Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
Erschienen in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 8/2018

01.08.2017 | Demyelinating Disorders (J Bernard and M Cameron, Section Editors)

Using the Anterior Visual System to Assess Neuroprotection and Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis Trials

verfasst von: Elizabeth Silbermann, Lindsey Wooliscroft, Dennis Bourdette

Erschienen in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | Ausgabe 8/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Clinical trials using agents directed at neuroprotection and remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) are needed. As optic neuritis (ON) is common in people with MS and the pathology of ON is similar to other MS lesions in the brain, measurements of the anterior visual system are frequently utilized in neuroprotection and remyelination trials. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the measurements is vital when interpreting the results of this research.

Recent Findings

Techniques such as visual evoked potentials (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are well established in MS and are thought to measure axonal integrity and myelination. Novel imaging techniques can also be used in conjunction with these measurements to provide better insight into optic nerve structure and function. Magnetization transfer imaging (MTR) together with optic nerve area and volume measures neurodegeneration; diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures myelination status and neurodegeneration. However, these techniques require various levels of experience to interpret, and all can be confounded by ocular motion and surrounding fat and bone.

Summary

This article provides a review of established and novel techniques to measure the anterior visual system in multiple sclerosis with a focus on the evidence to support their use as outcome measures in clinical trials focused on neuroprotection and remyelination therapies.
Literatur
1.
Beck RW, Cleary PA. Optic neuritis treatment trial: one-year follow-up results. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111(6):773–5.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Miller NR, Walsh F, Hoyt W. Walsh and Hoyt’s clinical neuro-ophthalmology: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
3.
4.
5.
Ma S-LL, Shea JA, Galetta SL, Jacobs DA, Markowitz CE, Maguire MG, et al. Self-reported visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: new data from the VFQ-25 and development of an MS-specific vision questionnaire. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(5):686–92.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Roed H, Frederiksen J, Langkilde A, Sørensen T, Lauritzen M, Sellebjerg F. Systemic T-cell activation in acute clinically isolated optic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol. 2005;162(1–2):165–72.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Matsunaga Y, Kezuka T, An X, Fujita K, Matsuyama N, Matsuda R, et al. Visual functional and histopathological correlation in experimental autoimmune optic neuritis visual function and histopathology in EAON. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(11):6964–71.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Söderström M, Link H, Xu Z, Fredriksson S. Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis: anti-MBP and anti-MBP peptide antibody secreting cells are accumulated in CSF. Neurology. 1993;43(6):1215–22.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Frohman EM, Racke MK, Raine CS. Multiple sclerosis—the plaque and its pathogenesis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(9):942–55.CrossRefPubMed
10.
11.
Weissert R. The immune pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J NeuroImmune Pharmacol. 2013;8(4):857–66.CrossRefPubMed
12.
van der Walt A, Kolbe S, Mitchell P, Wang Y, Butzkueven H, Egan G, et al. Parallel changes in structural and functional measures of optic nerve myelination after optic neuritis. PLoS One. 2015;10(5)
13.
Klistorner A, Sriram P, Vootakuru N, Wang C, Barnett MH, Garrick R, et al. Axonal loss of retinal neurons in multiple sclerosis associated with optic radiation lesions. Neurology. 2014;82(24):2165–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Graham SL, Klistorner A. Afferent visual pathways in multiple sclerosis: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;45(1):62–72.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Duncan ID, Brower A, Kondo Y, Curlee JF, Schultz RD. Extensive remyelination of the CNS leads to functional recovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(16):6832–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Hallpike JF, Adams CWM, Tourtellotte WW. Multiple sclerosis: pathology, diagnosis, and management: Williams & Wilkins; 1983.
17.
Matthews WB, Small DG, Small M, Pountney E. Pattern reversal evoked visual potential in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1977;40(10):1009–14.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Halliday AM, McDonald WI. Pathophysiology of demyelinating disease. Br Med Bull. 1977;33(1):21–7.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Cosi V, Citterio A, Battelli G, Bergamaschi R, Grampa G, Callieco R. Multimodal evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis: a contribution to diagnosis and classification. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1987;Suppl 6:109–12.PubMed
20.
McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, Goodkin D, Hartung HP, Lublin FD, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2001; 50(1) 121–127.
21.
Brusa A, Jones SJ, Plant GT. Long-term remyelination after optic neuritis: a 2-year visual evoked potential and psychophysical serial study. Brain. 2001;124(Pt 3):468–79.CrossRefPubMed
22.
23.
24.
• Green AJ, Gelfand JM, Cree BA, et al. Clemastine fumarate as a remyelinating therapy for multiple sclerosis (ReBUILD): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2017; This is the first phase 2 trial evaluating remyelination which met its clinical end point of improved VEP’s after treatment with clemastine.
25.
