Background
Methods
Participants
Outcome measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Participants
Class Cohort | Female | Male | Difference p-value | Low-Average English grades | High-Very High English grades | Difference p-value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | |||
Exact Age (yrs) | 23 | 6.04 ± 0.33 | 11 | 5.95 ± 0.28 | 12 | 6.13 ± 0.36 | 0.194 | 10 | 5.90 ± 0.31 | 13 | 6.15 ± 0.32 | 0.066 |
Height (cm) | 19 | 116.76 ± 6.06 | 7 | 113.36 ± 5.39 | 12 | 118.7 5 ± 5.71 | 0.060 | 9 | 115.70 ± 6.04 | 10 | 118.00 ± 6.16 | 0.289 |
Weight (kg) | 20 | 21.75 ± 4.14 | 9 | 20.30 ± 2.35 | 11 | 22.94 ± 4.98 | 0.162 | 10 | 19.82 ± 2.00 | 10 | 23.68 ± 4.89 | 0.033 |
BMI (%ile) | 18 | 56.11 ± 37.18 | 7 | 57.57 ± 40.32 | 11 | 55.18 ± 37.04 | 0.899 | 9 | 42.20 ± 31.40 | 9 | 70.00 ± 38.95 | 0.115 |
Total Motor (%ile) | 23 | 50.74 ± 29.80 | 11 | 33.27 ± 26.10 | 12 | 66.75 ± 23.92 | 0.004 | 10 | 51.50 ± 35.79 | 13 | 50.15 ± 25.82 | 0.917 |
Variable (Percentile) | Class Cohort | Female | Male | Difference between gender | Low-Average English grades | High-Very High English grades | Difference between English grade groups | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | p-value | N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | p-value | |
PAL-II | ||||||||||||
Phonological Decoding (PDF60ile – Fluency) | 23 | 41.57 ± 23.07 | 11 | 39.7 3 ± 27.27 | 12 | 43.25 ± 19.54 | 0.724 | 10 | 26.60 ± 12.63 | 13 | 53.08 ± 22.93 | 0.004** |
Phonological Decoding (PDAile - Accuracy) | 23 | 43.48 ± 26.80 | 11 | 45.27 ± 30.72 | 12 | 41.83 ± 23.93 | 0.766 | 10 | 24.10 ± 9.60 | 13 | 58.39 ± 26.35 | 0.001**≠ |
Morphological Decoding (MDFAile - Accuracy) | 23 | 29.87 ± 24.32 | 11 | 27.91 ± 28.23 | 12 | 31.67 ± 21.25 | 0.720 | 10 | 12.30 ± 9.92 | 13 | 43.39 ± 23.57 | 0.001**≠ |
Morphological Decoding (MDFile - Fluency) | 23 | 16.04 ± 19.71 | 11 | 12.44 ± 19.70 | 12 | 19.33 ± 19.98 | 0.414 | 10 | 4.18 ± 4.97 | 13 | 25.15 ± 22.05 | 0.005**≠ |
Sentence Sense Accuracy (SSAile) | 23 | 19.57 ± 23.50 | 11 | 31.55 ± 29.38 | 12 | 8.58 ± 6.65 | 0.028†≠ | 10 | 13.70 ± 16.90 | 13 | 24.07 ± 27.34 | 0.305 |
Sentence Sense Fluency (SSFile) | 23 | 19.70 ± 22.61 | 11 | 30.27 ± 28.48 | 12 | 10.00 ± 8.40 | 0.043†≠ | 10 | 13.50 ± 14.83 | 13 | 24.46 ± 26.75 | 0.258 |
Phonological Coding Composite (PLCile) (Syllables, Phonemes, Rimes) | 23 | 26.12 ± 19.77 | 11 | 23.71 ± 24.14 | 12 | 28.33 ± 15.53 | 0.587 | 10 | 16.54 ± 14.13 | 13 | 33.20 ± 20.78 | 0.038* |
BOT2 | ||||||||||||
Fine Manual Control | 23 | 49.70 ± 25.21 | 11 | 42.27 ± 26.57 | 12 | 56.50 ± 22.88 | 0.182 | 10 | 43.20 ± 29.38 | 13 | 54.69 ± 21.34 | 0.289 |
Manual Coordination | 23 | 40.61 ± 28.70 | 11 | 22.55 ± 24.25 | 12 | 57.17 ± 22.07 | 0.002† | 10 | 47.90 ± 31.74 | 13 | 35.00 ± 26.00 | 0.296 |
Body Coordination | 23 | 36.48 ± 25.91 | 11 | 21.55 ± 16.51 | 12 | 50.17 ± 25.85 | 0.005† | 10 | 32.40 ± 28.62 | 13 | 39.61 ± 24.33 | 0.521 |
Strength and Agility | 23 | 71.65 ± 27.19 | 11 | 62.73 ± 28.23 | 12 | 79.83 ± 24.52 | 0.135 | 10 | 74.80 ± 25.65 | 13 | 69.23 ± 29.11 | 0.637 |
Total Motor Proficiency | 23 | 50.74 ± 29.80 | 11 | 33.27 ± 26.10 | 12 | 66.75 ± 23.92 | 0.004† | 10 | 51.50 ± 35.79 | 13 | 50.14 ± 25.82 | 0.917 |
Reading Skills (PAL-II Subtests) | Motor Proficiency (BOT2 Percentile Ranks) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fine Manual Control r (p-value) | Manual Coordination r (p-value) | Body Coordination r (p-value) | Strength and Agility r (p-value) | Total Motor r (p-value) | |
Class Cohort (n = 23) | |||||
Phonological Decoding (PDF60ile – Fluency) | 0.01 (0.96) | −0.02 (0.95) | − 0.09 (0.69) | 0.11 (0.61) | 0.01 (0.98) |
Phonological Decoding (PDAile - Accuracy) | 0.05 (0.82) | −0.08 (0.72) | −0.21 (0.35) | 0.112 (0.61) | −0.05 (0.82) |
Morphological Decoding (MDFAile - Accuracy) | −0.03 (0.89) | − 0.10 (0.65) | − 0.04 (0.84) | 0.05 (0.83) | − 0.05 (0.83) |
Morphological Decoding (MDFile - Fluency) | − 0.17 (0.45) | − 0.13 (0.57) | − 0.075 (0.74) | − 0.315 (0.14) | − 0.23 (0.29) |
Sentence Sense Accuracy (SSAile) | −0.18 (0.41) | − 0.44** (0.04) | − 0.45** (0.03) | − 0.53** (0.01) | − 0.53** (0.01) |
Sentence Sense Fluency (SSFile) | −0.22 (0.32) | − 0.49* (0.02) | − 0.48* (0.02) | − 0.61** (< 0.01) | − 0.59**(< 0.01) |
Phonological Coding Composite (PLCile) (Syllables, Phonemes, Rimes) | − 0.03 (0.88) | − 0.09 (0.68) | − 0.03 (0.88) | − 0.20 (0.37) | − 0.12 (0.59) |
Females (n = 11) | |||||
Phonological Decoding (PDF60ile – Fluency) | 0.264 (0.433) | 0.046 (0.893) | −0.097 (0.777) | 0.384 (0.244) | 0.195 (0.566) |
Phonological Decoding (PDAile - Accuracy) | 0.432 (0.184) | −0.055 (0.872) | −0.139 (0.684) | 0.335 (0.314) | 0.172 (0.612) |
Morphological Decoding (MDFAile - Accuracy) | 0.233 (0.491) | −0.125 (0.715) | −0.169 (0.620) | 0.211 (0.534) | 0.025 (0.942) |
Morphological Decoding (MDFile - Fluency) | 0.091 (0.790) | −0.075 (0.827) | −0.245 (0.468) | − 0.079 (0.817) | −0.130 (0.702) |
Sentence Sense Accuracy (SSAile) | 0.041 (0.904) | −0.216 (0.524) | −0.278 (0.408) | − 0.478 (0.137) | − 0.328 (0.325) |
Sentence Sense Fluency(SSFile) | − 0.012 (0.972) | − 0.330 (0.322) | − 0.382 (0.246) | − 0.525 (0.098) | − 0.420 (0.199) |
Phonological Coding Composite (PLCile) (Syllables, Phonemes, Rimes) | 0.249 (0.460) | − 0.078 (0.820) | − 0.184 (0.588) | − 0.147 (0.665) | −0.070 (0.838) |
Males (n = 12) | |||||
Phonological Decoding (PDF60ile – Fluency) | −0.420 (0.174) | −0.257 (0.420) | − 0.237 (0.458) | −0.330 (0.295) | − 0.385 (0.217) |
Phonological Decoding (PDAile - Accuracy) | −0.414 (0.181) | − 0.043 (0.893) | −0.277 (0.384) | − 0.119 (0.713) | −0.254 (0.426) |
Morphological Decoding (MDFAile - Accuracy) | −0.459 (0.133) | −0.274 (0.389) | − 0.073 (0.821) | −0.239 (0.454) | − 0.301 (0.342) |
Morphological Decoding (MDFile - Fluency) | −0.565 (0.056) | − 0.532 (0.075) | −0.207 (0.518) | − 0.734** (0.007) | −0.692* (0.013) |
Sentence Sense Accuracy (SSAile) | −0.473 (0.120) | −0.265 (0.405) | − 0.488 (0.107) | −0.704* (0.011) | − 0.738** (0.006) |
Sentence Sense Fluency(SSFile) | −0.474 (0.119) | − 0.315 (0.318) | −0.428 (0.165) | −.916** (0.000) | −.810** (0.001) |
Phonological Coding Composite (PLCile) (Syllables, Phonemes, Rimes) | −0.599* (0.039) | − 0.426 (0.167) | − 0.093 (0.774) | − 0.427 (0.166) | − 0.487 (0.108) |
High – Very High English Grades (n = 13) | |||||
Phonological Decoding (PDF60ile – Fluency) | −0.660* (0.01) | − 0.067 (0.83) | − 0.594* (0.03) | 0.049 (0.87) | − 0.370 (0.21) |
Phonological Decoding (PDAile - Accuracy) | − 0.437 (0.14) | − 0.079 (0.80) | −0.753** (< 0.01) | 0.150 (0.62) | − 0.329 (0.22) |
Morphological Decoding (MDFAile - Accuracy) | −0.614* (0.03) | − 0.112 (0.72) | − 0.552 (0.05) | 0.034 (0.91) | − 0.364 (0.22) |
Morphological Decoding (MDFile - Fluency) | − 0.634* (0.02) | − 0.084 (0.79) | −0.382 (0.20) | − 0.465 (0.11) | −0.524 (0.07) |
Sentence Sense Accuracy (SSAile) | −0.092 (0.76) | −0.425 (0.15) | − 0.579* (0.04) | −0.417 (0.16) | − 0.596* (0.03) |
Sentence Sense Fluency (SSFile) | −0.165 (0.59) | − 0.445 (0.13) | −0.590* (0.03) | − 0.538 (0.06) | −0.682* (0.01) |
Phonological Coding Composite (PLCile) (Syllables, Phonemes, Rimes) | −0.455 (0.12) | −0.210 (0.49) | − 0.381 (0.20) | −0.330 (0.27) | − 0.473 (0.10) |
Low – Average English Grades (n = 10) | |||||
Phonological Decoding (PDF60ile – Fluency) | 0.68* (0.03) | 0.61 (0.06) | 0.53 (0.12) | 0.69* (0.03) | 0.716* (0.02) |
Phonological Decoding (PDAile - Accuracy) | 0.58* (0.08) | 0.66* (0.04) | 0.50 (0.14) | 0.68* (0.03) | 0.670* (0.03) |
Morphological Decoding (MDFAile - Accuracy) | 0.49 (0.15) | 0.55 (0.10) | 0.75* (0.01) | 0.60 (0.07) | 0.664* (0.04) |
Morphological Decoding (MDFile - Fluency) | 0.318 (0.37) | 0.378 (0.28) | 0.594 (0.07) | 0.453 (0.19) | 0.473 (0.17) |
Sentence Sense Accuracy (SSAile) | −0.531 (0.11) | −0.444 (0.20) | −0.424 (0.22) | − 0.815** (0.004) | −0.568 (0.09) |
Sentence Sense Fluency (SSFile) | −0.594 (0.07) | −0.575 (0.08) | − 0.521 (0.12) | −0.849** (0.002) | − 0.643* (0.045) |
Phonological Coding Composite (PLCile) (Syllables, Phonemes, Rimes) | 0.254 (0.48) | 0.360 (0.31) | 0.340 (0.38) | 0.181 (0.62) | 0.359 (0.31) |
Reading Skills (PAL-II Subtests) | Motor Proficiency (BOT2 Percentile Ranks) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fine Manual Control | Manual Coordination | Body Coordination | Strength and Agility | Total Motor | |
Phonological Decoding (PDF60ile – Fluency)
| −3.29† | −1.57 | −1.32 | −1.62 | −2.61** |
Phonological Decoding (PDAile - Accuracy)
| −2.29* | −1.77 | −3.1** | − 1.38 | − 2.34** |
Morphological Decoding (MDFAile - Accuracy)
| − 2.54† | − 1.48 | −3.23† | − 1.34 | − 2.40** |
Morphological Decoding (MDFile - Fluency)
| − 2.19* | − 0.98 | −2.79** | − 2.10* | −2.22* |
Sentence Sense Accuracy (SSAile) | 1.01 | 0.05 | − 0.42 | 1.42 | −.0.09 |
Sentence Sense Fluency (SSFile) | 1.05 | 0.36 | −0.2 | 1.32 | −0.14 |
Phonological Coding Composite (PLCile) (Syllables, Phonemes, Rimes)
| −1.52 | − 1.2 | −1.53 | − 1.53 | −1.81 |