Introduction
Materials and methods
Definition of success
Baseline factors analyzed for association with success
Follow-up factors analyzed for association with success
Statistics
Results
Characteristic | Data |
---|---|
Demographics | |
Age in years, mean (SD) | 44.7 (9.7) |
Education, n (%) | |
No higher education | 6 (9.8) |
University studies <3 years | 4 (6.6) |
University studies ≥3 years | 51 (83.6) |
Lifestyle | |
Daily smoking, n (%) | 2 (3.3) |
Body mass index kg/m2, mean (SD) | 24.0 (4.1) |
Physical activity in leisure time, n (%) | |
Sedentary leisure time | 1 (1.6) |
Moderate activity but without perspiration (e.g., walking) | 17 (27.9) |
Regular exercise 1–2 times/week (e.g., jogging, swimming) | 18 (29.5) |
Regular exercise ≥3 times/week | 25 (41.0) |
Smartphone use | |
Smartphone type, n (%) | |
iOS users | 40 (65.6) |
Android users | 21 (34.4) |
Use of smartphone to find health information, n (%) | |
Never | 9 (14.8) |
Occasionally, but not weekly | 29 (47.5) |
Weekly | 23 (37.7) |
Gynecology | |
Parity, n (%) | |
Nulliparous | 5 (8.2) |
Uniparous | 11 (18.0) |
Multiparous | 45 (73.8) |
Postmenopausal, n (%) | 10 (16.4) |
Incontinence | |
Previously sought medical care for incontinence, n (%) | 26 (42.6) |
ICIQ-UI SF score, mean (SD) | 11.1 (3.0) |
Incontinence episode frequency per week, median (range) | 21.0 (0.0–73.5) |
Daily pad use, n (%) | 13 (21.3) |
Expectations about treatment, n (%) | |
To be completely free of leakage | 13 (21.3) |
To be very much improved | 27 (44.3) |
To be much improved | 21 (34.4) |
To be a little improved | 0 (0) |
To experience no change | 0 (0) |
Factors possibly associated with success | Successfula
| Not successfula
|
p* | Crude OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline demographics | ||||
Age, years | 43.79 (SD 9.68) | 45.93 (SD 9.85) | 0.395 | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) |
Education | ||||
No higher education or university studies <3 years | 6 (17.6%) | 4 (14.8%) | Reference | 1.0 |
University studies ≥3 years | 28 (82.4%) | 23 (85.2%) | 0.767 | 0.81 (0.20–3.23) |
Lifestyle | ||||
Tea consumption | ||||
≥ 3 cups/day | 2 (5.9%) | 8 (29.6%) | Reference | 1.0 |
< 3 cups/day | 32 (94.1%) | 19 (70.4%) |
0.023
|
6.74 (1.29–35.09)
|
Coffee consumption | ||||
≥ 3 cups/day | 17 (50.0%) | 15 (55.6%) | Reference | 1.0 |
< 3 cups/day | 17 (50.0%) | 12 (44.4%) | 0.666 | 1.25 (0.45–3.45) |
Body mass index | 23.99 (SD 3.65) | 24.03 (SD 4.73) | 0.974 | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) |
Physical activity | ||||
Regular exercise ≥3 times/week | 11 (32.4%) | 14 (51.9%) | Reference | 1.0 |
Sedentary lifestyle or modest exercise <3 times/week | 23 (67.6%) | 13 (48.1%) |
0.127
|
2.25 (0.79–6.38)
|
Baseline incontinence characteristics | ||||
ICIQ-UI SF total score at baseline | 11.18 (SD 3.15) | 11.11 (SD 2.89) | 0.927 | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) |
Pad use | ||||
Daily | 5 (14.7%) | 8 (29.6%) | Reference | 1.0 |
Weekly | 17 (50.0%) | 13 (48.1%) | 0.277 | 2.09 (0.55–7.91) |
More seldom | 12 (35.3%) | 6 (22.2%) |
0.125
|
3.20 (0.72–14.15)
|
Expectations of treatment | ||||
To be much improved | 7 (20.6%) | 14 (51.9%) | Reference | 1.0 |
To be very much improved/completely free of leakage | 27 (79.4%) | 13 (48.1%) |
0.013
|
4.15 (1.35–12.77)
|
Factors possibly associated with success | Successfulb
| Not successfulb
|
p* | Crude OR (95% CI)* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weight change (per kg gained) | −0.29 (SD 1.70) | 1.22 (SD 2.72) |
0.020
|
0.69 (0.50–0.94)
|
Exercise frequency, times/weeka
| 11.47 (4.89)a
| 11.82 (8.06)a
| 0.844 | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) |
Exercise amount, contractions/daya
| ||||
< 15 | 11 (32.4%) | 12 (44.4%) | Reference | 1.0 |
15–29 | 14 (41.2%) | 6 (22.2%) |
0.146
|
2.55 (0.72–8.96)
|
30–44 | 4 (11.8%) | 4 (14.8%) | 0.916 | 1.09 (0.22–5.45) |
≥ 45 | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.7%) | 1.000 | 0.00 |
PFMT frequency last treatment month | ||||
Never/sporadic | 4 (11.8%) | 6 (22.2%) | Reference | 1.0 |
Weekly | 14 (41.2%) | 12 (44.4%) | 0.459 | 1.75 (0.40–7.70) |
Daily | 16 (47.1%) | 9 (33.3%) | 0.202 | 2.67 (0.59–12.02) |
Self-rated improvement in pelvic floor muscle strength | ||||
Unchanged/a little better | 10 (29.4%) | 22 (81.5%) | Reference | 1.0 |
Much better | 24 (70.6%) | 5 (18.5%) |
<0.001
|
10.56 (3.12–35.75)
|
Significant factors in the multivariate model (reference category) |
p* | Adjusted OR (95% CI)* |
---|---|---|
Expectations of treatment (to be much improved) | ||
To be very much improved/completely free of leakage | 0.006 | 11.38 (2.02–64.19) |
Weight change (per kg gained) | 0.006 | 0.44 (0.24–0.79) |
Self-rated pelvic floor muscle strength (unchanged/a little better) | ||
Much better | <0.001 | 35.54 (4.96–254.61) |