Tsakiri A, Kallenbach K, Fuglo D, Wanscher B, Larsson H, Frederiksen J. Simvastatin improves final visual outcome in acute optic neuritis: a randomized study. Mult Scler. 2012;18(1):72–81.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Esfahani MR, Harandi ZA, Movasat M, Nikdel M, Adelpour M, Momeni A, et al. Memantine for axonal loss of optic neuritis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012;250(6):863–9.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Diem R, Molnar F, Beisse F, Gross N, Druschler K, Heinrich SP, et al. Treatment of optic neuritis with erythropoietin (TONE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial-study protocol. BMJ Open. 2016;6(3):e010956.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Weinstock-Guttman B, Baier M, Stockton R, Weinstock A, Justinger T, Munschauer F, et al. Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials as a measure of visual pathway pathology in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2003;9(5):529–34.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Huseyinoglu N, Ekinci M, Ozben S, Buyukuysal C. Relationship between structural and functional assessment of the visual system in mildly disabled relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2014;38(1):1–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Pueyo V, Martin J, Fernandez J, Almarcegui C, Ara J, Egea C, et al. Axonal loss in the retinal nerve fiber layer in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2008;14(5):609–14.CrossRef
31.
Pueyo V, Ara J, Almarcegui C, Martin J, Güerri N, García E, et al. Sub-clinical atrophy of the retinal nerve fibre layer in multiple sclerosis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2010;88(7):748–52.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Parisi V, Manni G, Spadaro M, Colacino G, Restuccia R, Marchi S, et al. Correlation between morphological and functional retinal impairment in multiple sclerosis patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40(11):2520–7.PubMed
33.
Galetta KM, Calabresi PA, Frohman EM, Balcer LJ. Optical coherence tomography (OCT): imaging the visual pathway as a model for neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics. 2011;8(1):117–32.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Costello F, Coupland S, Hodge W, Lorello GR, Koroluk J, Pan YI, et al. Quantifying axonal loss after optic neuritis with optical coherence tomography. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(6):963–9.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Sepulcre J, Murie-Fernandez M, Salinas-Alaman A, García-Layana A, Bejarano B, Villoslada P. Diagnostic accuracy of retinal abnormalities in predicting disease activity in MS. Neurology. 2007;68(18):1488–94.CrossRefPubMed
36.
• Pisa M, Guerrieri S, Di Maggio G, Medaglini S, Moiola L, Martinelli V, et al. No evidence of disease activity is associated with reduced rate of axonal retinal atrophy in MS. Neurology. 2017;89(24):2469–75. This study extended the role of OCT in evaluating MS disease activity by demonstrating that participants with no evidence of disease progression have relative preservation of RNFL CrossRefPubMed
37.
Graham EC, You Y, Yiannikas C, Garrick R, Parratt J, Barnett MH, et al. Progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and axons in nonoptic neuritis eyes in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal optical coherence tomography study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(4):2311–7.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Toledo J, Sepulcre J, Salinas-Alaman A, Garcia-Layana A, Murie-Fernandez M, Bejarano B, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy is associated with physical and cognitive disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2008;14(7):906–12.CrossRef
39.
Gordon-Lipkin E, Chodkowski B, Reich DS, Smith SA, Pulicken M, Balcer LJ, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer is associated with brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2007;69(16):1603–9.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Al-Louzi OA, Bhargava P, Newsome SD, Balcer LJ, Frohman EM, Crainiceanu C, et al. Outer retinal changes following acute optic neuritis. Mult Scler. 2016;22(3):362–72.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Klistorner A, Sriram P, Vootakuru N, Wang C, Barnett MH, Garrick R, et al. Axonal loss of retinal neurons in multiple sclerosis associated with optic radiation lesions. Neurology. 2014;82(24):2165–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Oberwahrenbrock T, Ringelstein M, Jentschke S, Deuschle K, Klumbies K, Bellmann-Strobl J, et al. Retinal ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer thinning in clinically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler. 2013;19(14):1887–95.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Petracca M, Cordano C, Cellerino M, Button J, Krieger S, Vancea R, et al. Retinal degeneration in primary-progressive multiple sclerosis: a role for cortical lesions? Mult Scler. 2017;23(1):43–50.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Saidha S, Sotirchos ES, Ibrahim MA, Crainiceanu CM, Gelfand JM, Sepah YJ, et al. Microcystic macular oedema, thickness of the inner nuclear layer of the retina, and disease characteristics in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(11):963–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Ratchford JN, Saidha S, Sotirchos ES, Oh JA, Seigo MA, Eckstein C, et al. Active MS is associated with accelerated retinal ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer thinning. Neurology. 2013;80(1):47–54.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Cutter GR, Baier ML, Rudick RA, Cookfair DL, Fischer JS, Petkau J, et al. Development of a multiple sclerosis functional composite as a clinical trial outcome measure. Brain. 1999;122(5):871–82.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Ashworth B, Aspinall PA, Mitchell JD. Visual function in multiple sclerosis. Doc Ophthalmol. 1989;73(3):209–24.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Regan D, Raymond J, Ginsburg AP, M-TJ B. Contrast sensitivity, visual acuity and the discrimination of Snellen letters in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 1981;104:333–50.CrossRefPubMed
49.
