Background
Mechanisms and research methods of ceRNA and ceRNETs
Databases | Brief description | Link | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
starBase v2.0 | Database supplies comprehensive interaction network of ncRNAs (lncRNAs, miRNAs, and ceRNAs), mRNA, and proteins in cancer cells and normal tissues based on 108 CLIP-Seq | [31] | |
NPInter v3.0 | Database supplies comprehensive interaction among ncRNAs (except tRNAs and rRNAs), lncRNAs and others. It provides different types of basic information about the interaction | [32] | |
DIANA-LncBase v2 | Database supplies two different miRNA–lncRNA interaction modules. One module is experimentally supported, and the other is in silico predicted interactions | ||
circBase | Database provides scripts to identify known and novel circRNAs in sequencing data. | [35] | |
LNCediting | Database supplies information about RNA editing in lncRNAs and miRNA–lncRNA interactions | [36] | |
CircInteractome | Database supplies information about circRNAs and their interaction with proteins or miRNAs | [37] | |
Cancer-Specific-CirRNA-Database (CSCD) | Database for cancer-specific circRNAs | [38] | |
spongeScan | Database supplies information about microRNA binding elements in lncRNA sequences | [39] | |
SomamiR 2.0 | Database provides information and functional analysis of expected miRNA–ceRNA interaction | [40] | |
lnCeDB | Database provides information of human lncRNA that acts as ceRNAs | [41] | |
miRBase | Database provides miRNA gene hunters with unique names for novel miRNA genes prior to publication of results | [42] | |
Targetscan | Database provides information of predicted microRNA targets | [43] | |
miRcode | Database provides “whole transcriptome” human microRNA target predictions based on the comprehensive GENCODE gene annotation. | [44] |
The types of ncRNAs acting as ceRNAs and their possible roles in HCC
LncRNAs as ceRNAs
ceRNA network type | ceRNA member | Shared miRNA(s) | Competing target (mRNA) | ceRNA role | Experiments related to mechanism | Related HCC function mechanisms | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LncRNA–miRNA–mRNA | HULC | miR-372 | PRKACB | Oncogenic | Cellular | Invasion and metastasis | [12] |
miR-6825-5p, miR-6845-5p, miR-6886-3p | USP22 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Chemosensitivity | [52] | ||
miR-200a-3p | ZEB1 | Oncogenic | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Invasion and EMT | [53] | ||
miR-186 | HMGA2 | Oncogenic | Overexpression, antimiRs in mouse xenografts | Proliferation | [54] | ||
HOTAIR | miR-122 | DNMTs | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation | [55] | |
miR-23b-3p | ZEB1 | Oncogenic | Overexpression in mouse xenografts | Invasion and EMT | [56] | ||
MALAT1 | miR-30a-5p | Vimentin | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Migration and invasion | [57] | |
miR-204 | SIRT1 | Oncogenic | Cellular | Migration and invasion | [58] | ||
miR-143-3p | ZEB1 | Oncogenic | Cellular | Proliferation and invasion | [59] | ||
MIAT | miR-214 | EZH2 | Oncogenic | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and invasion | [60] | |
LINC00974 | miR-642 | KRT19 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and metastasis | [61] | |
CCAT1 | Let-7 | HMGA2, c-Myc | Oncogenic | Cellular | Proliferation and migration | [62] | |
DANCR | miR-214, miR-320a, miR-199a | CTNNB1 | Oncogenic | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Invasion and metastasis | [63] | |
miR-27a-3p | ROCK1, LIMK1, COFILIN1 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and metastasis | [64] | ||
miR-216a-5p | KLF12 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Migration and invasion | [65] | ||
HOTTIP | miR-125b | HOXA | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and migration | [66] | |
ATB | miR-200 family | ZEB1, ZEB2 | Oncogenic | Overexpression, knockdown in mouse xenografts | Invasion and EMT | [67] | |
UCA1 | miR-216b | FGFR1 | Oncogenic | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and metastasis | [68] | |
miR-203 | Snail2 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and invasion | [69] | ||
FAL1 | miR-1236 | AFP, ZEB1 | Oncogenic | Cellular | Proliferation and migration | [70] | |
MUF | miR-34a | Snail1 | Oncogenic | overexpression in mouse xenografts | EMT | [71] | |
HOXD-AS1 | miR-130a-3p | SOX4 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Migration and invasion | [72] | |
SNHG8 | miR-149-5p | PPM1F | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and metastasis | [73] | |
CDKN2B-AS1 | let-7c-5p | NAP1L1 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and metastasis | [74] | |
FLVCR1-AS1 | miR-513c | MET | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [75] | |
ZFAS1 | miR-150 | ZEB1, MMP14, MMP16 | Oncogenic | Overexpression, shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and metastasis | [76] | |
NEAT1 | miR-485 | STAT3 | Oncogenic | Cellular | Migration and invasion | [77] | |
TUG1 | miR-142-3p | ZEB1 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and EMT | [78] | |
miR-144 | JAK2 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and migration | [79] | ||
