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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 2/2019

29.01.2019 | Leitthema

Maschinelle Autotransfusion

Wissenschaftliche Evidenz, klinische Praxis und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen

verfasst von: PD Dr. T. Seyfried, Prof. Dr. Dr. E. Hansen

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 2/2019

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Zusammenfassung

Die maschinelle Autotransfusion (MAT) ist eine effektive Methode, um die Transfusion von Fremdblut zu reduzieren. Dies wird durch eine Reihe von Metaanalysen belegt, wie eine systematische Literaturrecherche ergab. Die Methode findet insbesondere in der Orthopädie/Unfallchirurgie, der Herz-Thorax-Chirurgie, Gefäßchirurgie und der Abdominal‑/Transplantationschirurgie Anwendung. Eine Retransfusion von ungewaschenem Wund- oder Drainageblut ist nicht zulässig. Nach Bestrahlung des Wundbluts kann die MAT auch in der Tumorchirurgie angewendet werden. Bei massivem Blutverlust trägt die MAT vielfach dazu bei, überhaupt ausreichend kompatibles Blut für Transfusionen bereitstellen zu können. Für Zeugen Jehovas werden manche Operationen erst damit ermöglicht. Eine potenzielle Anwendung ist das Waschen von Fremdblutkonserven, um z. B. kaliumbedingte Arrhythmien abzuwenden, oder die Bereitstellung autologer Thrombozyten. Neben der Verträglichkeit ist v. a. die hohe Vitalität und Funktionsfähigkeit der ungelagerten autologen Erythrozyten ein Vorteil. In einer Stellungnahme hat der Arbeitskreis Blut des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit 2014 MAT-Blut als Arzneimittel definiert und dem Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG) unterstellt. Nur über strenge Vorgaben, die in der aktuellen Novelle der Hämotherapierichtlinien festgelegt sind, ist eine „erlaubnisfreie Gewinnung und Anwendung von Blut im Rahmen der maschinellen Autotransfusion (MAT)“ weiterhin möglich. Zentrale Bedeutung gewinnen das Qualitätsmanagement der MAT und insbesondere Qualitätskontrollen. Diese beinhalten Kontrollen des Produkthämatokrits bei jeder MAT-Anwendung sowie monatliche gerätebezogene Kontrollen der Eiweiß- bzw. Albuminelimination und des Produkthämatokrits bzw. der Erythrozytenausbeute. Eine Testung auf Infektionsmarker ist nicht erforderlich. Die Anwendung von MAT muss bei den zuständigen Behörden angemeldet werden.
Fußnoten
1
Diese Auslegung wird unterstützt durch die zusätzliche Formulierung im Abschn. 2.6.4 Abs. 10 der HTR: „Eine erlaubnisfreie interne Eigenblutherstellung setzt voraus, dass die Entnahme, Herstellung, Konservenbereitstellung und Anwendung der Anästhesieabteilung obliegt und sämtliche Schritte von einem Arzt der Abteilung unter der unmittelbaren fachlichen Verantwortung zum Zwecke der persönlichen Anwendung bei einem bestimmten Patienten erfolgen.“
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Maschinelle Autotransfusion
Wissenschaftliche Evidenz, klinische Praxis und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen
verfasst von
PD Dr. T. Seyfried
Prof. Dr. Dr. E. Hansen
Publikationsdatum
29.01.2019
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 2/2019
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-018-0529-z

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