van Diemen HA, Lanting P, Koetsier JC, Strijers RL, van Walbeek HK, Polman CH. Evaluation of the visual system in multiple sclerosis: a comparative study of diagnostic tests. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1992;94(3):191–5.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Baier ML, Cutter GR, Rudick RA, Miller D, Cohen JA, Weinstock-Guttman B, et al. Low-contrast letter acuity testing captures visual dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2005;64(6):992–5.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Mowry EM, Loguidice MJ, Daniels AB, Jacobs DA, Markowitz CE, Galetta SL, et al. Vision related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: correlation with new measures of low and high contrast letter acuity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(7):767–72.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Chahin S, Miller D, Sakai RE, Wilson JA, Frohman T, Markowitz C, et al. Relation of quantitative visual and neurologic outcomes to fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4(4):304–10.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Balcer LJ, Raynowska J, Nolan R, Galetta SL, Kapoor R, Benedict R, et al. Validity of low-contrast letter acuity as a visual performance outcome measure for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2017;23(5):734–47.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Fisher JB, Jacobs DA, Markowitz CE, Galetta SL, Volpe NJ, Nano-Schiavi ML, et al. Relation of visual function to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(2):324–32.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Seigo MA, Sotirchos ES, Newsome S, Babiarz A, Eckstein C, Et F, et al. In vivo assessment of retinal neuronal layers in multiple sclerosis with manual and automated optical coherence tomography segmentation techniques. J Neurol. 2012;259(10):2119–30.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Wu GF, Schwartz ED, Lei T, Souza A, Mishra S, Jacobs DA, et al. Relation of vision to global and regional brain MRI in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2007;69(23):2128–35.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Kupersmith MJ, Alban T, Zeiffer B, Lefton D. Contrast-enhanced MRI in acute optic neuritis: relationship to visual performance. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 4):812–22.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Davies MB, Williams R, Haq N, Pelosi L, Hawkins CP. MRI of optic nerve and postchiasmal visual pathways and visual evoked potentials in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology. 1998;40(12):765–70.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Miller DH, Newton MR, van der Poel JC, du Boulay EP, Halliday AM, Kendall BE, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve in optic neuritis. Neurology. 1988;38(2):175–9.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Mallik S, Samson RS, Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Miller DH. Imaging outcomes for trials of remyelination in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(12):1396–404.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Yeung HN, Aisen AM. Magnetization transfer contrast with periodic pulsed saturation. Radiology. 1992;183(1):209–14.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Dousset V, Grossman RI, Ramer KN, Schnall MD, Young LH, Gonzalez-Scarano F, et al. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging. Radiology. 1992;182(2):483–91.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Deloire-Grassin MS, Brochet B, Quesson B, Delalande C, Dousset V, Canioni P, et al. In vivo evaluation of remyelination in rat brain by magnetization transfer imaging. J Neurol Sci. 2000;178(1):10–6.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Vavasour IM, Laule C, Li DK, Traboulsee AL, MacKay AL. Is the magnetization transfer ratio a marker for myelin in multiple sclerosis? J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;33(3):713–8.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Mascalchi M, Toschi N, Ginestroni A, Giannelli M, Nicolai E, Aiello M, et al. Gender, age-related, and regional differences of the magnetization transfer ratio of the cortical and subcortical brain gray matter. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;40(2):360–6.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Amann M, Papadopoulou A, Andelova M, Magon S, Mueller-Lenke N, Naegelin Y, et al. Magnetization transfer ratio in lesions rather than normal-appearing brain relates to disability in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2015;262(8):1909–17.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Lexa FJ, Grossman RI, Rosenquist AC. Dyke Award paper. MR of Wallerian degeneration in the feline visual system: characterization by magnetization transfer rate with histopathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15(2):201–12.PubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Melzi L, Rocca MA, Marzoli SB, Falini A, Vezzulli P, Ghezzi A, et al. A longitudinal conventional and magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging study of optic neuritis. Mult Scler. 2007;13(2):265–8.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Boorstein JM, Moonis G, Boorstein SM, Patel YP, Culler AS. Optic neuritis: imaging with magnetization transfer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169(6):1709–12.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Thorpe JW, Barker GJ, Jones SJ, Moseley I, Losseff N, MacManus DG, et al. Magnetisation transfer ratios and transverse magnetisation decay curves in optic neuritis: correlation with clinical findings and electrophysiology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59(5):487–92.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
71.
Hickman SJ, Toosy AT, Jones SJ, Altmann DR, Miszkiel KA, MacManus DG, et al. Serial magnetization transfer imaging in acute optic neuritis. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 3):692–700.PubMed
72.
Silver NC, Lai M, Symms MR, Barker GJ, McDonald WI, Miller DH. Serial magnetization transfer imaging to characterize the early evolution of new MS lesions. Neurology. 1998;51(3):758–64.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Inglese M, Salvi F, Iannucci G, Mancardi GL, Mascalchi M, Filippi M. Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor MR imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(2):267–72.PubMedPubMedCentral
74.
Klistorner A, Chaganti J, Garrick R, Moffat K, Yiannikas C. Magnetisation transfer ratio in optic neuritis is associated with axonal loss, but not with demyelination. NeuroImage. 2011;56(1):21–6.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Evangelou N, Konz D, Esiri MM, Smith S, Palace J, Matthews PM. Size-selective neuronal changes in the anterior optic pathways suggest a differential susceptibility to injury in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2001;124(Pt 9):1813–20.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Hickman SJ, Brex PA, Brierley CM, Silver NC, Barker GJ, Scolding NJ, et al. Detection of optic nerve atrophy following a single episode of unilateral optic neuritis by MRI using a fat-saturated short-echo fast FLAIR sequence. Neuroradiology. 2001;43(2):123–8.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Raftopoulos R, Hickman SJ, Toosy A, Sharrack B, Mallik S, Paling D, et al. Phenytoin for neuroprotection in patients with acute optic neuritis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(3):259–69.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Inglese M, Ghezzi A, Bianchi S, Gerevini S, Sormani MP, Martinelli V, et al. Irreversible disability and tissue loss in multiple sclerosis: a conventional and magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging study of the optic nerves. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(2):250–5.CrossRefPubMed
79.
• Tur C, Goodkin O, Altmann DR, Jenkins TM, Miszkiel K, Mirigliani A, et al. Longitudinal evidence for anterograde trans-synaptic degeneration after optic neuritis. Brain. 2016;139(Pt 3):816–28. This longitudinal study of optic neuritis provided evidence for trans-synaptic degeneration by demonstrating progressive damage to the optic radiations, especially in patients with early residual optic nerve atrophy. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Hickman SJ, Brierley CM, Brex PA, MacManus DG, Scolding NJ, Compston DA, et al. Continuing optic nerve atrophy following optic neuritis: a serial MRI study. Mult Scler. 2002;8(4):339–42.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Stevenson VL, Leary SM, Losseff NA, Parker GJ, Barker GJ, Husmani Y, et al. Spinal cord atrophy and disability in MS: a longitudinal study. Neurology. 1998;51(1):234–8.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Fox NC, Jenkins R, Leary SM, Stevenson VL, Losseff NA, Crum WR, et al. Progressive cerebral atrophy in MS: a serial study using registered, volumetric MRI. Neurology. 2000;54(4):807–12.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Rudick RA, Fisher E, Lee JC, Simon J, Jacobs L. Use of the brain parenchymal fraction to measure whole brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting MS. Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Neurology. 1999;53(8):1698–704.CrossRefPubMed
84.
McGavern DB, Murray PD, Rivera-Quinones C, Schmelzer JD, Low PA, Rodriguez M. Axonal loss results in spinal cord atrophy, electrophysiological abnormalities and neurological deficits following demyelination in a chronic inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 3):519–31.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Kolbe S, Chapman C, Nguyen T, Bajraszewski C, Johnston L, Kean M, et al. Optic nerve diffusion changes and atrophy jointly predict visual dysfunction after optic neuritis. NeuroImage. 2009;45(3):679–86.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Le Bihan D, Mangin JF, Poupon C, Clark CA, Pappata S, Molko N, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging: concepts and applications. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;13(4):534–46.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Schmierer K, Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Boulby PA, Scaravilli F, Altmann DR, Barker GJ, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of post mortem multiple sclerosis brain. NeuroImage. 2007;35(2):467–77.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Song SK, Yoshino J, Le TQ, Lin SJ, Sun SW, Cross AH, et al. Demyelination increases radial diffusivity in corpus callosum of mouse brain. NeuroImage. 2005;26(1):132–40.CrossRefPubMed
89.
DeBoy CA, Zhang J, Dike S, Shats I, Jones M, Reich DS, et al. High resolution diffusion tensor imaging of axonal damage in focal inflammatory and demyelinating lesions in rat spinal cord. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 8):2199–210.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Cross AH, Song SK. A new imaging modality to non-invasively assess multiple sclerosis pathology. J Neuroimmunol. 2017;304:81–5.CrossRefPubMed
91.
Naismith RT, Xu J, Tutlam NT, Snyder A, Benzinger T, Shimony J, et al. Disability in optic neuritis correlates with diffusion tensor-derived directional diffusivities. Neurology. 2009;72(7):589–94.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
92.
Naismith RT, Xu J, Tutlam NT, Lancia S, Trinkaus K, Song SK, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in acute optic neuropathies: predictor of clinical outcomes. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(1):65–71.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Nishioka C, Liang HF, Chung CF, Sun SW. Disease stage-dependent relationship between diffusion tensor imaging and electrophysiology of the visual system in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology. 2017;59(12):1241–50.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
94.
Lin TH, Chiang CW, Perez-Torres CJ, Sun P, Wallendorf M, Schmidt RE, et al. Diffusion MRI quantifies early axonal loss in the presence of nerve swelling. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14(1):78.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
95.
96.
Sühs K-WW, Hein K, Sättler MB, Görlitz A, Ciupka C, Scholz K, et al. A randomized, double-blind, phase 2 study of erythropoietin in optic neuritis. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(2):199–210.CrossRefPubMed
97.
McCroskery P, Selmaj K, Fernandez O, Neurology LME. Safety and Tolerability of opicinumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis: the phase 2b SYNERGY trial (P5. 369). Neurology 2017.
98.
Cadavid D, Balcer L, Galetta S, Aktas O, Ziemssen T, Vanopdenbosch L, et al. Safety and efficacy of opicinumab in acute optic neuritis (RENEW): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(3):189–99.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Using the Anterior Visual System to Assess Neuroprotection and Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis Trials
verfasst von
Elizabeth Silbermann
Lindsey Wooliscroft
Dennis Bourdette
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports / Ausgabe 8/2018
Print ISSN: 1528-4042
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-6293
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-018-0858-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2018