ANRIL | miR-122-5p | NR | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and metastasis | [80] | |
n335586 | miR-924 | CKMT1A | Oncogenic | Overexpression in mouse xenografts | Migration and invasion | [81] | |
HOXA-AS2 | miR-520c-3p | GPC3 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and EMT | [82] | |
PCAT-1 | miR-215 | CRKL | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown, miR upregulation in mouse xenografts | Proliferation | [83] | |
MCM3AP-AS1 | miR-194-5p | FOXA1 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation | [84] | |
SNHG6-003 | miR-26a/b | TAK1 | Oncogenic | Overexpression in mouse xenografts | Proliferation | [85] | |
TP73-AS1 | miR-200a | HMGB1, RAGE | Oncogenic | Cellular | Proliferation | [86] | |
DSCR8 | miR-485-5p | FZD7 | Oncogenic | Overexpression, shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation | [87] | |
LINC00707 | miR-206 | CDK14 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [88] | |
AGAP2-AS1 | miR-16-5p | ANXA11 | Oncogenic | Overexpression, shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and metastasis | [89] | |
miat | miR-22-3p | sirt1 | Oncogenic | Knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation | [90] | |
DSCAM-AS1 | miR-338-3p | CyclinD1, SMO | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [91] | |
XIST | miR-194-5p | MAPK1 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [92] | |
miR-497-5p | PDCD4 | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and metastasis | [93] | ||
miR-92b | Smad7 | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression, knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and metastasis | [94] | ||
LINC00657 | miR-106a-5p | PTEN | Tumor suppressive | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [95] | |
MEG3 | miR-9-5p | SOX11 | Tumor suppressive | Cellular | Proliferation | [96] | |
SNHG16 | miR-93 | NR | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression in mouse xenografts | Cell proliferation and chemosensitivity | [97] | |
CASC2 | miR-367 | FBXW7 | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression downregulation in mouse xenografts | EMT | [98] | |
MIR31HG | miR-575 | ST7L | Tumor suppressive | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and metastasis | [99] | |
FTX | miR-374a | WIF1, PTEN, WNT5A | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression in mouse xenografts | Invasion and EMT | [100] |
CircRNAs as ceRNAs
ceRNA network type | ceRNA member | Shared miRNA(s) | Competing target (mRNA) | ceRNA role | Experiments related to mechanism | Related HCC function mechanisms | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CircRNA–miRNA–mRNA | circASAP1 | miR-326, miR-532-5p | MAPK1, CSF-1 | Oncogenic | Overexpression, shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and invasion | [103] |
circCdr1as | miR-1270 | AFP | Oncogenic | Cellular | Proliferation and migration | [104] | |
circCdr1as | miR-7 | CCNE1, PIK3CD | Oncogenic | Cellular | Proliferation and invasion | [105] | |
circABCC2 | miR-665 | ABCC2 | Oncogenic | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and invasion | [106] | |
circ_104718 | miR-218-5p | TXNDC5 | Oncogenic | overexpression, siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts, miR mimics, miR inhibitors | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [107] | |
circ_104075 | miR-582-3p | YAP | Oncogenic | CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of upstream positive regulator in mouse models | Proliferation | [108] | |
circFBLIM1 | miR-346 | FBLIM1 | Oncogenic | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and invasion | [109] | |
circ_100338 | miR-141-3p | RHEB | Oncogenic | Cellular | Migration and invasion | [110] | |
circ_0067934 | miR-1324 | FZD5 | Oncogenic | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [111] | |
circ_0078710 | miR-31 | HDAC, CDK2 | Oncogenic | Overexpression in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [112] | |
circ_ CDYL | miR-892a, miR-328-3p | HDGF, HIF1AN | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and chemoresistance | [113] | |
circ_ DB | miR-34a | USP7 | Oncogenic | Overexpression, shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation | [114] | |
circ_101368 | miR-200a | HMGB1, RAGE | Oncogenic | Cellular | Migration and invasion | [115] | |
circ_001569 | miR-411-5p, miR-432-5p | – | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Migration and invasion | [116] | |
circ_0015756 | miR-7 | FAK | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [117] | |
circRBM23 | miR-138 | CCND3 | Oncogenic | Overexpression, siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and migration | [118] | |
circ_0016788 | miR-486 | CDK4 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and invasion | [119] | |
circ_0000673 | miR-767-3p | SET | Oncogenic | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and invasion | [120] | |
circ_0005075 | miR-431 | ------- | Oncogenic | Cellular | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [121] | |
miR-335 | MAPK1 | Oncogenic | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [122] | ||
