Background
Methods
Laboratory strains
Wild populations
Critical thermal limits (CTL)
Lethal temperature limits
Data analysis
Results
Critical thermal limits of Anopheles funestus
Critical Thermal Limit | Effect | SS | df | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTmax | Strain | 3.14 | 1 | 3.13 | 0.078 |
Sex | 1.76 | 1 | 1.76 | 0.185 | |
Age | 0.13 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.717 | |
Acclimation
|
6.53
|
2
|
3.26
|
0.039
| |
Strain*Sex | 0.00 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.973 | |
Strain*Age
|
23.87
|
1
|
23.81
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Age | 1.68 | 1 | 1.68 | 0.196 | |
Strain*Acclimation
|
10.07
|
2
|
5.02
|
0.007
| |
Sex*Acclimation | 1.52 | 2 | 0.76 | 0.469 | |
Age*Acclimation | 0.72 | 2 | 0.36 | 0.699 | |
Strain*Sex*Age
|
5.51
|
1
|
5.49
|
0.019
| |
Strain*Sex*Acclimation | 1.46 | 2 | 0.73 | 0.483 | |
Strain*Age*Acclimation
|
23.43
|
2
|
11.68
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Age*Acclimation | 1.07 | 2 | 0.53 | 0.588 | |
Strain*Sex*Age*Acclimation | 2.74 | 2 | 1.37 | 0.256 | |
CTmin |
Strain
|
6.59
|
1
|
12.91
|
< 0.0001
|
Sex
|
16.13
|
1
|
31.59
|
< 0.0001
| |
Age
|
35.79
|
1
|
70.10
|
< 0.0001
| |
Acclimation
|
56.80
|
2
|
55.64
|
< 0.0001
| |
Strain*Sex | 0.84 | 1 | 1.65 | 0.200 | |
Strain*Age
|
7.63
|
1
|
14.94
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Age | 0.02 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.851 | |
Strain*Acclimation
|
11.33
|
2
|
11.09
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Acclimation
|
4.43
|
2
|
4.34
|
0.014
| |
Age*Acclimation
|
6.26
|
2
|
6.13
|
< 0.0100
| |
Strain*Sex*Age | 0.70 | 1 | 1.37 | 0.242 | |
Strain*Sex*Acclimation | 2.48 | 2 | 2.43 | 0.089 | |
Strain*Age*Acclimation | 0.66 | 2 | 0.65 | 0.523 | |
Sex*Age*Acclimation | 0.84 | 2 | 0.82 | 0.441 | |
Strain*Sex*Age*Acclimation | 2.98 | 2 | 2.92 | 0.055 |
Strain | Effect | SS | df | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laboratory |
Sex
|
3.45
|
1
|
4.16
|
0.042
|
Acclimation
|
6.53
|
2
|
3.94
|
0.020
| |
Age | 0.74 | 2 | 0.45 | 0.640 | |
Sex*Acclimation | 1.52 | 2 | 0.92 | 0.401 | |
Sex*Age
|
8.69
|
2
|
5.24
|
0.006
| |
Acclimation*Age | 3.69 | 4 | 1.11 | 0.351 | |
Sex*Acclimation*Age | 4.92 | 4 | 1.48 | 0.207 | |
Wild | Sex | 1.89 | 1 | 1.45 | 0.230 |
Age
|
42.85
|
1
|
32.84
|
< 0.0001
| |
Acclimation
|
41.7
|
2
|
15.98
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Age | 4.09 | 1 | 3.14 | 0.078 | |
Sex*Acclimation | 2.36 | 2 | 0.90 | 0.406 | |
Age*Acclimation
|
38.18
|
2
|
14.63
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Age*Acclimation
|
12.09
|
2
|
4.64
|
0.011
|
Strain | Effect | SS | df | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laboratory |
Sex
|
16.13
|
1
|
42.05
|
< 0.0001
|
Acclimation
|
202.23
|
2
|
263.63
|
< 0.0001
| |
Age
|
204.49
|
2
|
266.58
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Acclimation
|
4.43
|
2
|
5.77
|
< 0.0100
| |
Sex*Age | 1.09 | 2 | 1.41 | 0.244 | |
Acclimation*age
|
84.33
|
4
|
54.97
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Acclimation*Age
|
8.43
|
4
|
5.49
|
< 0.0001
| |
Wild |
Sex
|
7.39
|
1
|
11.49
|
< 0.0001
|
Acclimation
|
34.57
|
2
|
26.88
|
< 0.0001
| |
Age
|
8.62
|
1
|
13.39
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Acclimation | 1.24 | 2 | 0.96 | 0.383 | |
Sex*Age | 1.76 | 1 | 2.74 | 0.099 | |
Acclimation*Age
|
10.18
|
2
|
7.92
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Acclimation*Age | 2.54 | 2 | 1.97 | 0.142 |
Critical thermal limits of Anopheles arabiensis
Critical Thermal Limit | Effect | SS | df | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTmax | Strain | 0.14 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.799 |
Sex | 6.84 | 1 | 3.11 | 0.079 | |
Acclimation | 11.23 | 2 | 2.55 | 0.079 | |
Age | 0.68 | 1 | 0.31 | 0.580 | |
Strain*Sex | 7.33 | 1 | 3.33 | 0.069 | |
Strain*Acclimation | 5.08 | 2 | 1.15 | 0.316 | |
Sex*Acclimation
|
13.89
|
2
|
3.15
|
0.044
| |
Strain*Age | 3.38 | 1 | 1.54 | 0.216 | |
Sex*Age
|
15.39
|
1
|
6.99
|
0.009
| |
Acclimation*Age | 0.04 | 2 | 0.01 | 0.990 | |
Strain*Sex*Acclimation
|
19.85
|
2
|
4.51
|
0.012
| |
Strain*Sex*Age
|
13.9
|
1
|
6.31
|
0.012
| |
Strain*Acclimation*Age | 5.4 | 2 | 1.23 | 0.294 | |
Sex*Acclimation*Age | 12.49 | 2 | 2.84 | 0.060 | |
Strain*Sex*Acclimation*Age
|
26.43
|
2
|
5.99
|
0.003
| |
CTmin |
Strain
|
15.01
|
1
|
24.97
|
< 0.0001
|
Sex
|
22.95
|
1
|
38.19
|
< 0.0001
| |
Acclimation
|
24.57
|
2
|
20.45
|
< 0.0001
| |
Age
|
3.14
|
1
|
5.22
|
0.023
| |
Strain*Sex | 0.08 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.719 | |
Strain*Acclimation
|
32.84
|
2
|
27.32
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Acclimation
|
4.35
|
2
|
3.62
|
0.028
| |
Strain*age
|
12.17
|
1
|
20.25
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Age
|
3.04
|
1
|
5.06
|
0.025
| |
Acclimation*Age
|
11.17
|
2
|
9.29
|
< 0.001
| |
Strain*Sex*Acclimation | 3.35 | 2 | 2.78 | 0.063 | |
Strain*Sex*Age | 0.19 | 1 | 0.31 | 0.575 | |
Strain*Acclimation*age
|
40.69
|
2
|
33.85
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Acclimation*Age | 0.86 | 2 | 0.71 | 0.490 | |
Strain*Sex*Acclimation*Age | 2.41 | 2 | 2.01 | 0.135 |
Strain | Effect | SS | df | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laboratory |
Sex
|
42.42
|
1
|
15.93
|
< 0.0001
|
Acclimation | 3.61 | 2 | 0.68 | 0.508 | |
Age | 15.50 | 2 | 2.91 | 0.056 | |
Sex*Acclimation | 6.18 | 2 | 1.16 | 0.314 | |
Sex*Age | 2.33 | 2 | 0.44 | 0.645 | |
Acclimation*Age | 14.79 | 4 | 1.39 | 0.237 | |
Sex*Acclimation*Age | 13.67 | 4 | 1.28 | 0.276 | |
Wild |
Sex
|
6.59
|
1
|
3.90
|
0.049
|
Acclimation
|
10.89
|
2
|
3.23
|
0.042
| |
Age | 0.52 | 1 | 0.31 | 0.579 | |
Sex*Acclimation
|
11.08
|
2
|
3.28
|
0.039
| |
Sex*Age
|
15.54
|
1
|
9.20
|
0.003
| |
Acclimation*Age | 0.06 | 2 | 0.02 | 0.983 | |
Sex*Acclimation*Age
|
11.01
|
2
|
3.26
|
0.040
|
Strain | Effect | SS | df | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laboratory |
Sex
|
26.89
|
1
|
49.16
|
< 0.0001
|
Acclimation
|
122.67
|
2
|
112.1
|
< 0.0001
| |
Age
|
22.55
|
2
|
20.60
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Acclimation
|
14.65
|
2
|
13.39
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Age
|
8.67
|
2
|
7.92
|
< 0.0001
| |
Acclimation*Age
|
63.03
|
4
|
28.79
|
< 0.0001
| |
Sex*Acclimation*Age
|
11.42
|
4
|
5.22
|
< 0.0001
| |
Wild |
Sex
|
22.95
|
1
|
34.29
|
< 0.0001
|
Acclimation
|
24.57
|
2
|
18.36
|
< 0.0001
| |
Age
|
3.14
|
1
|
4.69
|
0.031
| |
Sex*Acclimation
|
4.35
|
2
|
3.25
|
0.041
| |
Sex*Age
|
3.04
|
1
|
4.55
|
0.034
| |
Acclimation*Age
|
11.16
|
2
|
8.34
|
< 0.001
| |
Sex*Acclimation*Age | 0.86 | 2 | 0.64 | 0.527 |
Lethal temperature limits
Discussion
Anopheles arabiensis
|
Anopheles funestus
| |
---|---|---|
Southern African distribution
| Present in South Africa in the low-lying north-eastern areas | Absent from South Africa at present, but occurs in southern Mozambique |
Habitat type
| Arid-adapted, areas as low as 40% relative humidity, environmental temperatures as high as 50 °C | “Tropical species”, requires more humid environment, environmental temperatures up to 40 °C |
Breeding sites
| Shallow, temporary pools <0.5 m deep eg, hoof prints, tyre tracks | Swamps, slow-flowing streams, deep and vegetated water bodies |
Behaviour
| Exophilic and endophilic, feeds on cattle and humans | Endophilic, prefers to feed on humans |