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 8/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Sleep (M Thorpy and M Billiard, Section Editors)

Sleep Apnea Is a Risk Factor for Stroke and Vascular Dementia

Demyelinating Disorders (J Bernard and M Cameron, Section Editors)

The Management of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis

Nerve and Muscle (L H Weimer, Section Editor)

Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes in 2018

Genetics (V Bonifati, Section Editor)

GBA-Associated Parkinson’s Disease and Other Synucleinopathies

Demyelinating Disorders (J Bernard and M Cameron, Section Editors)

Cannabinoids for Treatment of MS Symptoms: State of the Evidence

Sleep (M Thorpy and M Billiard, Section Editors)

Insomnia Disorder and Brain’s Default-Mode Network

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Frühe Alzheimertherapie lohnt sich

25.04.2024 AAN-Jahrestagung 2024 Nachrichten

Ist die Tau-Last noch gering, scheint der Vorteil von Lecanemab besonders groß zu sein. Und beginnen Erkrankte verzögert mit der Behandlung, erreichen sie nicht mehr die kognitive Leistung wie bei einem früheren Start. Darauf deuten neue Analysen der Phase-3-Studie Clarity AD.

Viel Bewegung in der Parkinsonforschung

25.04.2024 Parkinson-Krankheit Nachrichten

Neue arznei- und zellbasierte Ansätze, Frühdiagnose mit Bewegungssensoren, Rückenmarkstimulation gegen Gehblockaden – in der Parkinsonforschung tut sich einiges. Auf dem Deutschen Parkinsonkongress ging es auch viel um technische Innovationen.

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise