Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Psychiatry Reports 8/2020

01.08.2020 | Anxiety Disorders (A Pelissolo, Section Editor)

The Role of Anxiety in Smoking Onset, Severity, and Cessation-Related Outcomes: a Review of Recent Literature

verfasst von: Lorra Garey, Hannah Olofsson, Tatyana Garza, Justin M. Shepherd, Tanya Smit, Michael J. Zvolensky

Erschienen in: Current Psychiatry Reports | Ausgabe 8/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Anxiety is one of the most common mental health conditions globally and co-occurs with smoking at a markedly high rate. The present review offers a narrative overview of the most recent research on the role of anxiety in smoking onset, maintenance, and cessation-related outcomes. Additionally, given the rise in electronic cigarette use, we review the emerging literature on the influence of anxiety on e-cigarette use.

Recent Findings

Evidence across studies varied as to the role of anxiety or anxiety symptoms in smoking behavior. The most consistent findings suggested that those with anxiety are more likely to be a smoker, supporting a high rate of co-occurrence across these conditions. Less consistent evidence was observed for the association between anxiety and onset, indicators of severity, and cessation outcomes.

Summary

Although there is robust evidence for an association between smoking and anxiety, there were considerable discrepancies for the precise role of anxiety in smoking onset, severity, and cessation outcomes. Future work utilizing more sophisticated methodologies is needed to identify causal relations as well as putative moderators and mediators of the anxiety–smoking relation.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen H. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2012;21:169–84.PubMedPubMedCentral Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen H. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2012;21:169–84.PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17:327–35.PubMedPubMedCentral Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17:327–35.PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Moylan S, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Berk M. Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of population-based, epidemiological studies. BMC Med. 2012;10:123.PubMedPubMedCentral Moylan S, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Berk M. Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of population-based, epidemiological studies. BMC Med. 2012;10:123.PubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Lawrence D, Considine J, Mitrou F, Zubrick SR. Anxiety disorders and cigarette smoking: results from the Australian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44:520–7.PubMed Lawrence D, Considine J, Mitrou F, Zubrick SR. Anxiety disorders and cigarette smoking: results from the Australian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44:520–7.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Piper ME, Smith SS, Schlam TR, Fleming MF, Bittrich AA, Brown JL, et al. Psychiatric disorders in smokers seeking treatment for tobacco dependence: relations with tobacco dependence and cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78:13–23.PubMedPubMedCentral Piper ME, Smith SS, Schlam TR, Fleming MF, Bittrich AA, Brown JL, et al. Psychiatric disorders in smokers seeking treatment for tobacco dependence: relations with tobacco dependence and cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78:13–23.PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Lawrence D, Mitrou F, Zubrick SR. Smoking and mental illness: results from population surveys in Australia and the United States. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:285.PubMedPubMedCentral Lawrence D, Mitrou F, Zubrick SR. Smoking and mental illness: results from population surveys in Australia and the United States. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:285.PubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Lasser K, Boyd JW, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, McCormick D, Bor DH. Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. JAMA. 2000;284:2606–10.PubMed Lasser K, Boyd JW, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, McCormick D, Bor DH. Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. JAMA. 2000;284:2606–10.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Grant BF, Hasin DS, Chou SP, Stinson FS, Dawson DA. Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:1107–15.PubMed Grant BF, Hasin DS, Chou SP, Stinson FS, Dawson DA. Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:1107–15.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams JM, Steinberg ML, Griffiths KG, Cooperman N. Smokers with behavioral health comorbidity should be designated a tobacco use disparity group. Am J Public Health. 2013;103:1549–55.PubMedPubMedCentral Williams JM, Steinberg ML, Griffiths KG, Cooperman N. Smokers with behavioral health comorbidity should be designated a tobacco use disparity group. Am J Public Health. 2013;103:1549–55.PubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Morissette SB, Tull MT, Gulliver SB, Kamholz BW, Zimering RT. Anxiety, anxiety disorders, tobacco use, and nicotine: a critical review of interrelationships. Psychol Bull. 2007;133:245–72.PubMed Morissette SB, Tull MT, Gulliver SB, Kamholz BW, Zimering RT. Anxiety, anxiety disorders, tobacco use, and nicotine: a critical review of interrelationships. Psychol Bull. 2007;133:245–72.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Baker TB, Piper ME, McCarthy DE, Majeskie MR, Fiore MC. Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychol Rev. 2004;111:33–51.PubMed Baker TB, Piper ME, McCarthy DE, Majeskie MR, Fiore MC. Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychol Rev. 2004;111:33–51.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Pomerleau OF, Turk DC, Fertig JB. The effects of cigarette smoking on pain and anxiety. Addict Behav. 1984;9:265–71.PubMed Pomerleau OF, Turk DC, Fertig JB. The effects of cigarette smoking on pain and anxiety. Addict Behav. 1984;9:265–71.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Morrell HER, Cohen LM. Cigarette smoking, anxiety, and depression. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28:281–95. Morrell HER, Cohen LM. Cigarette smoking, anxiety, and depression. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2006;28:281–95.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Piper ME, Cook JW, Schlam TR, Jorenby DE, Baker TB. Anxiety diagnoses in smokers seeking cessation treatment: relations with tobacco dependence, withdrawal, outcome, and response to treatment. Addiction. 2011;106:418–27.PubMed Piper ME, Cook JW, Schlam TR, Jorenby DE, Baker TB. Anxiety diagnoses in smokers seeking cessation treatment: relations with tobacco dependence, withdrawal, outcome, and response to treatment. Addiction. 2011;106:418–27.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson NL, VanderVeen JW, Cohen LM, DeMarree KG, Morrell HER. Examining the interrelationships between social anxiety, smoking to cope, and cigarette craving. Addict Behav. 2012;37:986–9.PubMed Watson NL, VanderVeen JW, Cohen LM, DeMarree KG, Morrell HER. Examining the interrelationships between social anxiety, smoking to cope, and cigarette craving. Addict Behav. 2012;37:986–9.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Breslau N, Kilbey MM, Andreski P. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms and psychiatric disorders: findings from an epidemiologic study of young adults. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:464–9.PubMed Breslau N, Kilbey MM, Andreski P. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms and psychiatric disorders: findings from an epidemiologic study of young adults. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:464–9.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat • Tidey JW, Miller ME (2015) Smoking cessation and reduction in people with chronic mental illness. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4065. This review summarizes findings on the effects and mechanisms of smoking cessation treatment on psychiatric smokers. It found strong empirical evidence for an association between anxiety and smoking onset, behavior and treatment outcomes. It also discusses vulnerability factors, which may underlie the anxiety/smoking co-occurrence. • Tidey JW, Miller ME (2015) Smoking cessation and reduction in people with chronic mental illness. BMJ. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1136/​bmj.​h4065. This review summarizes findings on the effects and mechanisms of smoking cessation treatment on psychiatric smokers. It found strong empirical evidence for an association between anxiety and smoking onset, behavior and treatment outcomes. It also discusses vulnerability factors, which may underlie the anxiety/smoking co-occurrence.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Patton GC, Carlin JB, Coffey C, Wolfe R, Hibbert M, Bowes G. Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: a prospective study over 3 years. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:1518–22.PubMedPubMedCentral Patton GC, Carlin JB, Coffey C, Wolfe R, Hibbert M, Bowes G. Depression, anxiety, and smoking initiation: a prospective study over 3 years. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:1518–22.PubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Fluharty M, Taylor AE, Grabski M, Munafò MR. The association of cigarette smoking with depression and anxiety: a systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017;19:3–13. This systematic review examined the relation between anxiety and smoking in longitudinal studies and found mixed results for the bidirectionality of their association. PubMed •• Fluharty M, Taylor AE, Grabski M, Munafò MR. The association of cigarette smoking with depression and anxiety: a systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017;19:3–13. This systematic review examined the relation between anxiety and smoking in longitudinal studies and found mixed results for the bidirectionality of their association. PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Leventhal AM, Zvolensky MJ. Anxiety, depression, and cigarette smoking: a transdiagnostic vulnerability framework to understanding emotion-smoking comorbidity. Psychol Bull. 2015;141:176–212. This is the first review to introduce an integrative theoretical framework to identify factors influencing the associations between anxiety and smoking trajectories. PubMed •• Leventhal AM, Zvolensky MJ. Anxiety, depression, and cigarette smoking: a transdiagnostic vulnerability framework to understanding emotion-smoking comorbidity. Psychol Bull. 2015;141:176–212. This is the first review to introduce an integrative theoretical framework to identify factors influencing the associations between anxiety and smoking trajectories. PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Cummins SE, Zhu S-H, Tedeschi GJ, Gamst AC, Myers MG. Use of e-cigarettes by individuals with mental health conditions. Tob Control. 2014;23:iii48–53.PubMed Cummins SE, Zhu S-H, Tedeschi GJ, Gamst AC, Myers MG. Use of e-cigarettes by individuals with mental health conditions. Tob Control. 2014;23:iii48–53.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kellam SG, Anthony JC. Targeting early antecedents to prevent tobacco smoking: findings from an epidemiologically based randomized field trial. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:1490–5.PubMedPubMedCentral Kellam SG, Anthony JC. Targeting early antecedents to prevent tobacco smoking: findings from an epidemiologically based randomized field trial. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:1490–5.PubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Spindle TR, Hiler MM, Cooke ME, Eissenberg T, Kendler KS, Dick DM. Electronic cigarette use and uptake of cigarette smoking: a longitudinal examination of U.S. college students. Addict Behav. 2017;67:66–72.PubMed Spindle TR, Hiler MM, Cooke ME, Eissenberg T, Kendler KS, Dick DM. Electronic cigarette use and uptake of cigarette smoking: a longitudinal examination of U.S. college students. Addict Behav. 2017;67:66–72.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Parker MA, Sigmon SC, Villanti AC. Higher smoking prevalence among United States adults with co-occurring affective and drug use diagnoses. Addict Behav. 2019;99:106112. This article used epidemiological data to look at comorbidity rates of psychiatric disorders, cigarette smoking, and other drug use. They found that individuals with anxiety symptoms as well as current or lifetime history of anxiety disorder were more likely to be smokers. PubMedPubMedCentral •• Parker MA, Sigmon SC, Villanti AC. Higher smoking prevalence among United States adults with co-occurring affective and drug use diagnoses. Addict Behav. 2019;99:106112. This article used epidemiological data to look at comorbidity rates of psychiatric disorders, cigarette smoking, and other drug use. They found that individuals with anxiety symptoms as well as current or lifetime history of anxiety disorder were more likely to be smokers. PubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanton CA, Keith DR, Gaalema DE, Bunn JY, Doogan NJ, Redner R, et al. Trends in tobacco use among US adults with chronic health conditions: National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2005–2013. Prev Med. 2016;92:160–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Stanton CA, Keith DR, Gaalema DE, Bunn JY, Doogan NJ, Redner R, et al. Trends in tobacco use among US adults with chronic health conditions: National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2005–2013. Prev Med. 2016;92:160–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellis EM, Orom H, Giovino GA, Kiviniemi MT. Relations between negative affect and health behaviors by race/ethnicity: differential effects for symptoms of depression and anxiety. Health Psychol. 2015;34:966–9.PubMed Ellis EM, Orom H, Giovino GA, Kiviniemi MT. Relations between negative affect and health behaviors by race/ethnicity: differential effects for symptoms of depression and anxiety. Health Psychol. 2015;34:966–9.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Bierhoff J, Haardörfer R, Windle M, Berg CJ. Psychological risk factors for alcohol, cannabis, and various tobacco use among young adults: a longitudinal analysis. Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54:1365–75. This longitudinal study examined the use of alcohol, cannabis, and various tobacco products in relation to externalizing and internalizing factors. It found that anxiety symptoms are predictive of cigarette use and severity. The same relation was not found for anxiety symptoms and e-cigarette use. PubMedPubMedCentral •• Bierhoff J, Haardörfer R, Windle M, Berg CJ. Psychological risk factors for alcohol, cannabis, and various tobacco use among young adults: a longitudinal analysis. Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54:1365–75. This longitudinal study examined the use of alcohol, cannabis, and various tobacco products in relation to externalizing and internalizing factors. It found that anxiety symptoms are predictive of cigarette use and severity. The same relation was not found for anxiety symptoms and e-cigarette use. PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Leventhal AM, Strong DR, Sussman S, Kirkpatrick MG, Unger JB, Barrington-Trimis JL, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in adolescent electronic and conventional cigarette use. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;73:71–8.PubMed Leventhal AM, Strong DR, Sussman S, Kirkpatrick MG, Unger JB, Barrington-Trimis JL, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in adolescent electronic and conventional cigarette use. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;73:71–8.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Tong L, Shi H-J, Zhang Z, Yuan Y, Xia Z-J, Jiang X-X, et al. Mediating effect of anxiety and depression on the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and smoking/drinking. Sci Rep. 2016;6. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21609. Tong L, Shi H-J, Zhang Z, Yuan Y, Xia Z-J, Jiang X-X, et al. Mediating effect of anxiety and depression on the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and smoking/drinking. Sci Rep. 2016;6. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​srep21609.
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Keten HS, Ersoy O, Satan Y, Olmez S, Ucer H, Sahin M, et al. Determination of the relationship between cigarette and smokeless tobacco (Maras powder) use and depression/anxiety. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2015:899–905. Keten HS, Ersoy O, Satan Y, Olmez S, Ucer H, Sahin M, et al. Determination of the relationship between cigarette and smokeless tobacco (Maras powder) use and depression/anxiety. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2015:899–905.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Richardson S, McNeill A, Brose LS. Smoking and quitting behaviours by mental health conditions in Great Britain (1993–2014). Addict Behav. 2019;90:14–9. This article used data from the nationally representative Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. It examined trends in smoking prevalence in Great Britain among those with and without mental health conditions. Results showed that both phobia and generalized anxiety disorder related to dependence, greater desire to quit, and that individuals with generalized anxiety experienced more difficulties associated with quitting. Yet, neither generalized anxiety disorder nor phobia was shown to relate to quit success. PubMedPubMedCentral •• Richardson S, McNeill A, Brose LS. Smoking and quitting behaviours by mental health conditions in Great Britain (1993–2014). Addict Behav. 2019;90:14–9. This article used data from the nationally representative Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. It examined trends in smoking prevalence in Great Britain among those with and without mental health conditions. Results showed that both phobia and generalized anxiety disorder related to dependence, greater desire to quit, and that individuals with generalized anxiety experienced more difficulties associated with quitting. Yet, neither generalized anxiety disorder nor phobia was shown to relate to quit success. PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Matcham F, Carroll A, Chung N, Crawford V, Galloway J, Hames A, et al. Smoking and common mental disorders in patients with chronic conditions: an analysis of data collected via a web-based screening system. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2017;45:12–8.PubMed Matcham F, Carroll A, Chung N, Crawford V, Galloway J, Hames A, et al. Smoking and common mental disorders in patients with chronic conditions: an analysis of data collected via a web-based screening system. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2017;45:12–8.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Jamal M, Van der Does W, Penninx BWJH. Effect of variation in BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, smoking, and nicotine dependence on symptom severity of depressive and anxiety disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:150–7.PubMed Jamal M, Van der Does W, Penninx BWJH. Effect of variation in BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, smoking, and nicotine dependence on symptom severity of depressive and anxiety disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:150–7.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Sawchuk CN, Roy-Byrne P, Noonan C, Bogart A, Goldberg J, Manson SM, et al. The association of panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression with smoking in American Indians. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18:259–66.PubMed Sawchuk CN, Roy-Byrne P, Noonan C, Bogart A, Goldberg J, Manson SM, et al. The association of panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression with smoking in American Indians. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18:259–66.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat • Lopez AA, Toblin RL, Riviere LA, Lee JD, Adler AB. Correlates of current and heavy smoking among US soldiers returning from combat. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018;26:215–22. This large cross-sectional study on veterans assessed smoking behavior and co-occurrence rates of several variables including combat exposures and anxiety. Results from covariate adjusted models indicated that anxiety was not associated with smoking status and severity. PubMed • Lopez AA, Toblin RL, Riviere LA, Lee JD, Adler AB. Correlates of current and heavy smoking among US soldiers returning from combat. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018;26:215–22. This large cross-sectional study on veterans assessed smoking behavior and co-occurrence rates of several variables including combat exposures and anxiety. Results from covariate adjusted models indicated that anxiety was not associated with smoking status and severity. PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat • Berg CJ, Haardörfer R, Payne JB, Getachew B, Vu M, Guttentag A, et al. Ecological momentary assessment of various tobacco product use among young adults. Addict Behav. 2019;92:38–46. This ecological momentary assessment study that examined timing, tobacco cravings, affect, social context, and other substance use in relation to use of cigarettes and other nicotine delivery systems. They found that higher levels of anxiety are a predictor for cigarette use; this association was not present for e-cigarette use. PubMed • Berg CJ, Haardörfer R, Payne JB, Getachew B, Vu M, Guttentag A, et al. Ecological momentary assessment of various tobacco product use among young adults. Addict Behav. 2019;92:38–46. This ecological momentary assessment study that examined timing, tobacco cravings, affect, social context, and other substance use in relation to use of cigarettes and other nicotine delivery systems. They found that higher levels of anxiety are a predictor for cigarette use; this association was not present for e-cigarette use. PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Trujillo MA, Khoddam R, Greenberg JB, Dyal SR, Ameringer KJ, Zvolensky MJ, et al. Distress tolerance as a correlate of tobacco dependence and motivation: incremental relations over and above anxiety and depressive symptoms. Behav Med. 2017;43:120–8.PubMed Trujillo MA, Khoddam R, Greenberg JB, Dyal SR, Ameringer KJ, Zvolensky MJ, et al. Distress tolerance as a correlate of tobacco dependence and motivation: incremental relations over and above anxiety and depressive symptoms. Behav Med. 2017;43:120–8.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Zvolensky MJ, Bakhshaie J, Norton PJ, Smits JAJ, Buckner JD, Garey L, et al. Visceral sensitivity, anxiety, and smoking among treatment-seeking smokers. Addict Behav. 2017;75:1–6.PubMed Zvolensky MJ, Bakhshaie J, Norton PJ, Smits JAJ, Buckner JD, Garey L, et al. Visceral sensitivity, anxiety, and smoking among treatment-seeking smokers. Addict Behav. 2017;75:1–6.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Chase T, Teng EJ, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Emotion regulation difficulties in relation to anxiety, depression, and functional impairment among treatment-seeking smokers. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2018;206:614–20.PubMed Chase T, Teng EJ, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Emotion regulation difficulties in relation to anxiety, depression, and functional impairment among treatment-seeking smokers. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2018;206:614–20.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghali H, Rejeb OB, Fredj SB, Khéfacha S, Dhidah L, Rejeb MB, et al. Smoking dependence and anxio-depressive disorders in Tunisian smokers attending the smoking cessation clinic in a university hospital. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2019;94:9.PubMedPubMedCentral Ghali H, Rejeb OB, Fredj SB, Khéfacha S, Dhidah L, Rejeb MB, et al. Smoking dependence and anxio-depressive disorders in Tunisian smokers attending the smoking cessation clinic in a university hospital. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2019;94:9.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Zurück zum Zitat • Watson NL, Heffner JL, Mull KE, McClure JB, Bricker JB. Comparing treatment acceptability and 12-month cessation rates in response to web-based smoking interventions among smokers who do and do not screen positive for affective disorders: Secondary Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2019. https://doi.org/10.2196/13500. This longitudinal study compared web-based treatment acceptability and cessation outcomes between smokers with and without affective disorders. Findings showed lower cessation rates across smokers with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. • Watson NL, Heffner JL, Mull KE, McClure JB, Bricker JB. Comparing treatment acceptability and 12-month cessation rates in response to web-based smoking interventions among smokers who do and do not screen positive for affective disorders: Secondary Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2019. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2196/​13500. This longitudinal study compared web-based treatment acceptability and cessation outcomes between smokers with and without affective disorders. Findings showed lower cessation rates across smokers with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster DW, Langdon KJ, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Smoking processes, panic, and depressive symptoms among treatment-seeking smokers. Subst Use Misuse. 2015;50:394–402.PubMed Foster DW, Langdon KJ, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Smoking processes, panic, and depressive symptoms among treatment-seeking smokers. Subst Use Misuse. 2015;50:394–402.PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat • Tulloch HE, Pipe AL, Clyde MJ, Reid RD, Els C. The quit experience and concerns of smokers with psychiatric illness. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50:709–18, This cross-sectional study examined quit experience and concerns of smokers with psychiatric illness in comparison with those of smokers without psychiatric illness. Results showed that smokers with anxiety are particularly vulnerable to relapse at times of stress and negative affect; as they worry they may not be able to cope with stress without cigarettes. PubMed • Tulloch HE, Pipe AL, Clyde MJ, Reid RD, Els C. The quit experience and concerns of smokers with psychiatric illness. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50:709–18, This cross-sectional study examined quit experience and concerns of smokers with psychiatric illness in comparison with those of smokers without psychiatric illness. Results showed that smokers with anxiety are particularly vulnerable to relapse at times of stress and negative affect; as they worry they may not be able to cope with stress without cigarettes. PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang M-J, Zvolensky MJ, Leyro TM. The indirect effect of panic disorder on smoking cognitions via difficulties in emotion regulation. Addict Behav. 2017;72:126–32.PubMedPubMedCentral Yang M-J, Zvolensky MJ, Leyro TM. The indirect effect of panic disorder on smoking cognitions via difficulties in emotion regulation. Addict Behav. 2017;72:126–32.PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Farris SG, Allan NP, Morales PC, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Does successful smoking cessation reduce anxious arousal among treatment-seeking smokers? J Anxiety Disord. 2015;36:92–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Farris SG, Allan NP, Morales PC, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Does successful smoking cessation reduce anxious arousal among treatment-seeking smokers? J Anxiety Disord. 2015;36:92–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson NL, DeMarree KG, Cohen LM. Cigarette craving and stressful social interactions: the roles of state and trait social anxiety and smoking to cope. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;185:75–81.PubMed Watson NL, DeMarree KG, Cohen LM. Cigarette craving and stressful social interactions: the roles of state and trait social anxiety and smoking to cope. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;185:75–81.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahaffey BL, Gonzalez A, Farris SG, Zvolensky MJ, Bromet EJ, Luft BJ, et al. Smoking to regulate negative affect: disentangling the relationship between posttraumatic stress and emotional disorder symptoms, nicotine dependence, and cessation-related problems. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18:1471–8.PubMed Mahaffey BL, Gonzalez A, Farris SG, Zvolensky MJ, Bromet EJ, Luft BJ, et al. Smoking to regulate negative affect: disentangling the relationship between posttraumatic stress and emotional disorder symptoms, nicotine dependence, and cessation-related problems. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18:1471–8.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Farris SG, Robinson JD, Zvolensky MJ, Hogan J, Rabius V, Cinciripini PM, et al. Panic attacks and smoking cessation among cancer patients receiving smoking cessation treatment. Addict Behav. 2016;61:32–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Farris SG, Robinson JD, Zvolensky MJ, Hogan J, Rabius V, Cinciripini PM, et al. Panic attacks and smoking cessation among cancer patients receiving smoking cessation treatment. Addict Behav. 2016;61:32–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee EM, Malson JL, Waters AJ, Moolchan ET, Pickworth WB. Smoking topography: reliability and validity in dependent smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2003;5:673–9.PubMed Lee EM, Malson JL, Waters AJ, Moolchan ET, Pickworth WB. Smoking topography: reliability and validity in dependent smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2003;5:673–9.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat • Farris SG, Brown LA, Goodwin RD, Zvolensky MJ. Panic attack history and smoking topography. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;171:84–90. This cross-sectional study examined smoking topography among adult daily smokers with and without a history of panic attacks. The results showed that panic attack status was not associated with significant differences in average smoking topography. PubMed • Farris SG, Brown LA, Goodwin RD, Zvolensky MJ. Panic attack history and smoking topography. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;171:84–90. This cross-sectional study examined smoking topography among adult daily smokers with and without a history of panic attacks. The results showed that panic attack status was not associated with significant differences in average smoking topography. PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahne J, Hise L, Brenner M, Lejuez CW, MacPherson L. An experimental investigation of the functional relationship between social phobia and cigarette smoking. Addict Behav. 2015;43:66–71.PubMed Dahne J, Hise L, Brenner M, Lejuez CW, MacPherson L. An experimental investigation of the functional relationship between social phobia and cigarette smoking. Addict Behav. 2015;43:66–71.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson NL, Heffner JL, McClure JB, Mull KE, Bricker JB. Differential prevalence of established risk factors for poor cessation outcomes among smokers by level of social anxiety. Am J Addict. 2017;26:176–82.PubMedPubMedCentral Watson NL, Heffner JL, McClure JB, Mull KE, Bricker JB. Differential prevalence of established risk factors for poor cessation outcomes among smokers by level of social anxiety. Am J Addict. 2017;26:176–82.PubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Buckner JD, Zvolensky MJ, Lewis EM (2019) Smoking and social anxiety: the role of false safety behaviors. Cogn Behav Ther 0:1–11. Buckner JD, Zvolensky MJ, Lewis EM (2019) Smoking and social anxiety: the role of false safety behaviors. Cogn Behav Ther 0:1–11.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Cloutier R, Blumenthal H, Mischel ER. An examination of social anxiety in marijuana and cigarette use motives among adolescents. Subst Use Misuse. 2016;51:408–18.PubMedPubMedCentral Cloutier R, Blumenthal H, Mischel ER. An examination of social anxiety in marijuana and cigarette use motives among adolescents. Subst Use Misuse. 2016;51:408–18.PubMedPubMedCentral
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Lieb R, Miché M, Gloster AT, Beesdo-Baum K, Meyer AH, Wittchen H. Impact of specific phobia on the risk of onset of mental disorders: a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33:667–75.PubMed Lieb R, Miché M, Gloster AT, Beesdo-Baum K, Meyer AH, Wittchen H. Impact of specific phobia on the risk of onset of mental disorders: a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33:667–75.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Petroulia I, Kyriakos CN, Papadakis S, et al. Patterns of tobacco use, quit attempts, readiness to quit and self-efficacy among smokers with anxiety or depression: findings among six countries of the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tob Induc Dis. 2019. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/98965. This large cross-sectional study was conducted in six European countries and compared smoking behaviors, past quit attempts, readiness to quit, and beliefs about quitting among current cigarette smokers with probable anxiety or depression. It found that smokers with anxiety smoked more cigarettes per day but were equally likely to be daily smokers as those without anxiety or depression. •• Petroulia I, Kyriakos CN, Papadakis S, et al. Patterns of tobacco use, quit attempts, readiness to quit and self-efficacy among smokers with anxiety or depression: findings among six countries of the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tob Induc Dis. 2019. https://​doi.​org/​10.​18332/​tid/​98965. This large cross-sectional study was conducted in six European countries and compared smoking behaviors, past quit attempts, readiness to quit, and beliefs about quitting among current cigarette smokers with probable anxiety or depression. It found that smokers with anxiety smoked more cigarettes per day but were equally likely to be daily smokers as those without anxiety or depression.
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Nikčević AV, Alma L, Marino C, Kolubinski D, Yılmaz-Samancı AE, Caselli G, et al. Modelling the contribution of negative affect, outcome expectancies and metacognitions to cigarette use and nicotine dependence. Addict Behav. 2017;74:82–9.PubMed Nikčević AV, Alma L, Marino C, Kolubinski D, Yılmaz-Samancı AE, Caselli G, et al. Modelling the contribution of negative affect, outcome expectancies and metacognitions to cigarette use and nicotine dependence. Addict Behav. 2017;74:82–9.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat de Matos MB, de Mola CL, Trettim JP, Jansen K, da Silva RA, Souza LDM, et al. Psychoactive substance abuse and dependence and its association with anxiety disorders: a population-based study of young adults in Brazil. Braz J Psychiatry. 2018;40:349–53.PubMedPubMedCentral de Matos MB, de Mola CL, Trettim JP, Jansen K, da Silva RA, Souza LDM, et al. Psychoactive substance abuse and dependence and its association with anxiety disorders: a population-based study of young adults in Brazil. Braz J Psychiatry. 2018;40:349–53.PubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Zurück zum Zitat • Savage JE, Kaprio J, Korhonen T, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ, Verhulst B, et al. The effects of social anxiety on alcohol and cigarette use across adolescence: results from a longitudinal twin study in Finland. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016;30:462–74. This longitudinal twin study in Finland examined associations between social anxiety and alcohol/cigarette use and alcohol/nicotine dependence from early adolescence into young adulthood. Results showed that smokers who endorsed a social anxiety screener item were more likely to be daily smokers but showed no association with the same item to nicotine dependence. PubMedPubMedCentral • Savage JE, Kaprio J, Korhonen T, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ, Verhulst B, et al. The effects of social anxiety on alcohol and cigarette use across adolescence: results from a longitudinal twin study in Finland. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016;30:462–74. This longitudinal twin study in Finland examined associations between social anxiety and alcohol/cigarette use and alcohol/nicotine dependence from early adolescence into young adulthood. Results showed that smokers who endorsed a social anxiety screener item were more likely to be daily smokers but showed no association with the same item to nicotine dependence. PubMedPubMedCentral
