRef

Graham, J. E., Glaser, R., Loving, T. J., Malarkey, W. B., Stowell, J. R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2009). Cognitive word use during marital conflict and increases in proinflammatory cytokines. Health Psychology, 28, 621–630.PubMedCrossRef

Gyllensten, K., & Palmer, S. (2005). The role of gender in workplace stress: A critical literature review. Health Education Journal, 64, 271–288.CrossRef

Hallman, T., Burell, G., Setterlind, S., Oden, A., & Lisspers, J. (2001). Psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease, their importance compared with other risk factors and gender differences in sensitivity. Journal Cardiovascular Risk, 8, 39–49.CrossRef

Hamer, M., Gibson, E. L., Vuononvirta, R., Williams, E., & Steptoe, A. (2006a). Inflammatory and hemostatic responses to repeated mental stress: Individual stability and habituation over time. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 20, 456–459.PubMedCrossRef

Hamer, M., Molloy, G. J., & Stamatakis, E. (2008). Psychological distress as a risk factor for cardiovascular events: Pathophysiological and behavioral mechanisms. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 52, 2156–2162.PubMedCrossRef

Hamer, M., Williams, E., Vuonovirta, R., Giacobazzi, P., Gibson, E. L., & Steptoe, A. (2006b). The effects of effort-reward imbalance on inflammatory and cardiovascular responses to mental stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 408–413.PubMedCrossRef

Hansel, A., Hong, S., Camara, R. J. A., & von Kanel, R. (2010). Inflammation as a psychophysiological biomarker in chronic psychosocial stress. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 115–121.PubMedCrossRef

Hapuarachchi, J. R., Chalmers, A. H., Winefield, A. H., & Blake-Mortimer, J. S. (2003). Changes in clinically relevant metabolites with psychological stress parameters. Behavioral Medicine, 29, 52–59.PubMedCrossRef

Haverkate, F., Thompson, S. G., Pyke, S. D., Gallimore, J. R., & Pepys, M. B. (1997). Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. Lancet, 349, 462–466.PubMedCrossRef

Helgeson, V. S. (1994). Relation of agency and communion to well-being: Evidence and potential explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 412–428.CrossRef

Innes, K. E., Vincent, H. K., & Taylor, A. G. (2007). Chronic stress and insulin resistance-related indices of cardiovascular disease risk, part I: Neurophysiological responses and pathological sequelae. Alternative Therapies In Health And Medicine, 13(4), 46–52.PubMed

Jialal, I., Devaraj, S., & Venugopal, S. K. (2004). C-reactive protein: Risk marker or mediator in atherothrombosis? Hypertension, 44, 6–11.PubMedCrossRef

Jick, T. D., & Mitz, L. F. (1985). Sex differences in work stress. Academy of Management Review, 10, 408–420.

Katrinchak, C., & Fritz, K. (2007). Clinical implications of C-reactive protein as a predictor of vascular risk. Journal Of The American Academy Of Nurse Practitioners, 19, 335–340.PubMedCrossRef

Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Loving, T. J., Stowell, J. R., Malarkey, W. B., Lemeshow, S., & Dickinson, S. L. (2005). Hostile marital interactions, proinflammatory cytokine production, and wound healing. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1377–1384.PubMedCrossRef

Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Newton, T. L. (2001). Marriage and health: His and hers. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 472–503.PubMedCrossRef

Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Preacher, K. J., MacCallum, R. C., Atkinson, C., Malarkey, W. B., & Glaser, R. (2003). Chronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 9090–9095.PubMedCrossRef

Kopp, M. S., & Rethelyi, J. (2004). Where psychology meets physiology: Chronic stress and premature mortality—The Central-Eastern European health paradox. Brain Research Bulletin, 62, 351–367.PubMedCrossRef

LaMonte, M. J., Durstine, J. L., Addy, C. L., Irwin, M. L., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2001). Physical activity, physical fitness, and Framingham 10-year risk score: The cross-cultural activity participation study. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 21, 63–70.PubMedCrossRef

Lash, S. J., Eisler, R. M., & Southard, D. R. (1995). Sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity as a function of the appraised gender relevance of the stressor. Behavioral Medicine, 21, 86–94.PubMedCrossRef

Li, J., Yang, W., & Cho, S. I. (2006). Gender differences in job strain, effort-reward imbalance, and health functioning among Chinese physicians. Social Science and Medicine, 62, 1066–1077.PubMedCrossRef

Lind, L. (2003). Circulating markers of inflammation and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 169, 203–214.PubMedCrossRef

