nach oben

Community Mental Health Journal

Erschienen in:

29.01.2019 | Original Paper

Title: Brief Implicit Association Tests of Stigmatizing Attitudes, Awareness of Mental Distress and Label-Avoidance: A Study in People with Depressive Symptoms

verfasst von: Simone Freitag, Susanne Stolzenburg, Georg Schomerus, Silke Schmidt

Erschienen in: Community Mental Health Journal | Ausgabe 3/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

This study aims to develop and implement brief implicit association tests (BIATs) assessing stigmatizing attitudes towards mental illness, awareness of mental distress and self-identification as having a mental illness. We recruited 229 people (age range 18–80 years) with currently untreated depressive symptoms. In addition to BIATs, explicit measures assessed depression severity, contact experience and self-identification as having a mental illness. BIATs showed good feasibility. Age and educational differences were observed for each BIAT. Regarding depression severity, people with mild depression severity showed stronger implicit label-avoidance. Novel BIATs proved feasible and future research should investigate the predictive value of implicit measures on help seeking in people with mental illness.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Blankertz, L. (2001). Cognitive components of self esteem for individuals with severe mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(4), 457–465. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.71.4.457.CrossRefPubMed

Bretschneider, J., Kuhnert, R., & Hapke, U. (2017). Depressive symptomatik bei erwachsenen in deutschland. Journal of Health Monitoring, 2(3), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.17886/RKI-GBE-2017-058.CrossRef

Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., … Thornicroft, G. (2015). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological Medicine, 45(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000129.CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Book: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Corrigan, P. W. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614.CrossRefPubMed

Corrigan, P. W., & Rao, D. (2012). On the self-stigma of mental illness: Stages, disclosure, and strategies for change. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(8), 464–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700804.CrossRefPubMed

Corrigan, P. W., River, L. P., Lundin, R. K., Wasowski, K. U., Campion, J., Mathisen, J., … Kubiak, M. A. (2000). Stigmatizing attributions about mental illness. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(1), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(200001)28:1%3C91::AID-JCOP9%3E3.0.CO;2-M CrossRef

Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 1(1), 16–20. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946807.

Crisp, A. H., Gelder, M. G., Rix, S., Meltzer, H. I., & Rowlands, O. J. (2000). Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(1), 4–7. Retrieved from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/177/1/4.

Downey, R. G., & King, C. V. (1998). Missing data in likert ratings: A comparison of replacement methods. The Journal of General Psychology, 125(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309809595542.CrossRefPubMed

Draine, S. (2014). Inquisit (Version 4) Seattle: Millisecond Software. Seattle, WA: Millisecond Software.

Eisenberg, D., Downs, M. F., Golberstein, E., & Zivin, K. (2009). Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review, 66(5), 522–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558709335173.CrossRefPubMed

Goguen, K., Britt, T. W., Jennings, K., Sytine, A., Jeffirs, S., Peasley, A., … Palmer, J. (2016). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward mental health treatment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 35(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2016.35.1.45.CrossRef

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464.CrossRefPubMed

Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197.85)CrossRefPubMed

Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015575.CrossRefPubMed

Gunn, J. M., Ayton, D. R., Densley, K., Pallant, J. F., Chondros, P., Herrman, H. E., & Dowrick, C. F. (2012). The association between chronic illness, multimorbidity and depressive symptoms in an Australian primary care cohort. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0330-z.CrossRefPubMed

Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the implicit association test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1369–1385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205275613.CrossRefPubMed

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J., & Löwe, B. (2010). The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(4), 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006.CrossRefPubMed

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Sheehan, H., K., … Dunbar, G (1997). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: Reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry, 12(5), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(97)83296-8.CrossRef

Lincoln, T. M., Arens, E., Berger, C., & Rief, W. (2008). Can antistigma campaigns be improved? a test of the impact of biogenetic vs. psychosocial causal explanations on implicit and explicit attitudes to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(5), 984–994. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm131.CrossRefPubMed

Lindgren, K. P., Neighbors, C., Teachman, B. A., Wiers, R. W., Westgate, E., & Greenwald, A. G. (2013). I drink therefore i am: Validating alcohol-related implicit association tests. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027640.CrossRefPubMed

Livingston, J. D., & Boyd, J. E. (2010). Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 71(12), 2150–2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.030.CrossRefPubMed

Meites, T. M., Deveney, C. M., Steele, K. T., Holmes, A. J., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2008). Implicit depression and hopelessness in remitted depressed individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(9), 1078–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.008.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the implicit association test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(2), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271418.CrossRefPubMed

Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S. (2011). Implicit social cognition: From measures to mechanisms. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(4), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TICS.2011.01.005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pavlovic, M. D., & Zezelj, I. L. (2013). Brief implicit association test: Validity and utility in prediction of voting behavior. Psihologija, 46(3), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.2298/Psi130606004p.CrossRef

Peris, T. S., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2008). Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness links to clinical care. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(10), 752–760. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181879dfd.CrossRefPubMed

Roth, P. L., Switzer, F. S., & Switzer, D. M. (1999). Missing data in multiple item scales: A Monte Carlo analysis of missing data techniques. Organizational Research Methods, 2(3), 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819923001.CrossRef

Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. European Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004.CrossRefPubMed

Rüsch, N., Corrigan, P. W., Bohus, M., Kuhler, T., Jacob, G. A., & Lieb, K. (2007). The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on dysfunctional implicit and explicit emotions among women with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(6), 537–539. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e318064e7fc.CrossRefPubMed

Rüsch, N., Corrigan, P. W., Heekeren, K., Theodoridou, A., Dvorsky, D., Metzler, S., … Rössler, W. (2014). Well-being among persons at risk of psychosis: The role of self-labeling, shame, and stigma stress. Psychiatric Services, 65(4), 483–489. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300169.CrossRefPubMed

Rüsch, N., Corrigan, P. W., Todd, A. R., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2010). Implicit self-stigma in people with mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(2), 150–153. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181cc43b5.CrossRefPubMed

Rüsch, N., Lieb, K., Gottler, I., Hermann, C., Schramm, E., Richter, H., … Bohus, M. (2007). Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(3), 500–508. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.164.3.500.CrossRefPubMed

Rüsch, N., Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Corrigan, P. W. (2010). Biogenetic models of psychopathology, implicit guilt, and mental illness stigma. Psychiatry Research, 179(3), 328–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.09.010.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rüsch, N., Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., Weiden, P. J., & Corrigan, P. W. (2009). Implicit versus explicit attitudes toward psychiatric medication: Implications for insight and treatment adherence. Schizophrenia Research, 112(1–3), 119–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.011. Journal Article.CrossRefPubMed

Saporito, J. M., Ryan, C., & Teachman, B. A. (2011). Reducing stigma toward seeking mental health treatment among adolescents. Stigma Research and Action, 1(2), 9–21. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286023.

Schomerus, G., Auer, C., Rhode, D., Luppa, M., Freyberger, H. J., & Schmidt, S. (2012). Personal stigma, problem appraisal and perceived need for professional help in currently untreated depressed persons. Journal of Affective Disorders, 139(1), 94–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.022.CrossRefPubMed

Schomerus, G., Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2013). Continuum beliefs and stigmatizing attitudes towards persons with schizophrenia, depression and alcohol dependence. Psychiatry Research, 209(3), 665–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2013.02.006.CrossRefPubMed

Schomerus, G., Van der Auwera, S., Matschinger, H., Baumeister, S. E., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2015). Do attitudes towards persons with mental illness worsen during the course of life? An age-period-cohort analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 132(5), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12401.CrossRefPubMed

Sekaquaptewa, D., Espinoza, P., Thompson, M., Vargas, P., & von Hippel, W. (2003). Stereotypic explanatory bias: Implicit stereotyping as a predictor of discrimination. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00512-7.CrossRef

Sriram, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2009). The brief implicit association test. Experimental Psychology, 56(4), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.283.CrossRefPubMed

Stier, A., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2007). Explicit and implicit stigma against individuals with mental illness. Australian Psychologist, 42(2), 106–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060701280599.CrossRef

Stolzenburg, S., Freitag, S., Evans-Lacko, S., Muehlan, H., Schmidt, S., & Schomerus, G. (2017). The stigma of mental illness as a barrier to self labeling as having a mental illness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(12), 903–909. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000756.CrossRefPubMed

Stull, L. G., McGrew, J. H., Salyers, M. P., & Ashburn-Nardo, L. (2013). Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness: attitudes in an evidence-based practice. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(12), 1072–1079. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000056.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Teachman, B. A., Gapinski, K. D., Brownell, K. D., Rawlins, M., & Jeyaram, S. (2003). Demonstrations of implicit anti-fat bias: The impact of providing causal information and evoking empathy. Health Psychology, 22(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.22.1.68.CrossRefPubMed

Teachman, B. A., Wilson, J. G., & Komarovskaya, I. (2006). Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness in diagnosed and healthy samples. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(1), 75–95. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.1.75.CrossRef

Thornicroft, G. (2008). Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care. Epidemiologia and Psichiatria Sociale, 17(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1121189X00002621.CrossRef

Tiller, D., Herzog, B., Kluttig, A., & Haerting, J. (2015). Health literacy in an urban elderly East-German population—results from the population-based CARLA study. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 883. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2210-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Title: Brief Implicit Association Tests of Stigmatizing Attitudes, Awareness of Mental Distress and Label-Avoidance: A Study in People with Depressive Symptoms
verfasst von: Simone Freitag
Susanne Stolzenburg
Georg Schomerus
Silke Schmidt
Publikationsdatum: 29.01.2019
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Community Mental Health Journal / Ausgabe 3/2019
Print ISSN: 0010-3853
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2789
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00372-1

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

23.04.2024 Depression antepartal oder postpartal Nachrichten

Bislang gibt es kein Medikament zur Prävention von Wochenbettdepressionen. Das Injektionsanästhetikum Esketamin könnte womöglich diese Lücke füllen.

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Kombination aus Medikamenten und Psychotherapie gilt als effektivster Ansatz bei Depressionen. Das ist bei betagten Menschen nicht anders, trotz Besonderheiten.

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2019

Risk Factors of Post-traumatic Stress and Depressive Disorders in Longmenshan Adolescents After the 2013 Lushan Earthquake

PTSD Symptoms, Vicarious Traumatization, and Burnout in Front Line Workers in the Homeless Sector

Change in Mental Health Stigma After a Brief Intervention Among Internally Displaced Persons in Central Sudan

‘It’s Like You Do It Without Knowing That You’re Doing It’: Practitioner Experiences with ACT Implementation