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Zale EL, Maisto SA, Ditre JW. Anxiety and depression in bidirectional relations between pain and smoking: implications for smoking cessation. Behav Modif. 2016;40:7–28.PubMed Zale EL, Maisto SA, Ditre JW. Anxiety and depression in bidirectional relations between pain and smoking: implications for smoking cessation. Behav Modif. 2016;40:7–28.PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Chaiton M, Cohen JE, Rehm J, Abdulle M, O’Loughlin J. Confounders or intermediate variables? Testing mechanisms for the relationship between depression and smoking in a longitudinal cohort study. Addict Behav. 2015;42:154–61.PubMed Chaiton M, Cohen JE, Rehm J, Abdulle M, O’Loughlin J. Confounders or intermediate variables? Testing mechanisms for the relationship between depression and smoking in a longitudinal cohort study. Addict Behav. 2015;42:154–61.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Cavazos-Rehg PA, Breslau N, Hatsukami D, Krauss MJ, Spitznagel EL, Grucza RA, et al. Smoking cessation is associated with lower rates of mood/anxiety and alcohol use disorder. Psychol Med. 2014;44:2523–35.PubMedPubMedCentral Cavazos-Rehg PA, Breslau N, Hatsukami D, Krauss MJ, Spitznagel EL, Grucza RA, et al. Smoking cessation is associated with lower rates of mood/anxiety and alcohol use disorder. Psychol Med. 2014;44:2523–35.PubMedPubMedCentral
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Richards CS, Cohen LM, Morrell HER, Watson NL, Low BE. Treating depressed and anxious smokers in smoking cessation programs. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013;81:263–73.PubMed Richards CS, Cohen LM, Morrell HER, Watson NL, Low BE. Treating depressed and anxious smokers in smoking cessation programs. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013;81:263–73.PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Zvolensky MJ, Paulus DJ, Langdon KJ, Robles Z, Garey L, Norton PJ, et al. Anxiety sensitivity explains associations between anxious arousal symptoms and smoking abstinence expectancies, perceived barriers to cessation, and problems experienced during past quit attempts among low-income smokers. J Anxiety Disord. 2017;48:70–7.PubMed Zvolensky MJ, Paulus DJ, Langdon KJ, Robles Z, Garey L, Norton PJ, et al. Anxiety sensitivity explains associations between anxious arousal symptoms and smoking abstinence expectancies, perceived barriers to cessation, and problems experienced during past quit attempts among low-income smokers. J Anxiety Disord. 2017;48:70–7.PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Zvolensky MJ, Bakhshaie J, Shepherd JM, Garey L, Viana AG, Peraza N. Anxiety symptoms and smoking among Latinx adult smokers: the importance of sensitivity to internal cues in terms of dependence, barriers for quitting, and quit problems. J Behav Med. 2020;43:88–98.PubMed Zvolensky MJ, Bakhshaie J, Shepherd JM, Garey L, Viana AG, Peraza N. Anxiety symptoms and smoking among Latinx adult smokers: the importance of sensitivity to internal cues in terms of dependence, barriers for quitting, and quit problems. J Behav Med. 2020;43:88–98.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Keizer I, Gex-Fabry M, Croquette P, Humair J-P, Khan AN. Tobacco craving and withdrawal symptoms in psychiatric patients during a motivational enhancement intervention based on a 26-hour smoking abstinence period. Tob Prev Cessat. 2019;5. https://doi.org/10.18332/tpc/109785. Keizer I, Gex-Fabry M, Croquette P, Humair J-P, Khan AN. Tobacco craving and withdrawal symptoms in psychiatric patients during a motivational enhancement intervention based on a 26-hour smoking abstinence period. Tob Prev Cessat. 2019;5. https://​doi.​org/​10.​18332/​tpc/​109785.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert DG, Rabinovich NE, Gilbert-Matuskowitz EA, Klein KP, Pergadia ML. Smoking abstinence symptoms across 67 days compared with randomized controls—moderation by nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and negative-affect traits. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;27:536–51.PubMed Gilbert DG, Rabinovich NE, Gilbert-Matuskowitz EA, Klein KP, Pergadia ML. Smoking abstinence symptoms across 67 days compared with randomized controls—moderation by nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and negative-affect traits. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;27:536–51.PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Buckner JD, Langdon KJ, Jeffries ER, Zvolensky MJ. Socially anxious smokers experience greater negative affect and withdrawal during self-quit attempts. Addict Behav. 2016;55:46–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Buckner JD, Langdon KJ, Jeffries ER, Zvolensky MJ. Socially anxious smokers experience greater negative affect and withdrawal during self-quit attempts. Addict Behav. 2016;55:46–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Hughes JR, Higgins ST, Hatsukami D. Effects of abstinence from tobacco. In: Kozlowski LT, Annis HM, Cappell HD, Glaser FB, Goodstadt MS, Israel Y, Kalant H, Sellers EM, Vingilis ER, editors. Research advances in alcohol and drug problems, Springer US, vol. 10. MA: Boston; 1990. p. 317–98. Hughes JR, Higgins ST, Hatsukami D. Effects of abstinence from tobacco. In: Kozlowski LT, Annis HM, Cappell HD, Glaser FB, Goodstadt MS, Israel Y, Kalant H, Sellers EM, Vingilis ER, editors. Research advances in alcohol and drug problems, Springer US, vol. 10. MA: Boston; 1990. p. 317–98.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiggert N, Wilhelm FH, Nakajima M, al’Absi M (2016) Chronic smoking, trait anxiety, and the physiological response to stress. Subst Use Misuse 51:1619–1628. Wiggert N, Wilhelm FH, Nakajima M, al’Absi M (2016) Chronic smoking, trait anxiety, and the physiological response to stress. Subst Use Misuse 51:1619–1628.
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361–70.PubMed Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361–70.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. POMS manual for the profile of mood states. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service; 1971. McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. POMS manual for the profile of mood states. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service; 1971.
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Covey LS, Hu M-C, Winhusen T, Lima J, Berlin I, Nunes E. Anxiety and depressed mood decline following smoking abstinence in adult smokers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Subst Abus Treat. 2015;59:104–8. Covey LS, Hu M-C, Winhusen T, Lima J, Berlin I, Nunes E. Anxiety and depressed mood decline following smoking abstinence in adult smokers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Subst Abus Treat. 2015;59:104–8.
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Pacheco A, Gómez-Bastero Fernández AP, Valido Morales A, Luque Crespo E, Monserrat S, Montemayor Rubio T. Anxiety, depression and tobacco abstinence. Adicciones. 2017;29:233–44. Pacheco A, Gómez-Bastero Fernández AP, Valido Morales A, Luque Crespo E, Monserrat S, Montemayor Rubio T. Anxiety, depression and tobacco abstinence. Adicciones. 2017;29:233–44.
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Pawlina MMC, Rondina R de C, Espinosa MM, Botelho C, Pawlina MMC, Rondina R de C, Espinosa MM, Botelho C (2015) Depression, anxiety, stress, and motivation over the course of smoking cessation treatment. J Bras Pneumol 41:433–439. Pawlina MMC, Rondina R de C, Espinosa MM, Botelho C, Pawlina MMC, Rondina R de C, Espinosa MM, Botelho C (2015) Depression, anxiety, stress, and motivation over the course of smoking cessation treatment. J Bras Pneumol 41:433–439.
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Hammett PJ, Lando HA, Taylor BC, Widome R, Erickson DJ, Joseph AM, et al. The relationship between smoking cessation and binge drinking, depression, and anxiety symptoms among smokers with serious mental illness. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;194:128–35.PubMed Hammett PJ, Lando HA, Taylor BC, Widome R, Erickson DJ, Joseph AM, et al. The relationship between smoking cessation and binge drinking, depression, and anxiety symptoms among smokers with serious mental illness. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;194:128–35.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Demirezent M, Kurçer MA. Effect of smoking cessation on anxiety and urge for smoking. J Depend. 2017;18:53–8. Demirezent M, Kurçer MA. Effect of smoking cessation on anxiety and urge for smoking. J Depend. 2017;18:53–8.
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Schnoll RA, Hitsman B, Blazekovic S, Veluz-Wilkins A, Wileyto EP, Leone FT, et al. Longitudinal changes in smoking abstinence symptoms and alternative reinforcers predict long-term smoking cessation outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;165:245–52.PubMedPubMedCentral Schnoll RA, Hitsman B, Blazekovic S, Veluz-Wilkins A, Wileyto EP, Leone FT, et al. Longitudinal changes in smoking abstinence symptoms and alternative reinforcers predict long-term smoking cessation outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;165:245–52.PubMedPubMedCentral
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Zuo Y, Rabinovich NE, Gilbert DG. Negative affect subtypes and craving differentially predict long-term cessation success among smokers achieving initial abstinence. Psychopharmacology. 2017;234:761–71.PubMed Zuo Y, Rabinovich NE, Gilbert DG. Negative affect subtypes and craving differentially predict long-term cessation success among smokers achieving initial abstinence. Psychopharmacology. 2017;234:761–71.PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Hughes JR, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Anxiolytics and antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000:CD000031. Hughes JR, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Anxiolytics and antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000:CD000031.
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Gómez-Coronado N, Walker AJ, Berk M, Dodd S. Current and emerging pharmacotherapies for cessation of tobacco smoking. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2018;38:235–58. Gómez-Coronado N, Walker AJ, Berk M, Dodd S. Current and emerging pharmacotherapies for cessation of tobacco smoking. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2018;38:235–58.
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Bourbon A, Boyer L, Auquier P, Boucekine M, Barrow V, Lançon C, Fond G (2019) Anxiolytic consumption is associated with tobacco smoking and severe nicotine dependence. Results from the national French medical students (BOURBON) study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 94:109645. Bourbon A, Boyer L, Auquier P, Boucekine M, Barrow V, Lançon C, Fond G (2019) Anxiolytic consumption is associated with tobacco smoking and severe nicotine dependence. Results from the national French medical students (BOURBON) study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 94:109645.
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Schoenborn CA, Gindi RM (2015) Electronic cigarette use among adults: United States, 2014. National Center for Health Statistics 8. Schoenborn CA, Gindi RM (2015) Electronic cigarette use among adults: United States, 2014. National Center for Health Statistics 8.
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Chou SP, Saha TD, Zhang H, Ruan WJ, Huang B, Grant BF, et al. Prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and treatment of electronic nicotine delivery system use in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;178:296–301.PubMed Chou SP, Saha TD, Zhang H, Ruan WJ, Huang B, Grant BF, et al. Prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and treatment of electronic nicotine delivery system use in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;178:296–301.PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Grant JE, Lust K, Fridberg DJ, King AC, Chamberlain SR. E-cigarette use (Vaping) is associated with illicit drug use, mental health problems, and impulsivity in university students. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2019;31:27–35.PubMedPubMedCentral Grant JE, Lust K, Fridberg DJ, King AC, Chamberlain SR. E-cigarette use (Vaping) is associated with illicit drug use, mental health problems, and impulsivity in university students. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2019;31:27–35.PubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Hughes JR, Callas PW. Prevalence of withdrawal symptoms from electronic cigarette cessation: a cross-sectional analysis of the US population assessment of tobacco and health. Addict Behav. 2019;91:234–7.PubMed Hughes JR, Callas PW. Prevalence of withdrawal symptoms from electronic cigarette cessation: a cross-sectional analysis of the US population assessment of tobacco and health. Addict Behav. 2019;91:234–7.PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Mayorga NA, Chavez J, Garey L, Otto MW, Zvolensky MJ (2019) Affective vulnerability across non-daily and daily electronic cigarette users. Behav Med 0:1–9. Mayorga NA, Chavez J, Garey L, Otto MW, Zvolensky MJ (2019) Affective vulnerability across non-daily and daily electronic cigarette users. Behav Med 0:1–9.