Lindfors, P. M., Meretoja, O. A., Toyry, R. P., Luukkonen, R. A., Elovainio, M. J., & Leino, T. J. (2007). Job satisfaction, work ability and life satisfaction among Finnish anaesthesiologists. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 51, 815–822.PubMedCrossRef

Liu, R. T., & Alloy, L. B. (2010). Stress generation in depression: A systematic review of the empirical literature and recommendations for future study. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 582–593.PubMedCrossRef

Liu, C., Spector, P. E., & Shi, L. (2008). Use of both qualitative and quantitative approaches to study job stress in different gender and occupational groups. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 357–370.PubMedCrossRef

Loosemore, M., & Waters, T. (2004). Gender differences in occupational stress among professionals in the construction industry. Journal of Management in Engineering, 20, 126–132. doi:10.1061/(asce)0742-597x(2004)20:3(126).CrossRef

Marin, T. J., Martin, T. M., Blackwell, E., Stetler, C., & Miller, G. E. (2007). Differentiating the impact of episodic and chronic stressors on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis regulation in young women. Health Psychology, 26, 447–455.PubMedCrossRef

Matthews, K. A., Davis, M. C., Stoney, C. M., Owens, J. F., & Caggiula, A. R. (1991). Does the gender relevance of the stressor influence sex differences in psychophysiological responses? Health Psychology, 10, 112–120.PubMedCrossRef

McDade, T. W., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006). Psychosocial and behavioral predictors of inflammation in middle-aged and older adults: The Chicago health, aging, and social relations study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 376–381.PubMedCrossRef

McDonough, P., & Walters, V. (2001). Gender and health: Reassessing patterns and explanations. Social Science and Medicine, 52, 547–559.PubMedCrossRef

McIntyre, K. P., Korn, J. H., & Matsuo, H. (2008). Sweating the small stuff: How different types of hassles result in the experience of stress. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 24, 383–392. doi:10.1002/smi.1190.CrossRef

Miller, G. E., Chen, E., Sze, J., Marin, T., Arevalo, J. M. G., & Doll, R. (2008). A functional genomic fingerprint of chronic stress in humans: Blunted glucocorticoid and increased NF-kappaB signaling. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 266–272.PubMedCrossRef

Miller, D. B., & O’Callaghan, J. P. (2002). Neuroendocrine aspects of the response to stress. Metabolism: Clinical And Experimental, 51, 5–10.

Miller, G. E., Rohleder, N., Stetler, C., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005). Clinical depression and regulation of the inflammatory response during acute stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 679–687.PubMedCrossRef

Mills, P. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., von K√§nel, R., Mausbach, B. T., Aschbacher, K., & Patterson, T. L. (2009). Effects of gender and dementia severity on Alzheimer’s disease caregivers’ sleep and biomarkers of coagulation and inflammation. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23, 605–610.PubMedCrossRef

Mommersteeg, P. M. C., Vermetten, E., Kavelaars, A., Geuze, E., & Heijnen, C. J. (2008). Hostility is related to clusters of T-cell cytokines and chemokines in healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 1041–1050.PubMedCrossRef

Nijm, J., Kristenson, M., Olsson, A. G., & Jonasson, L. (2007). Impaired cortisol response to acute stressors in patients with coronary disease. Implications for inflammatory activity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 262, 375–384.PubMedCrossRef

Nordestgaard, B. G., & Zacho, J. (2009). Lipids, atherosclerosis and CVD risk: is CRP an innocent bystander? Nutrition, Metabolism And Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD, 19, 521–524.CrossRef

O’Connor, D. B., Hendrickx, H., Dadd, T., Elliman, T. D., Willis, T. A., & Talbot, D. (2009). Cortisol awakening rise in middle-aged women in relation to psychological stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1486–1494. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.002.PubMedCrossRef

Panagiotakos, D. B., Chrysohoou, C., Pitsavos, C., Antoniou, S., Vavouranakis, E., & Stravopodis, P. (2003). The association between occupational stress and the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes: The CARDIO2000 Study. Central European Journal of Public Health, 11, 25–30.PubMed

Pearson, T. A., Mensah, G. A., Alexander, R. W., Anderson, J. L., Cannon, R. O., I. I. I., & Criqui, M. (2003). Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: Application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the centers for disease control and prevention and the American heart association. Circulation, 107, 499–511.PubMedCrossRef

Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2006). Gender differences in caregiver stressors, social resources, and health: An updated meta-analysis. The Journals Of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences And Social Sciences, 61, P33–P45.PubMedCrossRef

Ramachandruni, S., Handberg, E., & Sheps, D. S. (2004). Acute and chronic psychological stress in coronary disease. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 19, 494–499.PubMedCrossRef

Ranjit, N., Diez-Roux, A. V., Shea, S., Cushman, M., Seeman, T., & Jackson, S. A. (2007). Psychosocial factors and inflammation in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167, 174–181.PubMedCrossRef

Rattazzi, M., Puato, M., Faggin, E., Bertipaglia, B., Zambon, A., & Pauletto, P. (2003). C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in vascular disease: Culprits or passive bystanders? Journal of Hypertension, 21, 1787–1803.PubMedCrossRef

Ridker, P. M., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M. J., Tracy, R. P., & Hennekens, C. H. (1998). Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Circulation, 97, 425–428.PubMed

Ridker, P. M., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., & Rifai, N. (2000). C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 836–843.PubMedCrossRef

Ross, R. (1999). Atherosclerosis—An inflammatory disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 340(2), 115–126.PubMedCrossRef

Rozanski, A., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2005). Psychologic functioning and physical health: A paradigm of flexibility. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, S47–S53.PubMedCrossRef

Shih, J. H., Eberhart, N. K., Hammen, C. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2006). Differential exposure and reactivity to interpersonal stress predict sex differences in adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child And Adolescent Psychology, 35, 103–115.PubMedCrossRef

Smith, T. W., Gallo, L. C., Goble, L., Ngu, L. Q., & Stark, K. A. (1998). Agency, communion, and cardiovascular reactivity during marital interaction. Health Psychology, 17, 537–545.PubMedCrossRef

Smith, T. W., Limon, J. P., Gallo, L. C., & Ngu, L. Q. (1996). Interpersonal control and cardiovascular reactivity: Goals, behavioral expression, and the moderating effects of sex. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1012–1024.PubMedCrossRef

Stafford, L. (2007). Interpersonal rejection sensitivity: Toward exploration of a construct. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 28, 359–372.PubMedCrossRef

Steptoe, A., Hamer, M., & Chida, Y. (2007). The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating inflammatory factors in humans: A review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 21, 901–912.PubMedCrossRef

Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107, 411–429.PubMedCrossRef

Toker, S., Shirom, A., Shapira, I., Berliner, S., & Melamed, S. (2005). The association between burnout, depression, anxiety, and inflammation biomarkers: C-reactive protein and fibrinogen in men and women. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 344–362.PubMedCrossRef

Tracy, R. P., Lemaitre, R. N., Psaty, B. M., Ives, D. G., Evans, R. W., & Cushman, M. (1997). Relationship of C-reactive protein to risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Results from the cardiovascular health study and the rural health promotion project. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 17, 1121–1127.PubMedCrossRef

Troxel, W. M., Matthews, K. A., Bromberger, J. T., & Sutton-Tyrrell, K. (2003). Chronic stress burden, discrimination, and subclinical carotid artery disease in African American and Caucasian women. Health Psychology, 22, 300–309.PubMedCrossRef

von Kanel, R., Dimsdale, J. E., Mills, P. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Patterson, T. L., & Mausbach, B. T. (2006). Effect of Alzheimer caregiving stress and age on frailty markers interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61, 963–969.CrossRef

Young, E., & Korszun, A. (2010). Sex, trauma, stress hormones and depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 23–28.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: The association between chronic stress type and C-reactive protein in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: does gender make a difference?
verfasst von: Smriti Shivpuri
Linda C. Gallo
John R. Crouse
Matthew A. Allison
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2012
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine / Ausgabe 1/2012
Print ISSN: 0160-7715
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3521
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9345-5

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

23.04.2024 Depression antepartal oder postpartal Nachrichten

Bislang gibt es kein Medikament zur Prävention von Wochenbettdepressionen. Das Injektionsanästhetikum Esketamin könnte womöglich diese Lücke füllen.

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Kombination aus Medikamenten und Psychotherapie gilt als effektivster Ansatz bei Depressionen. Das ist bei betagten Menschen nicht anders, trotz Besonderheiten.

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2012

The role of prospective memory in medication adherence: a review of an emerging literature

Exploring the relationship between socioeconomic status, control beliefs and exercise behavior: a multiple mediator model

Predictors of unsuccessful magnetic resonance imaging scanning in older generalized anxiety disorder patients and controls

Mindfulness based stress reduction in post-treatment breast cancer patients: an examination of symptoms and symptom clusters