Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Typ-2-Diabetes und Adipositas Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Häufige urologisch-sexualmedizinische Themen in der Praxis sind das Thema des MMW-Webinars am 5. Juni von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr. Konkret geht es um die Frage, wann bei Harnwegsinfektionen auf Antibiotika verzichtet werden kann, und um ein Update zur Therapie von Libido- und Potenzstörungen des Mannes. Der dritte Vortrag behandelt sexuell übertragbare Krankheiten. Stellen Sie Ihre Fragen an die Experten und sammeln Sie 2 CME-Punkte. Jetzt gleich anmelden!
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Drugs & Aging
Erschienen in: Drugs & Aging 6/2011

01.06.2011 | Review Article

The Role of Phytochemicals in the Treatment and Prevention of Dementia

verfasst von: Dr Melanie-Jayne R. Howes, Elaine Perry

Erschienen in: Drugs & Aging | Ausgabe 6/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Dementia pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are reaching epidemic proportions, yet they are not successfully managed by effective symptomatic treatments. Only five drugs have been developed to alleviate cognitive symptoms, and more effective and safe treatments are needed for both the cognitive symptoms and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). As two of these licensed drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors [ChEIs]) are naturally derived (galantamine and rivastigmine), the potential for plants to yield new therapeutic agents has stimulated extensive research to discover new ChEIs together with plant extracts, phytochemicals and their derivatives with other mechanistic effects relevant to dementia treatment. This review presents the potential and actual therapeutic strategies for dementia in relation to the known mechanisms of dementia pathology. Phytochemicals that have shown mechanistic effects relevant to the pathological targets in dementia are discussed, with an emphasis on those showing positive clinical trial evidence. Those phytochemicals discussed include the alkaloid physostigmine, a ChEI from the calabar bean (Physostigma venenosum), which has been used as a template for the development of synthetic derivatives that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, including the drug rivastigmine. Also discussed are other ChEI alkaloids including huperzine A, from Huperzia serrata, and galantamine, originally from the snowdrop (Galanthus woronowii); both alkaloids improve cognitive functions in AD patients. Other phytochemicals discussed include cannabinoids (e.g. cannabidiol) from Cannabis sativa, which are emerging as potential therapeutic agents for BPSD, and resveratrol (occurs in various plants) and curcumin (from turmeric [Curcuma longa]), which have been investigated for their pharmacological activities relevant to dementia and their potential effects on delaying dementia progression. The review also discusses plant extracts, and their known constituents, that have shown relevant mechanistic effects for dementia and promising clinical data, but require more evidence for their clinical efficacy and safety. Such plants include Ginkgo biloba, which has been extensively studied in numerous clinical trials, with most outcomes showing positive effects on cognitive functions in dementia patients; however, more reliable and consistent clinical data are needed to confirm efficacy. Other plants and their extracts that have produced promising clinical data in dementia patients, with respect to cognition, include saffron (Crocus sativus), ginseng (Panax species), sage (Salvia species) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), although more extensive and reliable clinical data are required. Other plants that are used in traditional practices of medicine have been suggested to improve cognitive functions (e.g. Polygala tenuifolia) or have been associated with alleviation of BPSD (e.g. the traditional prescription yokukansan); such remedies are often prescribed as complex mixtures of different plants, which complicates interpretation of pharmacological and clinical data and introduces additional challenges for quality control. Evidence for the role of natural products in disease prevention, the primary but considerably challenging aim with respect to dementia, is limited, but the available epidemiological and clinical evidence is discussed, with most studies focused on ChEIs, nicotine (from Nicotiana species), curcumin, wine polyphenols such as resveratrol and G. biloba. Challenges for the development of phytochemicals as drugs and for quality control of standardized plant extracts are also considered.
Literatur
1.
Luengo-Fernandez, Leal J, Gray A. Dementia 2010. Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford for the Alzheimer’s Research Trust [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​dementia2010.​org/​ [Accessed 2010 Nov 29]
2.
Kovacs GG, Alafuzoff I, Al-Sarraj S, et al. Mixed brain pathologies in dementia: the BrainNet Europe consortium experience. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008; 26(4): 343–50PubMedCrossRef
3.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition). Arlington, US: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., 2000
4.
Cummings JL. Dementia with Lewy bodies: molecular pathogenesis and implications for classification. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004; 17(3): 112–9PubMedCrossRef
5.
Desmond DW. Vascular dementia. Clin Neurosci Res 2004; 3(6): 437–48CrossRef
6.
McKeith I, Cummings J. Behavioural changes and psychological symptoms in dementia disorders. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4(11): 735–42PubMedCrossRef
7.
Luque FA, Jaffe SL. The molecular and cellular pathogenesis of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: an overview. Int Rev Neurobiol 2009; 84: 151–65PubMedCrossRef
8.
Panza F, Solfrizzi V, Frisardi V, et al. Beyond the neurotransmitter-focused approach in treating Alzheimer’s disease: drugs targeting β-amyloid and tau protein. Aging Clin Exp Res 2009; 21(6): 386–406PubMed
9.
Sabbagh MN. Drug development for Alzheimer’s disease: where are we now and where are we headed? Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2009; 7(3): 167–85PubMedCrossRef
10.
Bonda DJ, Lee HP, Lee H-G, et al. Novel therapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease: an update. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2010; 13(2): 235–46PubMed
11.
Pogačić Kramp V, Herrling P. List of drugs in development for neurodegenerative diseases: update for June 2010. Neurodegener Dis 2011; 8(1–2): 44–94PubMedCrossRef
12.
Williams P, Sorribas A, Howes M-JR. Natural products as a source of Alzheimer’s drug leads. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28(1): 48–77PubMedCrossRef
13.
Matsuzaki K, Noguch T, Wakabayashi M, et al. Inhibitors of amyloid β-protein aggregation mediated by GM1-containing raft-like membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1768(1): 122–30PubMedCrossRef
14.
Ono K, Hasegawa K, Naiki H, et al. Anti-amyloidogenic activity of tannic acid and its activity to destabilize Alzheimer’s β-amyloid fibrils in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004; 1690(3): 193–202PubMedCrossRef
15.
Shimmyo Y, Kihara T, Akaike A, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and curcumin suppress amyloid β-induced β-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 upregulation. Neuroreport 2008; 19(13): 1329–33PubMedCrossRef
16.
Choi SH, Hur JM, Yang EJ, et al. β-Secretase (BACE1) inhibitors from Perillafrutescens var. acuta. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31(2): 183–7PubMedCrossRef
17.
Jung HA, Jin SE, Choi RJ, et al. Anti-amnesic activity of neferine with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities, as well as inhibition of ChEs and BACE1. Life Sci 2010; 87(13–14): 420–30PubMedCrossRef
18.
Jung HA, Min BS, Yokozawa T, et al. Anti-Alzheimer and antioxidant activities of Coptidis Rhizoma alkaloids. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32(8): 1433–8PubMedCrossRef
19.
Patil SP, Maki S, Khedkar SA, et al. Withanolide A and asiatic acid modulate multiple targets associated with amyloid-β precursor protein processing and amyloid-β protein clearance. J Nat Prod 2010; 73(7): 1196–202PubMedCrossRef
20.
Strong C, Anderton BH, Perry RH, et al. Abnormally phosphorylated tau protein in senile dementia of Lewy body type and Alzheimer disease: evidence that the disorders are distinct. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1995; 9(4): 218–22PubMed
21.
Saddichha S, Pandey V. Alzheimer’s and non-Alzheimer’s dementia: a critical review of pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2008; 23(2): 150–61PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zeng K-W, Ko H, Yang HO, et al. Icariin attenuates β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity by inhibition of tau protein hyperphosphorylation in PC12 cells. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59(6): 542–50PubMedCrossRef
23.
Park YJ, Jang YM, Kwon YH. Isoflavones prevent endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated neuronal degeneration by inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation in SH-SY5Y cells. J Med Food 2009; 12(3): 528–35PubMedCrossRef
24.
Ho L, Yemul S, Wang J, et al. Grape seed polyphenolic extract as a potential novel therapeutic agent in tauopathies. J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 16(2): 433–9PubMed
25.
Fang J, Liu R, Tian Q, et al. Dehydroevodiamine attenuates calyculin A-induced tau hyperphosphorylation in rat brain slices. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28(11): 1717–23PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zeng YQ, Chen XC, Zhu YG, et al. Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates β-amyloid peptide 25–35-induced tau hyperphosphorylation in cortical neurons. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2005; 40(3): 225–30PubMed
27.
Kim HS, Sul D, Lim JY, et al. Delphinidin ameliorates β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting calcium influx and tau hyperphosphorylation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009; 73(7): 1685–9PubMedCrossRef
28.
Rezai-Zadeh K, Arendash GW, Hou H, et al. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) reduces β-amyloid mediated cognitive impairment and modulates tau pathology in Alzheimer transgenic mice. Brain Res 2008; 1214: 177–87PubMedCrossRef
29.
Francis PT, Ramírez MJ, Lai MK. Neurochemical basis for symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59(4–5): 221–9PubMedCrossRef
30.
Klein JC, Eggers C, Kalbe E, et al. Neurotransmitter changes in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia in vivo. Neurology 2010; 74(11): 885–92PubMedCrossRef
31.
Xiao Q, Wang C, Li J, et al. Ginkgolide B protects hippocampal neurons from apoptosis induced by β-amyloid 25–35 partly via up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Ginkgolide B protects hippocampal neurons from apoptosis induced by β-amyloid 25–35 partly via up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 647(1–3): 48–54PubMedCrossRef
32.
Choi JH, Choi AY, Yoon H, et al. Baicalein protects HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis through inhibition of reactive oxygen species production and CHOP induction. Exp Mol Med 2010; 42(12): 811–22PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zhang H, Liu Y, Lao M, et al. Puerarin protects Alzheimer’s disease neuronal cybrids from oxidant-stress induced apoptosis by inhibiting pro-death signaling pathways. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46(1): 30–7PubMedCrossRef
34.
Liu X, Xu K, Yan M, et al. Protective effects of galantamine against A β-induced PC12 cell apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Neurochem Int 2010; 57(5): 588–99PubMedCrossRef
35.
Choi AY, Choi JH, Lee JY, et al. Apigenin protects HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Neurochem Int 2010; 57(2): 143–52PubMedCrossRef
36.
Geng Y, Li C, Liu J, et al. β-Asarone improves cognitive function by suppressing neuronal apoptosis in the β-amyloid hippocampus injection rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33(5): 836–43PubMedCrossRef
37.
Jang YJ, Kim JE, Kang NJ, et al. Piceatannol attenuates 4-hydroxynonenal-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells by blocking activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171: 176–82PubMedCrossRef
38.
Cho ES, Jang YJ, Hwang MK, et al. Attenuation of oxidative neuronal cell death by coffee phenolic phytochemicals. Mutat Res 2009; 661(1–2): 18–24PubMed
39.
Cho ES, Lee KW, Lee HJ. Cocoa procyanidins protect PC12 cells from hydrogen-peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting activation of p38 MAPK and JNK. Mutat Res 2008; 640(1–2): 123–30PubMed
40.
Court JA, Perry EK. Dementia: the neurochemical basis of putative transmitter orientated therapy. Pharmacol Ther 1991; 52(3): 423–43PubMedCrossRef
41.
Khan I, Nisar M, Khan N, et al. Structural insights to investigate conypododiol as a dual cholinesterase inhibitor from Asparagus adscendens. Fitoterapia 2010; 81(8): 1020–5PubMedCrossRef
42.
Howes M-JR, Houghton PJ. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors of natural origin. Int J Biomed Pharm Sci 2009; 3(SI 1): 67–86
43.
Daly JW. Nicotinic agonists, antagonists, and modulators from natural sources. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25(3–4): 513–52PubMedCrossRef
44.
Chandler CJ, Stolerman IP. Discriminative stimulus properties of the nicotinic agonist cytisine. Psychopharmacology 1997; 129(3): 257–64PubMedCrossRef
45.
Niu YY, Yang LM, Liu HZ, et al. Activity and QSAR study of baogongteng A and its derivatives as muscarinic agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15(21): 4814–8PubMedCrossRef
46.
Mössner R, Schmitt A, Syagailo Y, et al. The serotonin transporter in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 2000; (60): 345–50
47.
Perry E, Howes M-JR. Medicinal plants and dementia therapy: herbal hopes for brain aging? CNS Neurosci Ther. Epub 2010 Oct 18
48.
Michel JL, Chen Y, Zhang H, et al. Estrogenic and serotonergic butenolides from the leaves of Piper hispidum Swingle (Piperaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 129(2): 220–6PubMedCrossRef
49.
Sugimoto Y, Furutani S, Nishimura K, et al. Antidepressant-like effects of neferine in the forced swimming test involve the serotonin1A (5-HT1A) receptor in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 634(1–3): 62–7PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zhao G, Gai Y, Chu WJ, et al. A novel compound N 1,N 5-(Z)-N 10-(E)-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine isolated from Carthamus tinctorius L. and acting by serotonin transporter inhibition. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19(10): 749–58PubMedCrossRef
51.
Machado DG, Bettio LEB, Cunha MP, et al. Antidepressant-like effect of rutin isolated from the ethanolic extract from Schinus molle L. in mice: evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 587(1–3): 163–8PubMedCrossRef
52.
Ren L-X, Luo Y-F, Li X, et al. Antidepressant-like effects of sarsasapogenin from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (Liliaceae). Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29(11): 2304–6PubMedCrossRef
53.
Both FL, Meneghini L, Kerber VA, et al. Psychopharmacological profile of the alkaloid psychollatine as a 5HT2A/C serotonin modulator. J Nat Prod 2005; 68(3): 374–80PubMedCrossRef
54.
Abdel-Salam OME. Drugs used to treat Parkinson’s disease, present status and future directions. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2008; 7(4): 321–42PubMedCrossRef
55.
Radad K, Gille G, Moldzio R, et al. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 effects on mesencephalic dopaminergic cells stressed with glutamate. Brain Res 2004; 1021(1): 41–53PubMedCrossRef
56.
Houghton PJ, Howes MJ. Natural products and derivatives affecting neurotransmission relevant to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Neurosignals 2005; 14(1–2): 6–22PubMedCrossRef
57.
Urbain A, Marston A, Grilo LS, et al. Xanthones from Gentianella amarella ssp. acuta with acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibitory activities. J Nat Prod 2008; 71(5): 895–7PubMedCrossRef
58.
Mao Q-Q, Zhong X-M, Feng C-R, et al. Protective effects of paeoniflorin against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via antioxidant mechanisms and Ca2+ antagonism. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30(7): 1059–66PubMedCrossRef
59.
Matteucci A, Cammarota R, Paradisi S, et al. Curcumin protects against NMDA-induced toxicity: a possible role for NR2A subunit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52(2): 1070–7PubMedCrossRef
60.
Kang TH, Murakami Y, Takayama H, et al. Protective effect of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline on in vitro ischemia-induced neuronal damage in the hippocampus: putative neurotransmitter receptors involved in their action. Life Sci 2004; 76(3): 331–43PubMedCrossRef
61.
Lee E, Kim S, Chung KC, et al. 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2, a newly identified active ingredient of ginseng, inhibits NMDA receptors in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 536(1–2): 69–77PubMedCrossRef
62.
Kim S, Kim T, Ahn K, et al. Ginsenoside Rg3 antagonizes NMDA receptors through a glycine modulatory site in rat cultured hippocampal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323(2): 416–24PubMedCrossRef
63.
Ho YS, Yu MS, Yik SY, et al. Polysaccharides from wolfberry antagonizes glutamate excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29(8): 1233–44PubMedCrossRef
64.
Hong EJ, Jung EM, Lee GS, et al. Protective effects of the pyrolyzates derived from bamboo against neuronal damage and hematoaggregation. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 128(3): 594–9PubMedCrossRef
65.
Nakajima A, Yamakuni T, Matsuzaki K, et al. Nobiletin, a citrus flavonoid, reverses learning impairment associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism by activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321(2): 784–90PubMedCrossRef
66.
Galindo MF, Ikuta I, Zhu X, et al. Mitochondrial biology in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J Neurochem 2010; 114(4): 933–45PubMed
67.
Moreira PI, Santos MS, Oliveira CR, et al. Alzheimer disease and the role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of the disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2008; 7(1): 3–10PubMedCrossRef
68.
Liu Q, Xie F, Rolston R, et al. Prevention and treatment of Alzheimer disease and aging: antioxidants. Mini Rev Med Chem 2007; 7(2): 171–80PubMedCrossRef
69.
Kim J, Lee HJ, Lee KW. Naturally occurring phytochemicals for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2010; 112(6): 1415–30PubMedCrossRef
70.
Liu T, Jin H, Sun QR, et al. The neuroprotective effects of tanshinone IIA on β-amyloid-induced toxicity in rat cortical neurons. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59(7–8): 595–604PubMedCrossRef
71.
Xie X, Wang H-T, Li C-L, et al. Ginsenoside Rb1 protects PC12 cells against β-amyloid-induced cell injury. Mol Med Rep 2010; 3(4): 635–9
72.
Lee JW, Lee YK, Lee BJ, et al. Inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Magnolia officinalis and 4-O-methylhonokiol on memory impairment and neuronal toxicity induced by β-amyloid. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 95(1): 31–40PubMedCrossRef
73.
Lu P, Mamiya T, Lu LL, et al. Silibinin prevents amyloid-β peptide-induced memory impairment and oxidative stress in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157(7): 1270–7PubMedCrossRef
74.
Guzmán-Beltrán S, Espada S, Orozco-Ibarra M, et al. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid activates the antioxidant pathway Nrf2/HO-1 and protects cerebellar granule neurons against oxidative stress. Neurosci Lett 2008; 447(2–3): 167–71PubMedCrossRef
75.
Lü JM, Nurko J, Weakley SM, et al. Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and its derivatives: an update. Med Sci Monit 2010; 16(5): RA93–100PubMed
76.
Amor S, Puentes F, Baker D, et al. Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 2010; 129(2): 154–69PubMedCrossRef
77.
Lee YJ, Han SB, Nam SY, et al. Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33(10): 1539–56PubMedCrossRef
78.
Shukitt-Hale B, Lau FC, Carey AN, et al. Blueberry polyphenols attenuate kainic acid-induced decrements in cognition and alter inflammatory gene expression in rat hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci 2008; 11(4): 172–82PubMedCrossRef
79.
Lim CS, Jin D-Q, Mok H, et al. Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of xanthorrhizol in hippocampal neurons and primary cultured microglia. J Neurosci Res 2005; 82(6): 831–8PubMedCrossRef
80.
Nam KN, Park Y-M, Jung H-J, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of crocin and crocetin in rat brain microglial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 648(1–3): 110–6PubMedCrossRef
81.
Liu M-H, Lin Y-S, Sheu S-Y, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of daidzein on primary astroglial cell culture. Nutr Neurosci 2009; 12(3): 123–34PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zheng LT, Ock J, Kwon B-M, et al. Suppressive effects of flavonoid fisetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation and neurotoxicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8(3): 484–94PubMedCrossRef
83.
Allison AC, Cacabelos R, Lombardi VRM, et al. Celastrol, a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug, as a possible treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001; 25(7): 1341–57CrossRef
84.
Shankar GM, Walsh DM. Alzheimer’s disease: synaptic dysfunction and Ab. Mol Neurodegener 2009; 4: 48PubMedCrossRef
85.
Teter B, Ashford JW. Neuroplasticity in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci Res 2002; 70(3): 402–37PubMedCrossRef
86.
Tohda C, Kuboyama T, Komatsu K. Search for natural products related to regeneration of the neuronal network. Search for natural products related to regeneration of the neuronal network Neurosignals 2005; 14(1-2): 34–45PubMedCrossRef
87.
Kuboyama T, Tohda C, Komatsu K. Withanoside IV and its active metabolite, sominone, attenuate Ab(25-35)-induced neurodegeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23(6): 1417–26PubMedCrossRef
88.
Chiba K, Yamazaki M, Kikuchi M, et al. New physiological function of secoiridoids: neuritogenic activity in PC12h cells. J Nat Med 2011; 65(1): 186–90PubMedCrossRef
89.
Karima O, Riazi G, Yousefi R, et al. The enhancement effect of β-boswellic acid on hippocampal neurites outgrowth and branching (an in vitro study). Neurol Sci 2010; 31(3): 315–20PubMedCrossRef
90.
Kubo M, Kishimoto Y, Harada K, et al. NGF-potentiating vibsane-type diterpenoids from Viburnum sieboldii. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20(8): 2566–71PubMedCrossRef
91.
Lazarov O, Marr RA. Neurogenesis and Alzheimer’s disease: at the crossroads. Exp Neurol 2010; 223(2): 267–81PubMedCrossRef
92.
Gundimeda U, McNeill TH, Schiffman JE, et al. Green tea polyphenols potentiate the action of nerve growth factor to induce neuritogenesis: possible role of reactive oxygen species. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88(16): 3644–55PubMedCrossRef
93.
Lim JS, Yoo M, Kwon HJ, et al. Wogonin induces differentiation and neurite outgrowth of neural precursor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402(1): 42–7PubMedCrossRef
94.
Gao L, Xiang L, Luo Y, et al. Gentisides C-K: nine new neuritogenic compounds from the traditional Chinese medicine Gentiana rigescens Franch. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18(19): 6995–7000PubMedCrossRef
95.
Kosaka K, Mimura J, Itoh K, et al. Role of Nrf2 and p62/ZIP in the neurite outgrowth by carnosic acid in PC12h cells. J Biochem 2010; 147(1): 73–81PubMedCrossRef
96.
Rudakewich M, Ba F, Benishin CG. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1. Planta Med 2001; 67(6): 533–7PubMedCrossRef
97.
Jia WL, Song JT, De Barry J, et al. Panaxadiol glycosides that induce neuronal differentiation in neurosphere stem cells. J Nat Prod 2007; 70(8): 1329–34CrossRef
98.
Tchantchou F, Lacor PN, Cao Z, et al. Stimulation of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis by bilobalide and quercetin via common final pathway in hippocampal neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 18(4): 787–98PubMed
99.
de Toledo Ferraz Alves TC, Ferreira LK, Wajngarten M, et al. Cardiac disorders as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20(3): 749–63PubMed
100.
Zhou J, Zhou S. Antihypertensive and neuroprotective activities of rhynchophylline: the role of rhynchophylline in neurotransmission and ion channel activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 132(1): 15–27PubMedCrossRef
101.
Cui HS, Matsumoto K, Murakami Y, et al. Berberine exerts neuroprotective actions against in vitro ischemia-induced neuronal cell damage in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures: involvement of B-cell lymphoma 2 phosphorylation suppression. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32(1): 79–85PubMedCrossRef
102.
Carmeli E, Harpaz Y, Kogan NN, et al. The effect of an endogenous antioxidant glabridin on oxidized LDL. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 19(1): 49–63PubMedCrossRef
103.
Lee KT, Sohn IC, Kim DH, et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of tectorigenin and kaikasaponin III in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat and their antioxidant activity in vitro. Arch Pharm Res 2000; 23(5): 461–6PubMedCrossRef
104.
Takagi S, Miura T, Ishihara E, et al. Effect of corosolic acid on dietary hypercholesterolemia and hepatic steatosis in KK-Ay diabetic mice. Biomed Res 2010; 31(4): 213–8PubMedCrossRef
105.
Imenshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H, Javadpour Y. Hypotensive effect of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and its constituents, safranal and crocin, in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Phytother Res 2010; 24(7): 990–4PubMed
106.
Sims-Robinson C, Kim B, Rosko A, et al. How does diabetes accelerate Alzheimer disease pathology? Nat Rev Neurol 2010; 6(10): 551–9PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zhou JY, Zhou SW, Tang JL, et al. Protective effect of berberine on beta cells in streptozotocin- and high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 66(1–3): 262–8CrossRef
108.
Kubo H, Inoue M, Kamei J, et al. Hypoglycemic effects of multiflorine derivatives in normal mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29(10): 2046–50PubMedCrossRef
109.
Won H-S, Lee J, Khil L-Y, et al. Mechanism of action of brazilin on gluconeogenesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Planta Med 2004; 70(8): 740–4PubMedCrossRef
110.
Bajpai MB, Asthana RK, Sharma NK, et al. Hypoglycemic effect of swerchirin from the hexane fraction of Swertia chirayita. Planta Med 1991; 57(2): 102–4PubMedCrossRef
111.
Chen T-H, Chen S-C, Chan P, et al. Mechanism of the hypoglycemic effect of stevioside, a glycoside of Stevia rebaudiana. Planta Med 2005; 71(2): 108–13PubMedCrossRef
112.
Xi L, Qian Z, Xu G, et al. Beneficial impact of crocetin, a carotenoid from saffron, on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed rats. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 18(1): 64–72PubMedCrossRef
113.
Muñoz-Torrero D. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Med Chem 2008; 15(24): 2433–55PubMedCrossRef
114.
Ballard CG, Chalmers KA, Todd C, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors reduce cortical Ab in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 2007; 68(20): 1726–9PubMedCrossRef
115.
Muth K, Schönmeyer R, Matura S, et al. Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly is associated with volume loss of the cholinergic basal forebrain region. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67(6): 588–91PubMedCrossRef
116.
Kendziorra K, Wolf H, Meyer PM, et al. Decreased cerebral α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease assessed with positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38(3): 515–25PubMedCrossRef
117.
Diniz BS, Pinto Jr JA, Gonzaga ML, et al. To treat or not to treat? A meta-analysis of the use of cholinesterase inhibitors in mild cognitive impairment for delaying progression to Alzheimer’s disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 259(4): 248–56PubMedCrossRef
118.
Ballard CG, Gauthier S, Cummings JL, et al. Management of agitation and aggression associated with Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2009; 5(5): 245–55PubMedCrossRef
119.
Starkstein SE, Mizrahi R, Power BD. Depression in Alzheimer’s disease: phenomenology, clinical correlates and treatment. Int Rev Psychiatry 2008; 20(4): 382–8PubMedCrossRef
120.
Bains J, Birks JS, Dening TR. The efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of depression in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 4: CD003944PubMed
121.
Panza F, Capurso C, D’Introno A, et al. Mediterranean diet, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42(1–2): 6–7PubMedCrossRef
122.
McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, et al. Statins for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 2: CD003160PubMed
123.
Szekely CA, Zandi PP. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and Alzheimer’s disease: the epidemiological evidence. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2010; 9(2): 132–9PubMedCrossRef
124.
O’Brien JT, Burns A. Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (second) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. Epub 2010 Nov 18
125.
Li NC, Lee A, Whitmer RA, et al. Use of angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of dementia in a predominantly male population: prospective cohort analysis. BMJ 2010; 340: b5465PubMedCrossRef
126.
Spencer JP. The impact of fruit flavonoids on memory and cognition. Br J Nutr 2010; 104 Suppl. 3: S40–7PubMedCrossRef
127.
Nicholson CD. Pharmacology of nootropics and metabolically active compounds in relation to their use in dementia. Psychopharmacology 1990; 101(2): 147–59PubMedCrossRef
128.
de Mendonça A, Cunha RA. Putative neuroprotective effects of caffeine in clinical trials: concluding remarks. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20 Suppl. 1: S249–52PubMed
129.
Houghton PJ, Ren YH, Howes MJ. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants and fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23(2): 181–99PubMedCrossRef
130.
Ellis JR, Nathan PJ, Villemagne VL, et al. Galantamine-induced improvements in cognitive function are not related to alterations in α4β2 nicotinic receptors in early Alzheimer’s disease as measured in vivo by 2-[18F]fluoro-A-85380 PET. Psychopharmacology 2009; 202(1–3): 79–91PubMedCrossRef
131.
Penner J, Rupsingh R, Smith M, et al. Increased glutamate in the hippocampus after galantamine treatment for Alzheimer disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34(1): 104–10PubMedCrossRef
132.
Li Q, Fang J, Yang M, et al. Galantamine inhibits calpain-calcineurin signaling activated by β-amyloid in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosci Lett 2010; 480(3): 173–7PubMedCrossRef
133.
Li Q, Wu D, Zhang L, et al. Effects of galantamine on β-amyloid release and β-site cleaving enzyme 1 expression in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45(11): 842–7PubMedCrossRef
134.
Matharu B, Gibson G, Parsons R, et al. Galantamine inhibits β-amyloid aggregation and cytotoxicity. J Neurol Sci 2009; 280(1–2): 49–58PubMedCrossRef
135.
Melo JB, Sousa C, Garção P, et al. Galantamine protects against oxidative stress induced by amyloid-β peptide in cortical neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29(3): 455–64PubMedCrossRef
136.
Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 1: CD005593PubMed
137.
Rodda J, Morgan S, Walker Z. Are cholinesterase inhibitors effective in the management of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease? A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. Int Psychogeriatr 2009; 21(5): 813–24PubMedCrossRef
138.
Small G, Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, et al. Galantamine in the treatment of cognitive decline in patients with vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s disease with cerebrovascular disease. CNS Drugs 2003; 17(12): 905–14PubMedCrossRef
139.
Edwards K, Royall D, Hershey L, et al. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: a 24-week open-label study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007; 23(6): 401–5PubMedCrossRef
140.
Litvinenko IV, Odinak MM, Mogil’naya VI, et al. Efficacy and safety of galantamine (Reminyl) for dementia in patients with Parkinson’s disease (an open controlled trial). Neurosci Behav Physiol 2008; 38(9): 937–45PubMedCrossRef
141.
Loy C, Schneider L. Galantamine for Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 25: CD001747
142.
Tangwongchai S, Thavichachart N, Senanarong V, et al. Galantamine for the treatment of BPSD in Thai patients with possible Alzheimer’s disease with or without cerebrovascular disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2009; 23(6): 593–601CrossRef
143.
Lockhart IA, Mitchell SA, Kelly S. Safety and tolerability of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine for patients with Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review of the ‘real-world’ evidence. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009; 28(5): 389–403PubMedCrossRef
144.
Leonard AK, Sileno AP, Macevilly C, et al. Development of a novel high-concentration galantamine formulation suitable for intranasal delivery. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94(8): 1736–46PubMedCrossRef
145.
Maelicke A, Hoeffle-Maas A, Ludwig J, et al. Memogain is a galantamine pro-drug having dramatically reduced adverse effects and enhanced efficacy. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 40(1–2): 135–7PubMedCrossRef
146.
Loizzo MR, Tundis R, Menichini F, et al. Natural products and their derivatives as cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: an update. Curr Med Chem 2008; 15(12): 1209–28PubMedCrossRef
147.
148.
McNulty J, Nair JJ, Little JRL, et al. Structure-activity studies on acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the lycorine series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20(17): 5290–4PubMedCrossRef
149.
Yoshida S, Suzuki N. Antiamnesic and cholinomimetic side-effects of the cholinesterase inhibitors, physostigmine, tacrine and NIK-247 in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 250(1): 117–24PubMedCrossRef
150.
Thal LJ, Ferguson JM, Mintzer J, et al. A 24-week randomized trial of controlled release physostigmine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1999; 52(6): 1146–52PubMedCrossRef
151.
Coelho F, Birks J. Physostigmine for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 2: CD001499PubMed
152.
Braida D, Sala M. Eptastigmine: ten years of pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetic, and clinical studies. CNS Drug Rev 2001; 7(4): 369–86PubMedCrossRef
153.
Kamal MA, Al-Jafari AA, Yu QS, et al. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of human butyrylcholinesterase with cymserine. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1760(2): 200–6PubMedCrossRef
154.
Kamal MA, Klein P, Yu QS, et al. Kinetics of human serum butyrylcholinesterase and its inhibition by a novel experimental Alzheimer therapeutic, bisnorcymserine. J Alzheimers Dis 2006; 10(1): 43–51PubMed
155.
Kamal MA, Qu X, Yu Q-S, et al. Tetrahydrofurobenzofuran cymserine, a potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor and experimental Alzheimer drug candidate, enzyme kinetic analysis. J Neural Transm 2008; 115(6): 889–98PubMedCrossRef
156.
Butler MS. Natural products to drugs: natural product-derived compounds in clinical trials. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25(3): 475–516PubMedCrossRef
157.
Fink DM, Palermo MG, Bores GM, et al. Imino 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydrocyclopent[b]indole carbamates as dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996; 6(6): 625–30CrossRef
158.
Toda N, Kaneko T, Kogen H. Development of an efficient therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease: design and synthesis of dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and serotonin transporter. Chem Pharm Bull 2010; 58(3): 273–87PubMedCrossRef
159.
Ma X, Tan C, Zhu D, et al. Huperzine A from Huperzia species: an ethnopharmacolgical review. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 113(1): 15–34PubMedCrossRef
160.
He X-C, Feng S, Wang Z-F, et al. Study on dual-site inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase: highly potent derivatives of bis- and bifunctional huperzine B. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15(3): 1394–408PubMedCrossRef
161.
Tang LL, Wang R, Tang XC. Effects of huperzine A on secretion of nerve growth factor in cultured rat cortical astrocytes and neurite outgrowth in rat PC12 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26(6): 673–8PubMedCrossRef
162.
Wang R, Yan H, Tang XC. Progress in studies of huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase inhibitor from Chinese herbal medicine. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27(1): 1–26PubMedCrossRef
163.
Wang BS, Wang H, Wei ZH, et al. Efficacy and safety of natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: an updated meta-analysis. J Neural Transm 2009; 116(4): 457–65PubMedCrossRef
164.
Hao Z, Liu M, Liu Z, et al. Huperzine A for vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 2: CD007365PubMed
165.
Ronco C, Sorin G, Nachon F, et al. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of huprine derivatives as human acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17(13): 4523–36PubMedCrossRef
166.
Camps P, Cusack B, Mallender WD, et al. Huprine X is a novel high-affinity inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is of interest for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 57(2): 409–17PubMed
167.
Merlini L, Pinza M. Trends in searching for new cognition enhancing drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1989; 13 (Suppl.): S61–75PubMedCrossRef
168.
Deshmukh R, Sharma V, Mehan S, et al. Amelioration of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress by vinpocetine: a PDE1 inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 620(1–3): 49–56PubMedCrossRef
169.
Erdõ SL, Molnár P, Lakics P, et al. Vincamine and vincanol are potent blockers of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 314(1–2): 69–73PubMedCrossRef
170.
Nyakas C, Felszeghy K, Szabó R, et al. Neuroprotective effects of vinpocetine and its major metabolite cis-apo-vincaminic acid on NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in a rat entorhinal cortex lesion model. CNS Neurosci Ther 2009; 15(2): 89–99PubMedCrossRef
171.
Akhondzadeh S, Abbasi SH. Herbal medicine in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2006; 21(2): 113–8PubMedCrossRef
172.
Valikovics A. Investigation of the effect of vinpocetine on cerebral blood flow and cognitive functions. Ideggyogy Sz 2007; 60(7–8): 301–10PubMed
173.
Szatmari SZ, Whitehouse PJ. Vinpocetine for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 1: CD003119PubMed
174.
Khanavi M, Pourmoslemi S, Farahanikia B, et al. Cytotoxicity of Vinca minor. Pharm Biol 2010; 48(1): 96–100PubMedCrossRef
175.
Howes M-JR, Houghton PJ. Traditional medicine for memory enhancement. In: Ramawat KG, editor. Herbal drugs: ethnomedicine to modern medicine. New York: Springer, 2009:239–91CrossRef
176.
Elbaz A, Moisan F. Update in the epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2008; 21(4): 454–60PubMedCrossRef
177.
Dome P, Lazary J, Kalapos MP, et al. Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 34(3): 295–342PubMedCrossRef
178.
Levin ED, Christopher CN. Lobeline-induced learning improvement of rats in the radial-arm maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 76(1): 133–9PubMedCrossRef
179.
Romero J, Martinez Orgado J. Cannabinoids and neuro-degenerative diseases. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2009; 8(6): 440–50PubMedCrossRef
180.
Esposito G, De Filippis D, Carnuccio R, et al. The marijuana component cannabidiol inhibits β-amyloid-induced tau protein hyperphosphorylation through Wnt/β-catenin pathway rescue in PC12 cells. J Mol Med 2006; 84(3): 253–8PubMedCrossRef
181.
Janero DR, Vadivel SK, Makriyannis A. Pharmacotherapeutic modulation of the endocannabinoid signalling system in psychiatric disorders: drug-discovery strategies. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009; 21(2): 122–33PubMedCrossRef
182.
Orgado JM, Fernández-Ruiz J, Romero J. The endocannabinoid system in neuropathological states. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009; 21(2): 172–80PubMedCrossRef
183.
Walther S, Mahlberg R, Eichmann U, et al. D-9-Tetra-hydrocannabinol for nighttime agitation in severe dementia. Psychopharmacology 2006; 185(4): 524–8PubMedCrossRef
184.
Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, et al. Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39(4): 421–9PubMedCrossRef
185.
Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, et al. Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. J Psychopharmacol 2009; 23(8): 979–83PubMedCrossRef
186.
Krishnan S, Cairns R, Howard R. Cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 2: CD007204PubMed
187.
Ng T-P, Chiam P-C, Lee T, et al. Curry consumption and cognitive function in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 164(9): 898–906PubMedCrossRef
188.
Kim DS, Kim JY. Total synthesis of calebin A, preparation of its analogues, and their neuronal cell protectivity against β-amyloid insult. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11(18): 2541–3PubMedCrossRef
189.
Park SY, Kim DS. Discovery of natural products from Curcuma longa that protect cells from β-amyloid insult: a drug discovery effort against Alzheimer’s disease. J Nat Prod 2002; 65(9): 1227–31PubMedCrossRef
190.
Baum L, Ng A. Curcumin interaction with copper and iron suggests one possible mechanism of action in Alzheimer’s disease animal models. J Alzheimers Dis 2004; 6(4): 367–77PubMed
191.
Pal R, Cristan EA, Schnittker K, et al. Rescue of ER oxidoreductase function through polyphenolic phytochemical intervention: implications for subcellular traffic and neurodegenerative disorders. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 392(4): 567–71PubMedCrossRef
192.
Agrawal R, Mishra B, Tyagi E, et al. Effect of curcumin on brain insulin receptors and memory functions in STZ (ICV) induced dementia model of rat. Pharmacol Res 2010; 61(3): 247–52PubMedCrossRef
193.
Awasthi H, Tota S, Hanif K, et al. Protective effect of curcumin against intracerebral streptozotocin induced impairment in memory and cerebral blood flow. Life Sci 2010; 86(3–4): 87–94PubMedCrossRef
194.
Kumar A, Dogra S, Prakash A. Protective effect of curcumin (Curcuma longa), against aluminium toxicity: possible behavioral and biochemical alterations in rats. Behav Brain Res 2009; 205(2): 384–90PubMedCrossRef
195.
Yaari R, Kumar S, Tariot PN. Non-cholinergic drug development for Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3(7): 745–60CrossRef
196.
Narlawar R, Baumann K, Schubenel R, et al. Curcumin derivatives inhibit or modulate β-amyloid precursor protein metabolism. Neurodegener Dis 2007; 4(2–3): 88–93PubMedCrossRef
197.
Maher P, Akaishi T, Schubert D, et al. A pyrazole derivative of curcumin enhances memory. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 31(4): 706–9PubMedCrossRef
198.
Baum L, Lam CW, Cheung SK, et al. Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 28(1): 110–3PubMedCrossRef
199.
Collins MA, Neafsey EJ, Mukamal KJ, et al. Alcohol in moderation, cardioprotection, and neuroprotection: epidemiological considerations and mechanistic studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33(2): 206–19PubMedCrossRef
200.
Solfrizzi V, D’Introno A, Colacicco AM, et al. Alcohol consumption, mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia. Neurology 2007; 68(21): 1790–9PubMedCrossRef
201.
Mehlig K, Skoog I, Guo X, et al. Alcoholic beverages and incidence of dementia: 34-Year follow-up of the prospective population study of women in Göteborg. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 167(6): 684–91PubMedCrossRef
202.
Rocha-González HI, Ambriz-Tututi M, Granados-Soto V. Resveratrol: a natural compound with pharmacological potential in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2008; 14(3): 234–47PubMedCrossRef
203.
Panza F, Capurso C, D’Introno A, et al. Alcohol drinking, cognitive functions in older age, predementia, and dementia syndromes. J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 17(1): 7–31PubMed
204.
Jang JH, Surh YJ. Protective effect of resveratrol on β-amyloid-induced oxidative PC12 cell death. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34(8): 1100–10PubMedCrossRef
205.
Rossi M, Caruso F, Opazo C, et al. Crystal and molecular structure of piceatannol; scavenging features of resveratrol and piceatannol on hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals and docking with transthyretin. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56(22): 10557–66PubMedCrossRef
206.
Vingtdeux V, Dreses-Werringloer U, Zhao H, et al. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol in Alzheimer’s disease. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9 Suppl. 2: S6PubMedCrossRef
207.
Pallàs M, Casadesús G, Smith MA, et al. Resveratrol and neurodegenerative diseases: activation of SIRT1 as the potential pathway towards neuroprotection. Curr Neurovasc Res 2009; 6(1): 70–81PubMedCrossRef
208.
Kumar A, Naidu PS, Seghal N, et al. Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol against intracerebroventricular colchicine-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats. Pharmacology 2007; 79(1): 17–26PubMedCrossRef
209.
Karuppagounder SS, Pinto JT, Xu H, et al. Dietary supplementation with resveratrol reduces plaque pathology in a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Int 2008; 54(2): 111–8PubMedCrossRef
210.
