nach oben

Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy

Erschienen in:

01.12.2009 | Original Paper

Understanding Exercise Dependence

verfasst von: Jeremy Adams

Erschienen in: Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy | Ausgabe 4/2009

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Exercise dependence represents a condition in which an individual exercises excessively, often to the detriment of his or her physical and psychological health and wellbeing. Despite substantial investigation of this phenomenon, researchers have only recently developed conceptually sound diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence, and have yet to determine a suitably convincing mechanism or explanation for its onset and development. Likewise, researchers have not assessed whether therapies considered effective for other behavioural dependencies (e.g. internet or gambling addictions) are useful in the treatment of exercise dependence. With these limitations in mind, the present paper seeks to develop a conceptual basis for exercise dependence, critically review a representative portion of the exercise dependence literature, examine theories describing potential mechanisms for its development and onset, and provide recommendations for clinicians regarding the recognition, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of exercise dependence.

Adams, J., & Kirkby, R. J. (1997). Exercise dependence: A problem for sports physiotherapists. The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 43(1), 53–58.PubMed

Adams, J., & Kirkby, R. J. (1998). Exercise dependence: A review of its manifestation, theory and measurement. Sports Medicine Training and Rehabilitation, 8(3), 265–275.

Adams, J., & Kirkby, R. J. (2001a). Exercise dependence and overtraining: The psychological and physiological consequences of excessive exercise. Sports Medicine Training and Rehabilitation, 10(3), 199–222. doi:10.1080/10578310210395.CrossRef

Adams, J., & Kirkby, R. J. (2001b). A review of the physiological, neurological and behavioural aspects of addiction. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 7, 25–33.CrossRef

Adams, J., & Kirkby, R. J. (2002). Excessive exercise as an addiction: A review. Addiction Research and Theory, 10(5), 415–437.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th—TR ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Aravich, P. F., Doerries, L. E., & Rieg, T. S. (1994). Exercise-induced weight loss in the rat and anorexia nervosa. Appetite, 23(2), 196. doi:10.1006/appe.1994.1049.PubMedCrossRef

Avanzi, M., Uber, E., & Bonfà, F. (2004). Pathological gambling in two patients on dopamine replacement therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Neurological Sciences, 25(2), 98–101. doi:10.1007/s10072-004-0238-z.PubMedCrossRef

Balter, M. (1996). New clues to brain dopamine control, cocaine addiction. Science, 271(5251), 909. doi:10.1126/science.271.5251.909. news.PubMedCrossRef

Bamber, D., Cockerill, I. M., & Carroll, D. (2000a). The pathological status of exercise dependence. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(2), 125–132. doi:10.1136/bjsm.34.2.125.PubMedCrossRef

Bamber, D. J., Cockerill, I. M., Rodgers, S., & Carroll, D. (2000b). It’s exercise or nothing: A qualitative analysis of exercise dependence. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34, 423–430. doi:10.1136/bjsm.34.6.423.PubMedCrossRef

Bamber, D. J., Cockerill, I. M., Rodgers, S., & Carroll, D. (2003). Diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence in women. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37, 393–400. doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.5.393.PubMedCrossRef

Blaydon, M. J., & Lindner, K. J. (2002). Eating disorders and exercise dependence in triathletes. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 10(1), 49–60.

Blaydon, M. J., Lindner, K. J., & Kerr, J. H. (2004). Metamotivational characteristics of exercise dependence and eating disorders in highly active amateur sport participants. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(6), 1419–1432.CrossRef

Bogers, R. P., van Assema, P., Brug, J., Kester, A. D. M., & Dagnelie, P. C. (2007). Psychosocial predictors of increases in fruit and vegetable consumption. American Journal of Health Behavior, 31(2), 135–145.PubMed

Brooks, A., Lui, J., & Pirke, K. M. (1990). Semistarvation-induced hyperactivity compensates for decreased norepinehrine and dopamine turnover in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the rat. Journal of Neural Transmission, 79, 113–124. doi:10.1007/BF01251006.CrossRef

Cancrini, L. (1994). The psychopathology of drug addiction: A review. Journal of Drug Issues, 24(4), 597–623.

Carelli, R. M. (2005). The nucleus accumbens and reward: Neurophysiological investigations in behaving animals. The Neuroscientist, 11(6), 524–525. doi:10.1177/107385840501100603.CrossRef

Chen, H. I., Kuo, Y. M., Liao, C.-H., Jen, C. J., Huang, A. M., Cherng, C. G., et al. (2008). Long-term compulsive exercise reduces the rewarding efficacy of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Behavioural Brain Research, 187(1), 185–189. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.09.014.PubMedCrossRef

Cook, B. J., & Hausenblas, H. A. (2008). The role of exercise dependence for the relationship between exercise behavior and eating pathology: Mediator or moderator? Journal of Health Psychology, 13(4), 495–502. doi:10.1177/1359105308088520.PubMedCrossRef

Dara, K. (2003). Regular exercise among anorectic and bulimic patients. Psychiatria Hungarica, 18(2), 110–114.

da Silva Lobo, D. S., Vallada, H. P., Knight, J., Martins, S. S., Tavares, H., Gentil, V., et al. (2007). Dopamine genes and pathological gambling in discordant sib-pairs. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(4), 421–433. doi:10.1007/s10899-007-9060-x.PubMedCrossRef

Davis, C., Kaptein, S., Kaplan, A. S., Olmsted, M. P., & Woodside, B. D. (1998). Obsessionality in anorexia nervosa: The moderating influence of exercise. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 1–7.

de Castro, J. M., & Duncan, G. (1985). Operantly conditioned running: Effects on brain catecholamine concentrations and receptor densities in the rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 23(4), 495–500. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(85)90407-1.CrossRef

de Coverley Veale, D. M. (1987). Exercise dependence. British Journal of Addiction, 82(7), 735–740. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01539.x.PubMedCrossRef

Dunn, C., Deroo, L., & Rivara, F. P. (2001). The use of brief interventions adapted from motivational interviewing across behavioral domains: A systematic review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 96, 1725–1742. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961217253.x.

Epling, W. F., & Pierce, W. D. (1988). Activity-based anorexia: A biobehavioral perspective. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7(4), 475–485. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198807)7:4<475::AID-EAT2260070405>3.0.CO;2-M.CrossRef

Epling, W. F., Pierce, W. D., & Stefan, L. (1983). A theory of activity-based anorexia. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 3(1), 27–46. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198323)3:1<27::AID-EAT2260030104>3.0.CO;2-T.CrossRef

Giladi, N., Weitzman, N., Schreiber, S., Shabtai, H., & Peretz, C. (2007). New onset heightened interest or drive for gambling, shopping, eating or sexual activity in patients with Parkinson’s disease: The role of dopamine agonist treatment and age at motor symptoms onset. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 21(5), 501–506. doi:10.1177/0269881106073109.CrossRef

Glasser, W. (1976). Positive addiction. New York: Harper and Row.

Griffiths, M. D. (1996). Behavioural addiction: an issue for everybody? Journal of Workplace Learning, 8(3), 19–25. doi:10.1108/13665629610116872.CrossRef

Griffiths, M. (1997). Exercise addiction: A case study. Addiction Research, 5(2), 161–168. doi:10.3109/16066359709005257.CrossRef

Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. doi:10.1080/14659890500114359.CrossRef

Hausenblas, H. A., & Symons Downs, D. (2002). How much is too much? The development and validation of the exercise dependence scale. Psychology & Health, 17(4), 387–404. doi:10.1080/0887044022000004894.CrossRef

Koepp, M. J., Gunn, R. N., Lawrence, A. D., Cunningham, V. J., Dagher, A., Jones, T., et al. (1998). Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. Nature, 393(6682), 266–268. doi:10.1038/30498.PubMedCrossRef

Leonhard, M. L., & Barry, N. J. (1998). Body image and obesity: Effects of gender and weight on perceptual measures of body image. Addictive Behaviors, 23(1), 31–34. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(97)00017-8.PubMedCrossRef

Liste, I., Guerra, M. J., Caruncho, H. J., & Labandeira Garcia, J. L. (1997). Treadmill running induces striatal Fos expression via NMDA glutamate and dopamine receptors. Experimental Brain Research, 115(3), 458–468. doi:10.1007/PL00005715.CrossRef

Little, J. C. (1979). Neurotic illness in fitness fanatics. Psychiatric Annals, 9(3), 148–152.

MacRae, P. G., Spirduso, W. W., Cartee, G. D., Farrar, R. P., & Wilcox, R. E. (1987). Endurance training effects on striatal D2 dopamine receptor binding and striatal dopamine metabolite levels. Neuroscience Letters, 79(1–2), 138–144. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(87)90686-0.PubMedCrossRef

Marks, I. (1990). Behavioural (non-chemical) addictions. British Journal of Addiction, 85(11), 1389–1394. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01618.x.PubMedCrossRef

Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). New York: Guildford Press.

Moeller, F. G., Schmitz, J. M., Steinberg, J. L., Green, C. M., Reist, C., Lai, L. Y., et al. (2007). Citalopram combined with behavioral therapy reduces cocaine use: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 33(3), 367–378. doi:10.1080/00952990701313686.PubMedCrossRef

Morgan, W. P. (1979). Negative addiction in runners. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 7(2), 57–70.

Nestler, E. J. (1993). Cellular responses to chronic treatment with drugs of abuse. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 7(1), 23–39.PubMed

Niemz, K., Griffiths, M., & Banyard, P. (2005). Prevalence of pathological internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the general health questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 8(6), 562–570. doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.562.CrossRef

Ogden, J., Veale, D., & Summers, V. (1997). The development and validation of the exercise dependence questionnaire. Addiction Research, 5(4), 343–356. doi:10.3109/16066359709004348.CrossRef

Orford, J. (1985). Excessive appetites: A psychological view of addictions. Chichester: Wiley.

Petry, N. M., Litt, M. D., Kadden, R., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2007). Do coping skills mediate the relationship between cognitive-behavioral therapy and reductions in gambling in pathological gamblers? Addiction (Abingdon, England), 102(8), 1280–1291. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01907.x.

Pierce, W. D., & Epling, W. F. (1994). Activity anorexia: An interplay between basic and applied behavior analysis. Association for Behavior Analysis Conference (1993, Chicago, Illinois). The Behavior Analyst, 17(1), 7–23.

Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C., & DiClemente, C. C. (1994). Changing for good: A revolutionary six-stage program for overcoming bad habits and moving your life positively forward. New York: Harper Collins, Inc.

Seligman, H. K., Wallace, A. S., DeWalt, D. A., Schillinger, D., Arnold, C. L., Bryant Shilliday, B., et al. (2007). Facilitating behavior change with low-literacy patient education materials. American Journal of Health Behavior, 31(Suppl 1), S69–S78.PubMed

Sullivan, K. M., Seed, S. M., & DeBellis, R. J. (2008). Perspectives on neuroscience and behavior state of the art reviews: smoking cessation: A review of treatment considerations. The Neuroscientist, 14(4), 309–310. doi:10.1177/10738584080140040301.CrossRef

Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction Research and Theory, 12(5), 489–499. doi:10.1080/16066350310001637363.CrossRef

Yates, A. (1991). Compulsive exercise and the eating disorders: Toward an integrated theory of activity. New York: Brunner/Mazel Inc.

Young, K. S. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy with internet addicts: Treatment outcomes and implications. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 671–679. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9971.CrossRef

Zmijewski, C. F., & Howard, M. O. (2003). Exercise dependence and attitudes toward eating among young adults. Eating Behaviors, 4(2), 181–195.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Understanding Exercise Dependence
verfasst von: Jeremy Adams
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2009
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy / Ausgabe 4/2009
Print ISSN: 0022-0116
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3564
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-009-9117-5

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

23.04.2024 Depression antepartal oder postpartal Nachrichten

Bislang gibt es kein Medikament zur Prävention von Wochenbettdepressionen. Das Injektionsanästhetikum Esketamin könnte womöglich diese Lücke füllen.

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Kombination aus Medikamenten und Psychotherapie gilt als effektivster Ansatz bei Depressionen. Das ist bei betagten Menschen nicht anders, trotz Besonderheiten.

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2009

Internet Addiction: Diagnosis and Treatment Considerations

Videogame Addiction and its Treatment

Current Status of Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Compulsive Buying Disorder

Does the Treatment of Cognitive Distortions Improve Clinical Outcomes for Problem Gambling?

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein