Introduction
Materials and methods
Clinical methods
Trial design
Participants and eligibility assessments
Intervention, randomization and follow up
Outcomes
Blinding and study monitoring
Experimental methods
Materials and instruments
Experimental design and setting
Measurement of intra-cellular lymphocytic ROS
Performing platelet activation test
Statistical consideration
Sample size calculation
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline and demographic characteristics
Parameters | Empagliflozin (n = 47) | Placebo (n = 48) | Mean Diff | P | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | |||||
Age | 62.08 (8.02) | 63.60 (7.82) | -1.52 | 0.352 | − 4.75; 1.71 |
Gender | 0.122 | ||||
Male | 23 (48.9%) | 16 (33.3%) | |||
Female | 24 (51.1%) | 32 (66.7%) | |||
Comorbidities (yes) | |||||
HTN | 44 (93.6%) | 43 (89.6%) | 0.714 | ||
HLP | 38 (80.9%) | 34 (70.8%) | 0.339 | ||
Drug history (yes) | |||||
Metformin | 46 (97.9%) | 46 (95.8%) | 0.999 | ||
Sulfonylurea | 17 (36.2%) | 13 (27.1%) | 0.341 | ||
DPP4-i | 8 (17.0%) | 4 (8.3%) | 0.232 | ||
Insulin | 4 (8.5%) | 3 (6.3%) | 0.714 | ||
BB | 42 (89.4%) | 44 (91.7%) | 0.740 | ||
ACEi/ARB | 41 (87.2%) | 43 (89.6%) | 0.720 | ||
CCB | 17 (36.2%) | 15 (31.3%) | 0.612 | ||
Diuretic | 20 (42.6%) | 20 (41.7%) | 0.930 | ||
Statins | 46 (97.9%) | 44 (91.7%) | 0.362 | ||
Laboratory | |||||
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 4.91 (1.83) | 5.19 (2.10) | -0.28 | 0.492 | − 1.10; 0.53 |
IL-1b (pg/mL) | 37.06 (10.36) | 34.05 (10.24) | 3.00 | 0.171 | − 1.32; 7.32 |
Hs-CRP (mg/L) | 10.07 (8.79) | 9.85 (7.90) | 0.22 | 0.901 | − 3.29; 3.73 |
SOD (U/mL) | 12.58 (6.32) | 11.22 (6.49) | 1.36 | 0.316 | − 1.32; 4.05 |
CAT (mU/mL) | 436.19 (148.58) | 427.50 (101.81) | 8.69 | 0.747 | − 44.67; 62.06 |
GSHr (muM) | 3.09 (0.74) | 3.26 (0.95) | -0.17 | 0.350 | − 0.53; 0.19 |
ROS | 1087.25 (687.91) | 1010.22 (669.83) | 77.03 | 0.592 | − 207.39; 361.46 |
TAC (mmol/l) | 645.38 (80.52) | 666.49 (81.70) | -21.11 | 0.223 | − 55.30; 13.08 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 6.25 (0.83) | 6.31 (1.08) | -0.06 | 0.752 | − 0.47; 0.34 |
PCG (nmol/mg) | 0.11 (0.5) | 0.12 (0.06) | -0.01 | 0.568 | − 0.03; 0.02 |
CD62-P Ag Exp | 231.26 (37.96) | 238.78 (32.93) | -7.53 | 0.322 | − 22.55; 7.50 |
FBS (mg/dL) | 163.14 (40.84) | 167.74 (48.64) | -4.60 | 0.629 | − 23.48; 14.28 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.05 (0.97) | 7.75 (0.94) | 0.30 | 0.141 | − 0.10; 0.70 |
HOMA-IR | 6.52 (3.17) | 7.01 (3.48) | -0.49 | 0.514 | − 1.99; 1.00 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.73 (0.51) | 9.53 (0.53) | 0.21 | 0.078 | − 0.02; 0.44 |
Sodium (mEq/L) | 139.38 (4.34) | 138.45 (2.34) | 0.93 | 0.239 | − 0.63; 2.48 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.31 (0.37) | 4.33 (0.47) | 0.87 | -0.015 | − 0.21; 0.18 |
WBC count (× 109/L) | 7.34 (1.93) | 7.08 (1.44) | 0.27 | 0.484 | − 0.49; 1.03 |
Hb (g/dL) | 13.87 (1.49) | 13.88 (1.57) | -0.00 | 0.991 | − 0.68; 0.67 |
Hematocrit (%) | 41.32 (4.46) | 40.76 (4.14) | 0.56 | 0.560 | − 1.35; 2.47 |
Plt count (× 109/L) | 240.38 (76.53) | 220.21 (55.10) | 20.17 | 0.181 | − 9.59; 49.93 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 14.81 (3.95) | 16.81 (7.31) | -2.00 | 0.121 | − 4.55; 0.54 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.98 (0.19) | 1.01 (0.23) | -0.04 | 0.413 | − 0.13; 0.05 |
AST (U/L) | 16.95 (6.56) | 20.28 (10.21) | -3.33 | 0.078 | − 7.03; 0.38 |
ALT (U/L) | 21.26 (11.52) | 23.02 (13.23) | -1.76 | 0.514 | − 7.11; 3.59 |
PTT (Sec) | 32.60 (5.63) | 30.86 (5.13) | 1.73 | 0.153 | − 0.66; 4.13 |
IPAQ | |||||
Physical Activity (MET min/week) | 968.63 (627.53) | 871.37 (511.16) | 97.26 | 0.450 | − 157.99; 352.51 |
FFQ | |||||
TEI (Kcal/day) | 2166.72 (283.78) | 2090.49 (337.12) | 56.46 | 0.413 | − 80.25; 193.17 |
PHYs Intake (Kcal/day) | 856.42 (203.88) | 792.61 (218.19) | 59.04 | 0.232 | − 38.47; 156.55 |
DPI | 39.53 (7.61) | 28.27 (9.93) | 1.39 | 0.493 | − 2.62; 5.39 |
TPI (g/day) | 90.32 (18.47) | 84.00 (15.21) | 4.80 | 0.215 | − 2.84; 12.44 |
TSI (g/day) | 106.18 (21.34) | 109.17 (16.36) | -3.76 | 0.398 | − 12.57; 5.05 |
Outcomes
Primary outcome
Variables | Empagliflozin n = 43 | Placebo n = 39 | Mean Diff | P | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Week 26 | Baseline | Week 26 | ||||
Inflammatory | |||||||
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 4.91 (1.83) | 4.21 (1.13) | 5.19 (2.10) | 5.22 (1.84) | − 1.06 | 0.006 | − 1.80; − 0.32 |
IL-1b (pg/mL) | 37.06 (10.36) | 31.25 (9.58) | 34.05 (10.24) | 36.48 (10.50) | − 4.58 | 0.032 | − 8.76; − 0.41 |
Hs-CRP (mg/L) | 10.07 (8.79) | 6.14 (4.09) | 9.85 (7.90) | 9.03 (6.35) | − 2.86 | 0.003 | − 4.71; -1.02 |
Oxidative stress | |||||||
SOD (U/mL) | 12.58 (6.32) | 16.91 (8.24) | 11.22 (6.49) | 12.18 (6.54) | 3.70 | 0.002 | 1.36; 6.05 |
CAT (mU/mL) | 436.19 (148.58) | 462.67 (157.70) | 427.50 (101.81) | 425.34 (128.23) | 32.14 | 0.329 | − 32.99; 97.26 |
GSH (muM) | 3.09 (0.74) | 3.70 (0.90) | 3.26 (0.95) | 3.21 (0.81) | 0.57 | 0.004 | 0.19; 0.95 |
ROSa | 1087.25 (687.91) | 769.63 (598.84) | 1010.22 (669.83) | 1066.95 (679.95) | − 342.51 | < 0.001 | − 474.23; − 210.79 |
TAC (mmol/l) | 645.38 (80.52) | 917.17 (181.02) | 666.49 (81.70) | 793.51 (136.76) | 124.08 | 0.002 | 47.98; 200.18 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 6.25 (0.83) | 6.09 (0.53) | 6.31 (1.08) | 6.24 (0.89) | − 0.13 | 0.350 | − 0.41; 0.15 |
PCGb (nmol/mg) | 0.11 (0.5) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.05) | − 0.02 | 0.222 | − 0.04; 0.01 |
Platelet function | |||||||
CD62-P Ag Expa | 231.26 (37.96) | 221.81 (38.51) | 238.78 (32.93) | 236.56 (34.97) | − 8.81 | 0.005 | − 14.87; − 2.75 |
Glycemic status | |||||||
FBS (mg/dL) | 163.14 (40.84) | 145.23 (41.09) | 167.74 (48.64) | 169.08 (50.19) | − 18.60 | < 0.001 | − 25.35; − 11.85 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.05 (0.97) | 7.35 (1.04) | 7.75 (0.94) | 7.82 (0.91) | − 0.65 | < 0.001 | − 0.83; − 0.48 |
HOMA-IR | 6.52 (3.17) | 5.30 (2.89) | 7.01 (3.48) | 6.94 (3.53) | − 1.18 | < 0.001 | − 1.47; − 0.89 |