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Versella MV, Borges AM, Lin C, Leyro TM. Co-use of electronic nicotine delivery systems and combustible cigarettes, and their association with internalizing pathology and vulnerabilities. Cogn Ther Res. 2019;43:114–20. Versella MV, Borges AM, Lin C, Leyro TM. Co-use of electronic nicotine delivery systems and combustible cigarettes, and their association with internalizing pathology and vulnerabilities. Cogn Ther Res. 2019;43:114–20.
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Garey L, Mayorga NA, Peraza N, Smit T, Nizio P, Otto MW, et al. Distinguishing characteristics of E-cigarette users who attempt and fail to quit: dependence, perceptions, and affective vulnerability. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2019;80:134–40.PubMed Garey L, Mayorga NA, Peraza N, Smit T, Nizio P, Otto MW, et al. Distinguishing characteristics of E-cigarette users who attempt and fail to quit: dependence, perceptions, and affective vulnerability. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2019;80:134–40.PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Guydish J, Passalacqua E, Tajima B, Chan M, Chun J, Bostrom A. Smoking prevalence in addiction treatment: a review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13:401–11.PubMedPubMedCentral Guydish J, Passalacqua E, Tajima B, Chan M, Chun J, Bostrom A. Smoking prevalence in addiction treatment: a review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13:401–11.PubMedPubMedCentral
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:617–27.PubMedPubMedCentral Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:617–27.PubMedPubMedCentral
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown TA, Campbell LA, Lehman CL, Grisham JR, Mancill RB. Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001;110:585–99.PubMed Brown TA, Campbell LA, Lehman CL, Grisham JR, Mancill RB. Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001;110:585–99.PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang F, Li S, Pan L, Zhang N, Jia C. Association of anxiety disorders with the risk of smoking behaviors: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;145:69–76.PubMed Jiang F, Li S, Pan L, Zhang N, Jia C. Association of anxiety disorders with the risk of smoking behaviors: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;145:69–76.PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Zvolensky MJ, Baker K, Yartz AR, Gregor K, Leen-Feldner EW, Feldner MT. Mental health professionals with a specialty in anxiety disorders: knowledge, training, and perceived competence in smoking cessation practices. Cogn Behav Pract. 2005;12:312–8. Zvolensky MJ, Baker K, Yartz AR, Gregor K, Leen-Feldner EW, Feldner MT. Mental health professionals with a specialty in anxiety disorders: knowledge, training, and perceived competence in smoking cessation practices. Cogn Behav Pract. 2005;12:312–8.
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodwin RD. Next steps toward understanding the relationship between cigarette smoking and depression/anxiety disorders: a Lifecourse perspective. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017;19:1–2.PubMed Goodwin RD. Next steps toward understanding the relationship between cigarette smoking and depression/anxiety disorders: a Lifecourse perspective. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017;19:1–2.PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Gage SH, Smith GD, Zammit S, Hickman M, Munafò MR. Using Mendelian randomisation to infer causality in depression and anxiety research. Depress Anxiety. 2014;30:1185–93. Gage SH, Smith GD, Zammit S, Hickman M, Munafò MR. Using Mendelian randomisation to infer causality in depression and anxiety research. Depress Anxiety. 2014;30:1185–93.
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Zvolensky MJ, Bernstein A, Yartz AR, McLeish AC, Feldner MT. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of co-morbid panic psychopathology and tobacco use and dependence. In: Stewart SH, Conrod PJ, editors. Anxiety and substance use disorders: the vicious cycle of comorbidity. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2008. p. 177–200. Zvolensky MJ, Bernstein A, Yartz AR, McLeish AC, Feldner MT. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of co-morbid panic psychopathology and tobacco use and dependence. In: Stewart SH, Conrod PJ, editors. Anxiety and substance use disorders: the vicious cycle of comorbidity. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2008. p. 177–200.
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Piccirillo ML, Rodebaugh TL. Foundations of idiographic methods in psychology and applications for psychotherapy. Clin Psychol Rev. 2019;71:90–100.PubMed Piccirillo ML, Rodebaugh TL. Foundations of idiographic methods in psychology and applications for psychotherapy. Clin Psychol Rev. 2019;71:90–100.PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Moylan S, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Berk M. How cigarette smoking may increase the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders: a critical review of biological pathways. Brain Behav. 2013;3:302–26.PubMedPubMedCentral Moylan S, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Berk M. How cigarette smoking may increase the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders: a critical review of biological pathways. Brain Behav. 2013;3:302–26.PubMedPubMedCentral
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Molas S, DeGroot S, Zhao-Shea R, Tapper AR. Anxiety and nicotine dependence: emerging role of the habenulo-interpeduncular axis. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017;38:169–80.PubMed Molas S, DeGroot S, Zhao-Shea R, Tapper AR. Anxiety and nicotine dependence: emerging role of the habenulo-interpeduncular axis. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017;38:169–80.PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Fagerström K, Aubin H-J. Management of smoking cessation in patients with psychiatric disorders. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:511–8.PubMed Fagerström K, Aubin H-J. Management of smoking cessation in patients with psychiatric disorders. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:511–8.PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakhshaie J, Zvolensky MJ, Goodwin RD. Cigarette smoking and the onset and persistence of panic attacks during mid-adulthood in the United States: 1994–2005. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77:21–4. Bakhshaie J, Zvolensky MJ, Goodwin RD. Cigarette smoking and the onset and persistence of panic attacks during mid-adulthood in the United States: 1994–2005. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77:21–4.
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Compton WM, Thomas YF, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:566–76.PubMed Compton WM, Thomas YF, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:566–76.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
The Role of Anxiety in Smoking Onset, Severity, and Cessation-Related Outcomes: a Review of Recent Literature
verfasst von
Lorra Garey
Hannah Olofsson
Tatyana Garza
Justin M. Shepherd
Tanya Smit
Michael J. Zvolensky
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2020
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Psychiatry Reports / Ausgabe 8/2020
Print ISSN: 1523-3812
Elektronische ISSN: 1535-1645
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-01160-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2020

Current Psychiatry Reports 8/2020 Zur Ausgabe

Child and Family Disaster Psychiatry (B Pfefferbaum, Section Editor)

Children’s Reactions to Media Coverage of War

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.