NMR experiments are not only limited to the one-dimensional (1D) space. They can be extended to different types of multidimensional approaches. Two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy can be used for many applications including molecule identification and structural elucidation, as has been done for PrP and their biologically important complexes with transition metals and other proteins [
224]. In general, 2D NMR can be used to overcome the problem of overlapping resonances by dispersing the overlapping chemical shift in a second dimension. The additional resolution offers a practical solution to detecting and identifying specific sites within macromolecule, as in the case of Cu (II) ions [
223]. Such identification is not possible with the 1D approach. For example, various homo-nuclear 2D
1H-
1H-NMR experiments, including total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY) [
225‐
234], correlation spectroscopy (COSY) [
219,
234‐
241], and heteronuclear experiments such as
1H,
13C-single quantum coherence (
1H-
13C-HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) have been routinely used in to assign protein signals and to study protein interactions with ligands in drugs and small molecules [
242]. Here, we present heteronuclear single-quantum coherence spectroscopy (HSQC) as an example of the most powerful approaches used to assign signals and to probe ligand protein interactions [
243]. HSQC is a type of through-bond correlation spectroscopy that utilizes heteronuclear correlations and enhancement of the signal coming from the nucleus of lower sensitivity, such as
13C or
15N by transferring the nuclear spin polarization from the more sensitive nucleus (usually
1H) via J-coupling. The general output of HSQC is 2D spectra of the chemical shift of one nucleus, such as
1H, which is usually detected in the directly measured dimension, and the chemical shift of the other nucleus, such as
13C, which is recorded in the indirect dimension. The
1H,
13C-HSQC spectrum coordinates the chemical shift of protons and nitrogen or carbon atoms that are directly covalently bonded, providing only one cross peak for each H-N or H-C coupled pair. Thus, HSQC is useful for the assignment of the protein backbone and side-chain NH signals are assigned by
1H,
15N-HSQC. Moreover, utilizing the sensitivity of the
1H atom is an effective approach to reducing the experimental time for nuclei with low natural abundances and/or sensitivities, such as
15N and
13C. The experimental time necessary for HSQC experiments is usually shorter than for
1D,
13C, and
15N NMR experiments. Indeed, HSQC was used to study the interaction of copper with PrP [
52,
123,
219,
244‐
246].