Gertz H-J, Kiefer M. Review about Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 (Ginkgo). Curr Pharm Des 2004; 10(3): 261–4PubMedCrossRef
211.
Chan P-C, Xia Q, Fu PP. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract: biological, medicinal, and toxicological effects. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2007; 25(3): 211–44PubMedCrossRef
212.
Das A, Shanker G, Nath C, et al. A comparative study in rodents of standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba: anticholinesterase and cognitive enhancing activities. Pharmcol Biochem Behav 2002; 73(4): 893–900CrossRef
213.
Birks J, Grimley EV, Van Dongen M. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 4: CD003120PubMed
214.
Birks J, Grimley Evans J. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2: CD003120PubMed
215.
Birks J, Grimley Evans J. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 1: CD003120PubMed
216.
Kaschel R. Ginkgo biloba: specificity of neuropsychological improvement — a selective review in search of differential effects. Hum Psychopharmaol 2009; 24(5): 345–70CrossRef
217.
Weinmann S, Roll S, Schwarzbach C, et al. Effects of Ginkgo biloba in dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 2010; 10: 14PubMedCrossRef
218.
DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, et al. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial [published erratum appears in JAMA 2008; 300 (23): 2730]. JAMA 2008; 300(19): 2253–62PubMedCrossRef
219.
Andrieu S, Ousset P-J, Coley N, et al. GuidAge study: a 5-year double blind, randomised trial of EGb 761 for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease in elderly subjects with memory complaints, I: rationale, design and baseline data. Curr Alzheimer Res 2008; 5(4): 406–15PubMedCrossRef
220.
Yancheva S, Ihl R, Nikolova G, et al. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761®, donepezil or both combined in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease with neuropsychiatric features: a randomised, double-blind, exploratory trial. Aging Ment Health 2009; 13(2): 183–90PubMedCrossRef
221.
Yasui-Furukori N, Furukori H, Kaneda A, et al. The effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of donepezil. J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 44(5): 538–42PubMedCrossRef
222.
Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal medicines. 3rd ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2007
223.
Scripnikov A, Khomenko A, Napryeyenko O. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: findings from a randomised controlled trial. Wien Med Wochenschr 2007; 157(13–14): 295–300PubMedCrossRef
224.
225.
Bate C, Tayebi M, Williams A. Ginkgolides protect against amyloid-β. Mol Neurodegener 2008 Jan 7; 3: 1PubMedCrossRef
226.
Shi C, Wu F, Yew DT, et al. Bilobalide prevents apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Apoptosis 2010; 15(6): 715–27PubMedCrossRef
227.
Ho Y-S, So K-F, Chang RC-C. Anti-aging herbal medicine: how and why can they be used in aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases? Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9(3): 354–62PubMedCrossRef
228.
Radad K, Gille G, Liu L, et al. Use of ginseng in medicine with emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders. J Pharmacol Sci 2006; 100(3): 175–86PubMedCrossRef
229.
Nah S-Y, Kim D-H, Rhim H. Ginsenosides: are any of them candidates for drugs acting on the central nervous system? CNS Drug Rev 2007; 13(4): 381–404PubMed
230.
Lee B, Park J, Kwon S, et al. Effect of wild ginseng on scopolamine-induced acetylcholine depletion in the rat hippocampus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62(2): 263–71PubMedCrossRef
231.
Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Wesnes KA, et al. Improved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract: comparison and interaction with Panax ginseng. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 79(3): 401–11PubMedCrossRef
232.
Heo JH, Lee ST, Chu K, et al. An open-label trial of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15(8): 865–8PubMedCrossRef
233.
Lee ST, Chu K, Sim JY, et al. Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2008; 22(3): 222–6PubMedCrossRef
234.
Tian JZ, Zhu AH, Zhong J. A follow-up study on a randomized, single-blind control of King’s Brain pills in treatment of memory disorder in elderly people with MCI in a Beijing community. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2003; 28(10): 987–91PubMed
235.
Lee MS, Yang EJ, Kim JI, et al. Ginseng for cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 18(2): 339–41PubMed
236.
Howes M-JR, Houghton PJ. Plants used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memory and cognitive function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 75(3): 513–27PubMedCrossRef
237.
Howes M-JR, Perry NSL, Houghton PJ. Plants with traditional uses and activities, relevant to the management of Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive disorders. Phytother Res 2003; 17(1): 1–18PubMedCrossRef
238.
Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2005
239.
Shin KI, Won BY, Heo C, et al. BT-11 improves stress-induced memory impairments through increment of glucose utilization and total neural cell adhesion molecule levels in rat brains. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87(1): 260–8PubMedCrossRef
240.
Shin KY, Lee J-Y, Won BY, et al. BT-11 is effective for enhancing cognitive functions in the elderly humans. Neurosci Lett 2009; 465(2): 157–9PubMedCrossRef
241.
Lee J-Y, Kim KY, Shin KY, et al. Effects of BT-11 on memory in healthy humans. Neurosci Lett 2009; 454(2): 111–4PubMedCrossRef
242.
Chen Y-J, Huang X-B, Li Z-X, et al. Tenuigenin protects cultured hippocampal neurons against methylglyoxal-induced neurotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 645(1–3): 1–8PubMedCrossRef
243.
Jia H, Jiang Y, Ruan Y, et al. Tenuigenin treatment decreases secretion of the Alzheimer’s disease amyloid β-protein in cultured cells. Neurosci Lett 2004; 367(1): 123–8PubMedCrossRef
244.
Lv J, Jia H, Jiang Y, et al. Tenuifolin, an extract derived from tenuigenin, inhibits amyloid-β secretion in vitro. Acta Physiol 2009; 196(4): 419–25CrossRef
245.
Lee M-R, Yun B-S, Park S-Y, et al. Anti-amnesic effect of Chong-Myung-Tang on scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 132(1): 70–4PubMedCrossRef
246.
Arai H, Suzuki T, Sasaki H, et al. A new interventional strategy for Alzheimer’s disease by Japanese herbal medicine. Japanese J Geriatr 2000; 37(3): 212–5CrossRef
247.
Maruyama M, Tomita N, Iwasaki K, et al. Benefits of combining donepezil plus traditional Japanese herbal medicine on cognition and brain perfusion in Alzheimer’s disease: a 12-week observer-blind, donepezil monotherapy controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54(5): 869–71PubMedCrossRef
248.
Wu T, Qingpu L, Zhenyong Y. Yizhi capsule for vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 2: CD005382
249.
Iwasaki K, Kobayashi S, Chimura Y, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the Chinese herbal medicine ‘ba wei di huang wan’ in the treatment of dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004; 52(9): 1518–21PubMedCrossRef
250.
Tong YC, Cheng JT, Wan WC. Effects of ba-wei-die-huang-wan on the cholinergic function and protein expression of M2 muscarinic receptor of the urinary bladder in diabetic rats. Neurosci Lett 2002; 330(1): 21–4PubMedCrossRef
251.
Park E, Kang M, Oh JW, et al. Yukmijihwang-tang derivatives enhance cognitive processing in normal young adults: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Chin Med 2005; 33(1): 107–15PubMedCrossRef
252.
Liu T, Wang CH, Yang J. Modified sanjiasan decoction in regulating intelligence state of patients with vascular dementia. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2005; 25(6): 492–5PubMed
253.
de Caires S, Steenkamp V. Use of Yokukansan (TJ-54) in the treatment of neurological disorders: a review. Phytother Res 2010; 24(9): 1265–70PubMedCrossRef
254.
Kawakami Z, Kanno H, Ueki T, et al. Neuroprotective effects of yokukansan, a traditional Japanese medicine, on glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in cultured cells. Neuroscience 2009; 159(4): 1397–407PubMedCrossRef
255.
Tabuchi M, Yamaguchi T, Iizuka S, et al. Ameliorative effects of yokukansan, a traditional Japanese medicine, on learning and non-cognitive disturbances in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 122(1): 157–62PubMedCrossRef
256.
Monji AA, Takita MB, Samejima TC, et al. Effect of yokukansan on the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33(2): 308–11CrossRef
257.
Shinno H, Inami Y, Inagaki T, et al. Effect of yi-gan san on psychiatric symptoms and sleep structure at patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32(3): 881–5CrossRef
258.
Shinno H, Utani E, Okazaki S, et al. Successful treatment with yi-gan san for psychosis and sleep disturbance in a patient with dementia with Lewy bodies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31(7): 1543–5PubMedCrossRef
259.
Hayashi Y, Ishida Y, Inoue T, et al. Treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer-type dementia with yokukansan in clinical practice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34(3): 541–5PubMedCrossRef
260.
Iwasaki K, Satoh-Nakagawa T, Maruyama M, et al. A randomized, observer-blind, controlled trial of the traditional Chinese medicine Yi-Gan San for improvement of behavioral and psychological symptoms and activities of daily living in dementia patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66(2): 248–52PubMedCrossRef
261.
Mizukami KA, Asada TA, Kinoshita TB, et al. A randomized cross-over study of a traditional Japanese medicine (kampo), yokukansan, in the treatment of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12(2): 191–9PubMedCrossRef
262.
Okahara K, Ishida Y, Hayashi Y, et al. Effects of yokukansan on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in regular treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34(3): 532–6PubMedCrossRef
263.
Kimura T, Hayashida H, Furukawa H, et al. Five cases of frontotemporal dementia with behavioral symptoms improved by yokukansan. Psychogeriatrics 2009; 9(1): 38–43CrossRef
264.
Kawanabe T, Yoritaka A, Shimura H, et al. Successful treatment with yokukansan for behavioral and psychological symptoms of Parkinsonian dementia. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34(2): 284–7CrossRef
265.
Akhondzadeh S, Shafiee Sabet M, Harirchian MH, et al. A 22-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Psychopharmacology 2010; 207(4): 637–43PubMedCrossRef
266.
Akhondzadeh S, Sabet MS, Harirchian MH, et al. Saffron in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a 16-week, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 35(5): 581–8PubMedCrossRef
267.
Ochiai T, Ohno S, Soeda S, et al. Crocin prevents the death of rat pheochromyctoma (PC-12) cells by its antioxidant effects stronger than those of α-tocopherol. Neurosci Lett 2004; 362(1): 61–4PubMedCrossRef
268.
Soeda S, Ochiai T, Paopong L, et al. Crocin suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α-induced cell death of neuronally differentiated PC-12 cells. Life Sci 2001; 69(24): 2887–98PubMedCrossRef
269.
Papandreou MA, Kanakis CD, Polissiou MG, et al. Inhibitory activity on amyloid-β aggregation and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus stigmas extract and its crocin constituents. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54(23): 8762–8PubMedCrossRef
270.
Ochiai T, Shimeno H, Mishima K, et al. Protective effects of carotenoids from saffron on neuronal injury in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1770(4): 578–84PubMedCrossRef
271.
Zheng Y-Q, Liu J-X, Wang J-N, et al. Effects of crocin on reperfusion-induced oxidative/nitrative injury to cerebral microvessels after global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2007; 1138(1): 86–94PubMedCrossRef
272.
Ahmad AS, Ansari MA, Ahmad M, et al. Neuroprotection by crocetin in a hemi-parkinsonian rat model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 81(4): 805–13PubMedCrossRef
273.
Pitsikas N, Zisopoulou S, Tarantilis PA, et al. Effects of the active constituents of Crocus sativus L., crocins on recognition and spatial rats’ memory. Behav Brain Res 2007; 183(2): 141–6PubMedCrossRef
274.
Ghadami MR, Pourmotabbed A. The effect of crocin on scopolamine induced spatial learning and memory deficits in rats. Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 12(4): 287–95
275.
Hosseinzadeh H, Noraei NB. Anxiolytic and hypnotic effect of Crocus sativus aqueous extract and its constituents, crocin and safranal, in mice. Phytother Res 2009; 23: 768–74PubMedCrossRef
276.
Perry NSL, Houghton PJ, Theobald A, et al. In vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil and constituent terpenes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000; 52(7): 895–902PubMedCrossRef
277.
Savelev S, Okello E, Perry NSL, et al. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of anticholinesterase terpenoids in Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 75(3): 661–8PubMedCrossRef
278.
Savelev SU, Okello EJ, Perry EK. Butyryl- and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities in essential oils of Salvia species and their constituents. Phytother Res 2004; 18(4): 315–24PubMedCrossRef
279.
Ren YH, Houghton PJ, Hider RC, et al. Novel diterpenoid acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Salvia miltiorhiza. Planta Med 2004; 70(3): 201–4PubMedCrossRef
280.
Perry NSL, Houghton PJ, Sampson J, et al. In vitro activities of S. lavandulaefolia (Spanish sage) relevant to treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53(10): 1347–56PubMedCrossRef
281.
Iuvone T, De Filippis D, Esposito G, et al. The spice sage and its active ingredient rosmarinic acid protect PC12 cells from amyloid-β peptide-induced neurotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317(3): 1143–9PubMedCrossRef
282.
Eidi M, Eidi A, Bahar M. Effects of Salvia officinalis L. (sage) leaves on memory retention and its interaction with the cholinergic system in rats. Nutrition 2006; 22(3): 321–6PubMedCrossRef
283.
Tildesley NT, Kennedy DO, Perry EK, et al. Salvia lavandulaefolia (Spanish sage) enhances memory in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 75(3): 669–74PubMedCrossRef
284.
Tildesley NTJ, Kennedy DO, Perry EK, et al. Positive modulation of mood and cognitive performance following administration of acute doses of Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil to healthy young volunteers. Physiol Behav 2005; 83(5): 699–709PubMedCrossRef
285.
Perry NS, Bollen C, Perry EK, et al. Salvia for dementia therapy: review of pharmacological activity and pilot tolerability clinical trial. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 75(3): 651–9PubMedCrossRef
286.
Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, et al. Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2003; 28(1): 53–9PubMedCrossRef
287.
Perry N, Court G, Bidet N, et al. European herbs with cholinergic activities: potential in dementia therapy. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1996; 11(12): 1063–9CrossRef
288.
Wake G, Court J, Pickering A, et al. CNS acetylcholine receptor activity in European medicinal plants traditionally used to improve failing memory. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 69(2): 105–14PubMedCrossRef
289.
Elliott MSJ, Abuhamdah S, Howes M-JR, et al. The essential oils from Melissa officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. as potential treatment for agitation in people with severe dementia. Int J Essent Oil Ther 2007; 1(4): 143–52
290.
Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NTJ, et al. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002; 72(4): 953–64PubMedCrossRef
291.
Kennedy DO, Wake G, Savelev S, et al. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) with human CNS nicotinic and muscarinic receptor-binding properties. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28(10): 1871–81PubMedCrossRef
292.
Kennedy DO, Little W, Scholey AB. Attenuation of laboratory-induced stress in humans after acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Psychosom Med 2004; 66(4): 607–13PubMedCrossRef
293.
Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, et al. Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74(7): 863–6PubMedCrossRef
294.
Ballard CG, O’Brien JT, Reichelt K, et al. Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(7): 553–8PubMedCrossRef
295.
Abuhamdah S, Huang L, Elliott MS, et al. Pharmacological profile of an essential oil derived from Melissa officinalis with anti-agitation properties: focus on ligandgated channels. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60(3): 377–84PubMedCrossRef
296.
Huang L, Abuhamdah S, Howes MJ, et al. Pharmacological profile of essential oils derived from Lavandula angustifolia and Melissa officinalis with anti-agitation properties: focus on ligand-gated channels. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60(11): 1515–22PubMed
297.
Lin PW, Chan WC, Ng BF, et al. Efficacy of aromatherapy (Lavandula angustifolia) as an intervention for agitated behaviours in Chinese older persons with dementia: a cross-over randomized trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22(5): 405–10PubMedCrossRef
298.
Holmes C, Hopkins V, Hensford C, et al. Lavender oil as a treatment for agitated behaviour in severe dementia: a placebo controlled study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17(4): 305–8PubMedCrossRef
299.
Snow AL, Hovanec L, Brandt J. A controlled trial of aromatherapy for agitation in nursing home patients with dementia. J Altern Complement Med 2004; 10(3): 431–7PubMedCrossRef
300.
Thorgrimsen L, Spector A, Wiles A, et al. Aroma therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 3: CD003150PubMed
301.
Burns A, Perry E, Holmes C, et al. A double blind placebo controlled randomised trial of Melissa officinalis oil and donepezil for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2011; 31(2): 158–64PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The Role of Phytochemicals in the Treatment and Prevention of Dementia
verfasst von
Dr Melanie-Jayne R. Howes
Elaine Perry
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2011
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Drugs & Aging / Ausgabe 6/2011
Print ISSN: 1170-229X
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1969
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/11591310-000000000-00000

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2011

Drugs & Aging 6/2011 Zur Ausgabe

Correspondence

Inactivated Influenza Vaccines: Pre-Vaccination Haemagglutinin-Antibody Titres Influence the Vaccine Response but Not Necessarily the Vaccine Effectiveness

Original Research Article

Blood Pressure-Lowering Efficacy of an Olmesartan Medoxomil/Hydrochlorothiazide-Based Treatment Algorithm in Elderly Patients (Age ≥65 Years) Stratified by Age, Sex and Race

Original Research Article

Risk Factors for Prescribing and Transcribing Medication Errors among Elderly Patients during Acute Hospitalization

Short Communication

High Concomitant Use of Interacting Drugs and Low Use of Gastroprotective Drugs among NSAID Users in an Unselected Elderly Population

Correspondence

The Authors’ Reply

Adis Spotlight

Spotlight on Intravenous Vernakalant in Recent-Onset Atrial Fibrillation

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Bei seelischem Stress sind Checkpoint-Hemmer weniger wirksam

03.06.2024 NSCLC Nachrichten

Wie stark Menschen mit fortgeschrittenem NSCLC von einer Therapie mit Immun-Checkpoint-Hemmern profitieren, hängt offenbar auch davon ab, wie sehr die Diagnose ihre psychische Verfassung erschüttert

Antikörper mobilisiert Neutrophile gegen Krebs

03.06.2024 Onkologische Immuntherapie Nachrichten

Ein bispezifischer Antikörper formiert gezielt eine Armee neutrophiler Granulozyten gegen Krebszellen. An den Antikörper gekoppeltes TNF-alpha soll die Zellen zudem tief in solide Tumoren hineinführen.

Erhebliches Risiko für Kehlkopfkrebs bei mäßiger Dysplasie

29.05.2024 Larynxkarzinom Nachrichten

Fast ein Viertel der Personen mit mäßig dysplastischen Stimmlippenläsionen entwickelt einen Kehlkopftumor. Solche Personen benötigen daher eine besonders enge ärztliche Überwachung.

Nach Herzinfarkt mit Typ-1-Diabetes schlechtere Karten als mit Typ 2?

29.05.2024 Herzinfarkt Nachrichten

Bei Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes sind die Chancen, einen Myokardinfarkt zu überleben, in den letzten 15 Jahren deutlich gestiegen – nicht jedoch bei Betroffenen mit Typ 1.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise