Background
Methods
China Health and Nutrition Survey
Dependent variable
Woman | Scr ≤ 7 mg/dL | 144 × (Scr/0.7)0.156 × 0.993age; |
Scr > 7 mg/dL | 144 × (Scr/0.7)-1.057 × 0.993age; | |
Man | Scr ≤ 9 mg/dL | 141 × (Scr/0.9)0.074 × 0.993age; |
Scr > 9 mg/dL | 141 × (Scr/0.9)-1.057 × 0.993age
|
Explanatory variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Men (n = 3644) | Women (n = 4154) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
eGFR ≥60 (n = 3411) | eGFR <60 (n = 233) |
p-valuea
| eGFR ≥60 (n = 3755) | eGFR <60 (n = 399) |
p-valuea
| |||||
Age (in years), mean [SD] | 49.6 | 14.4 | 71.5 | 9.7 | < 0.001 | 49.0 | 13.7 | 69.4 | 10.7 | < 0.001 |
Education, n (%) | ||||||||||
Primary school or less | 1130 | 33.1 | 127 | 54.5 | < 0.001 | 1838 | 49.0 | 322 | 80.7 | < 0.001 |
Junior high school | 1327 | 38.9 | 53 | 22.8 | 1142 | 30.4 | 44 | 11.0 | ||
Senior high school | 482 | 14.1 | 16 | 6.9 | 383 | 10.2 | 12 | 3.0 | ||
Post-secondary education | 472 | 13.8 | 37 | 15.9 | 392 | 10.4 | 21 | 5.3 | ||
Household income (yuan), n (%) | ||||||||||
Low (0–6533) | 1087 | 31.9 | 78 | 33.5 | 0.049 | 1284 | 34.2 | 152 | 38.1 | 0.280 |
Middle (6542–13,859) | 1164 | 34.1 | 62 | 26.6 | 1250 | 33.3 | 122 | 30.6 | ||
High (13,862–378,571) | 1160 | 34.0 | 93 | 39.9 | 1221 | 32.5 | 125 | 31.3 | ||
Health-related behaviors | ||||||||||
Alcohol consumption frequency, n (%) | 1883 | 55.2 | 67 | 28.8 | < 0.001 | 223 | 5.9 | 20 | 5.0 | 0.454 |
Current Smoking, n (%) | 1923 | 56.4 | 89 | 38.2 | < 0.001 | 136 | 3.6 | 26 | 6.5 | 0.005 |
Weekly physical activity (METs), mean [SD] | 224.1 | 216.7 | 81.0 | 119.6 | < 0.001 | 229.6 | 215.9 | 110.8 | 137.7 | < 0.001 |
Energy intake (kcal), mean [SD] | 2335.5 | 600.3 | 2048.7 | 577.0 | < 0.001 | 1996.0 | 545.9 | 1793.9 | 518.3 | < 0.001 |
Protein intake (g), mean [SD] | 71.7 | 22.5 | 62.5 | 20.0 | < 0.001 | 61.9 | 20.3 | 55.1 | 19.2 | < 0.001 |
Sodium intake (g), mean [SD] | 4.9 | 2.6 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 0.009 | 4.6 | 2.6 | 4.2 | 2.4 | 0.004 |
Potassium intake (g), mean [SD] | 1.7 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.6 | < 0.001 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.5 | < 0.001 |
Sodium-to-potassium ratio, mean [SD] | 3.0 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 0.266 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 0.122 |
Cardiometabolic risk factors | ||||||||||
BMI, n (%) | ||||||||||
< 24.0 | 2028 | 59.5 | 147 | 63.1 | 0.547 | 2254 | 60.0 | 238 | 59.7 | 0.245 |
24.0–27.99 | 1087 | 31.9 | 68 | 29.2 | 1108 | 29.5 | 109 | 27.3 | ||
≥ 28.0 | 296 | 8.7 | 18 | 7.7 | 393 | 10.5 | 52 | 13.0 | ||
Hypertension, n (%) | 1078 | 31.6 | 150 | 64.4 | < 0.001 | 971 | 25.9 | 225 | 56.4 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 392 | 11.5 | 49 | 21.0 | < 0.001 | 324 | 8.6 | 103 | 25.8 | < 0.001 |
High LDL, n (%) | 938 | 27.5 | 77 | 33.1 | 0.068 | 1164 | 31.0 | 209 | 52.4 | < 0.001 |
Urbanization index, mean [SD] | 66.3 | 19.4 | 73.6 | 19.7 | < 0.001 | 66.7 | 19.4 | 72.0 | 19.2 | < 0.001 |
eGFR, mean [SD] | 83.8 | 18.6 | 50.7 | 9.9 | - | 84.5 | 13.4 | 54.1 | 9.3 | - |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI |
p-value | OR | 95% CI |
p-value | OR | 95% CI |
p-value | OR | 95% CI |
p-value | |
Urbanizationa
| 1.38 | 1.11, 1.73 | 0.004 | 1.27 | 1.00, 1.61 | 0.048 | 1.28 | 1.01, 1.62 | 0.042 | 1.25 | 0.98, 1.59 | 0.074 |
Health-related behavior | ||||||||||||
Alcohol consumptionb
| 0.54 | 0.37, 0.77 | 0.001 | 0.53 | 0.37, 0.76 | 0.001 | 0.52 | 0.36, 0.75 | < 0.001 | |||
Smokingc
| 0.86 | 0.60, 1.22 | 0.395 | 0.87 | 0.61, 1.23 | 0.420 | 0.90 | 0.63, 1.30 | 0.585 | |||
Total physical activityd
| 0.99 | 0.97, 1.00 | 0.043 | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.00 | 0.041 | 0.99 | 0.98, 1.00 | 0.084 | |||
Energy intakee
| 1.29 | 0.83, 2.00 | 0.251 | 1.18 | 0.77, 1.82 | 0.440 | 1.26 | 0.81, 1.97 | 0.308 | |||
Protein intakef
| 0.95 | 0.24, 3.73 | 0.940 | 0.47 | 0.14, 1.60 | 0.228 | 0.81 | 0.20, 3.24 | 0.760 | |||
Sodium intake | 0.95 | 0.89, 1.03 | 0.199 | 0.95 | 0.88, 1.02 | 0.157 | ||||||
Potassium intake | 0.70 | 0.45, 1.08 | 0.111 | 0.72 | 0.46, 1.12 | 0.148 | ||||||
Sodium-to-potassium ratio | 0.96 | 0.88, 1.05 | 0.407 | |||||||||
Cardiometabolic risk factors | ||||||||||||
Overweight/Obesityg
| 1.03 | 0.71, 1.50 | 0.858 | |||||||||
Hypertensionh
| 1.93 | 1.35, 2.74 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Diabetes Mellitusi
| 1.36 | 0.88, 2.11 | 0.162 | |||||||||
High LDLj
| 1.17 | 0.80, 1.69 | 0.419 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI |
p-value | OR | 95% CI |
p-value | OR | 95% CI |
p-value | OR | 95% CI |
p-value | |
Urbanizationa
| 1.35 | 1.11, 1.62 | 0.002 | 1.29 | 1.06, 1.58 | 0.011 | 1.29 | 1.06, 1.57 | 0.012 | 1.24 | 1.01, 1.52 | 0.041 |
Health-related behavior | ||||||||||||
Alcohol consumptionb
| 0.75 | 0.42, 1.35 | 0.333 | 0.76 | 0.42, 1.36 | 0.349 | 0.74 | 0.41, 1.35 | 0.332 | |||
Total physical activityc
| 0.99 | 0.98, 1.00 | 0.296 | 0.99 | 0.98, 1.00 | 0.268 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.01 | 0.444 | |||
Energy intaked
| 0.91 | 0.61, 1.36 | 0.640 | 0.82 | 0.56, 1.22 | 0.335 | 0.92 | 0.61, 1.39 | 0.699 | |||
Protein intakee
| 1.99 | 0.62, 6.44 | 0.250 | 0.95 | 0.33, 2.76 | 0.924 | 1.85 | 0.56, 6.10 | 0.311 | |||
Sodium intake | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.04 | 0.452 | 0.97 | 0.92, 1.03 | 0.382 | ||||||
Potassium intake | 0.64 | 0.45, 0.92 | 0.017 | 0.64 | 0.44, 0.92 | 0.016 | ||||||
Sodium-to-potassium ratio | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.05 | 0.624 | |||||||||
Cardiometabolic risk factors | ||||||||||||
Overweight/Obesityf
| 0.89 | 0.67, 1.18 | 0.424 | |||||||||
Hypertensiong
| 1.34 | 1.01, 1.78 | 0.039 | |||||||||
Diabetes Mellitush
| 2.07 | 1.47, 2.92 | 0.000 | |||||||||
High LDLi
| 1.42 | 1.09, 1.87 | 0.010 |
Male participants | Female participants | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urbanization componentsa
| OR | 95% CI |
p-value | OR | 95% CI |
p-value |
Population Density | 1.13 | 0.88, 1.46 | 0.330 | 1.07 | 0.87, 1.32 | 0.498 |
Economic Component | 0.90 | 0.64, 1.27 | 0.551 | 0.99 | 0.75, 1.31 | 0.960 |
Traditional Market | 1.21 | 0.93, 1.58 | 0.161 | 1.27 | 1.01, 1.58 | 0.036 |
Modern Market | 1.08 | 0.80, 1.47 | 0.606 | 1.23 | 0.95, 1.59 | 0.117 |
Transportation | 0.90 | 0.71, 1.15 | 0.398 | 1.09 | 0.90, 1.32 | 0.391 |
Sanitation | 0.90 | 0.61, 1.32 | 0.576 | 0.83 | 0.60, 1.15 | 0.272 |
Communications | 0.85 | 0.63, 1.13 | 0.262 | 0.75 | 0.59, 0.95 | 0.017 |
Housing | 1.51 | 1.01, 2.28 | 0.047 | 1.39 | 1.01, 1.93 | 0.046 |
Education | 1.05 | 0.77, 1.42 | 0.762 | 1.17 | 0.90, 1.52 | 0.252 |
Diversity | 0.84 | 0.64, 1.10 | 0.203 | 0.81 | 0.64, 1.01 | 0.064 |
Health | 0.87 | 0.69, 1.11 | 0.261 | 0.80 | 0.66, 0.98 | 0.031 |
Social Service | 1.16 | 0.92, 1.48 | 0.217 | 1.04 | 0.85, 1.28 | 0.689 |