circ_BIRC6 | miR-3918 | Bcl2 | Oncogenic | Overexpression, shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [123] | |
circ_ZNF652 | miR-203, miR-502-5p | Snail | Oncogenic | Knockdown in mouse xenografts | EMT | [124] | |
circ ZFR | miR-3619-5p | CTNNB1 | Oncogenic | Cellular | Proliferation and EMT | [125] | |
circ_0008450 | miR-214-3p | EZH2 | Oncogenic | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [126] | |
circ_0000517 | miR‑326 | SMAD6 | Oncogenic | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion | [127] | |
circNFATC3 | miR-548I | NFATC3 | Tumor suppressive | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [128] | |
circ_103809 | miR-620 | ------- | Tumor suppressive | Cellular | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [129] | |
circC3P1 | miR-4641 | PCK1 | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression in mouse xenografts, miR mimics | Proliferation, migration and invasion | [130] | |
circ_0091570 | miR-1307 | ISM1 | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression, siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and migration | [131] | |
circ_0001649 | miR-127-5p, miR-612, miR-4688 | SHPRH | Tumor suppressive | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and migration | [132] | |
circMTO1 | miR-9 | p21 | Tumor suppressive | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and invasion | [133] | |
cSMARCA5 | miR-17-3p, miR-181b-5p | TIMP3 | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and migration | [134] | |
circSETD3 | miR-421 | MAPK-14 | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression in mouse xenografts | Proliferation | [135] | |
circTRIM33-12 | miR-191 | TET1 | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression, shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation, migration, invasion and immune evasion | [136] | |
circADAMTS13 | miR-484 | ADAMTS13 | Tumor suppressive | Cellular | Proliferation | [137] | |
circADAMTS14 | miR-572 | RCAN1 | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression in mouse xenografts, miR mimics, miR inhibitors | Proliferation and invasion | [138] | |
circSMAD2 | miR-629 | SMAD2 | Tumor suppressive | Cellular | Migration, invasion and EMT | [139] | |
circLARP4 | miR-761 | RUNX3 | Tumor suppressive | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation | [140] | |
circLARP4 | miR-761 | RUNX3 | Tumor suppressive | shRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation | [140] | |
circ_0005986 | miR-129-5p | Notch1 | Tumor suppressive | Cellular | Proliferation | [141] |
Pseudogenes as ceRNAs
ceRNA network type | ceRNA member | Shared miRNA(s) | Competing target (mRNA) | ceRNA role | Experiments related to mechanism | Related HCC function mechanisms | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudogene–miRNA–mRNA | OCT4-pg4 | miR-145 | OCT4 | Oncogenic | siRNA knockdown in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and colony formation | [10] |
RACGAP1P | miR-15-5p | RACGAP1 | Oncogenic | Overexpression in mouse xenografts | Proliferation and migration | [147] | |
INTS6P1 | miR-17-5p | INTS6 | Tumor suppressive | Overexpression in mouse xenografts | Apoptosis and cell growth | [148] |
The clinical application of ncRNAs as ceRNAs in HCC
Potential diagnostic biomarkers in HCC
ncRNA as ceRNA | Location | Clinical application | Description | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
circRNA_104075# | Serum | Diagnosis | AUC: 0.973, Se: 96.0%, Sp: 98.3% | [108] |
BCYRN 1* | Serum | Diagnosis, prognosis, potential therapeutic target | Diagnosis: AUC: 0.7834, Se: 62.10%, Sp: 90.54%; Prognosis: overexpression associates with worse prognosis | |
lncRNA-RP11‐513I15.6, miR‐1262, RAB11A† | Serum | Diagnosis | AUC: NA, Se: 100%, Sp: 76.7% | [156] |
OCT4-pg4^ | Tissue | Prognosis, potential therapeutic target | Associates with prognosis | [10] |
HOXD-AS1* | Tissue | Prognosis, potential therapeutic target | Associates with TNM stage and prognosis | [72] |
SNHG6-003* | Tissue | Prognosis, potential therapeutic target | Associates with portal vein tumor thrombus, BCLC stage, distant metastasis and prognosis | [85] |
AGAP2-AS1* | Tissue | Prognosis, potential therapeutic target | Associates with tumor size, histological grade, TNM stage, venous invasion and prognosis | [89] |
CASC2* | Tissue | Prognosis, potential therapeutic target | Associates with venous infiltration, histological grade, TNM stage and prognosis | [98] |
circRNA_104718# | Tissue | Prognosis, potential therapeutic target | Associates with vascular invasion and prognosis | [107] |
circ_0000517# | Tissue | Prognosis, potential therapeutic target | Associated with tumor size, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and prognosis | [127] |
circNFATC3# | Tissue | Prognosis, potential therapeutic target | Associates with vascular invasion, histological grade and prognosis | [128] |
MYCNOS, DLX6-AS1, LINC00221, CRNDE* | Tissue | Prognosis | Associates with prognosis | [161] |
13 lncRNAs prognositc model† | Tissue | Prognosis | Associates with prognosis | [162] |
3 lncRNAs and 6mRNAs prognostic model† | Tissue | Prognosis | Associates with prognosis | [163] |