The present study validates a symphysis-fundal height chart (SFH-chart) for pregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and mild gestational hyperglycemia (MGH) attending at the Diabetes and Pregnancy Reference Service of the Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Brazil.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the specific FHC in predicting small (SGA) and large (LGA) for gestational age newborns (NB). We evaluated 206 pregnant women with DM2, GDM or MGH and their NB. The last symphysis-fundal height measure, taken at birth, was used to determine the sensitivity index (Sens), specificity index (Spe), positive prediction value (PPV), negative prediction value (NPV) and accuracy in predicting SGA and LGA. The gold standard was the Lubchenco birth weight/gestational age ratio evaluated at birth.
Results
The mothers showed adequate glycemic control; 91.3 % of all pregnant women achieved HbA1c < 6,5 % in the third trimester. The SFH-chart tested achieved 100 % of Sens and NPV in predicting both SGA and LGA, with accuracy of 90.3 % (85.5; 93.6) and 91.8 % (87.2; 94.8), respectively, for predicting SGA and LGA newborns.
Conclusions
The Basso SFH-chart showed high performance in predicting both SGA and LGA newborns of DM-2, GDM and MGH mothers, with better performance than the national reference SFH-chart. These findings support the internal validation of the Basso SFH-chart, which may be implemented in the prenatal care of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Reference Service-Botucatu Medical School/UNESP.
Background
The reference symphysis-fundal height chart (SFH-chart) recommended by the Brazilian Health Ministry [1] was developed by the Latin American Center of Perinatology and Human Development (CLAP) and published in 1984 [2]. In developing countries, it is the primary if not the only tool for measuring fetal growth [3]. Other studies suggest the development of specific SFH-charts for each country, that is, based on the main population features [4‐6]. As such, Brazilian studies have created new SFH-charts that are more suitable for their population [3, 7‐15]. The most recent SFH-charts show significant contrasts in relation to the reference national SFH-chart [1, 2], which is more sensitive in identifying newborns that are small for gestational age (SGA-NB) [3, 13, 15].
Given the unsuitability of the national reference SFH-chart [1, 2] and the lack of specific SFH-charts for risk pregnancy, Basso [16] developed an SFH-chart for pregnancies complicated by diabetes and hyperglycemia. The Basso SFH-chart was based on 2470 symphysis-fundal height measures taken between 13 and 41 weeks of gestation, in 422 pregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) [17] and mild gestational hyperglycemia (MGH) [18] under adequate glycemic control, with maternal glycemic mean < 120 mg/dL and/or HbA1c < 6,5 % [17, 18].
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The Basso SFH-chart [16] differs significantly from the national reference SFH-chart [1, 2] and those developed by Oppermannn et al. [3] and Freire et al. [15] for Brazilians with low risk pregnancy. It was shown to be more appropriate than the others in predicting large for gestational age newborns (LGA-NB) because its percentiles exhibit higher values for most pregnancy weeks (P10 to P90). It is therefore more suitable for accompanying pregnancies complicated by DM2, GDM and MGH, which commonly result in larger babies. However, the diagnostic performance of the SFH-chart has yet to be tested on pregnant women with the aforementioned disorders [16]. In this sense, the present study aimed at validating the Basso SFH-chart [16] developed for pregnant women with DM2, GDM and MGH. To that end, the Basso SFH-chart was tested in a population that fits the described profile.
Methods
Design and subjects
This observational study was carried out to validate the diagnostic performance of Basso SFH-chart [16] specific for pregnant women with DM2, GDM and MGH (Table 1 and Fig. 1). It was performed at the Diabetes and Pregnancy Reference Service of the Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil (SEDG-FMB/UNESP). The Human Research Ethics Committee of the Botucatu Medical School/UNESP approved the research project under protocol # 255/08.
Table 1
Expected value, lower and upper bounds of a 95 % confidence interval on Basso SFH-chart [16]* between 13 and 42 weeks of pregnancy complicated by diabetes and hyperglycemia
FH = 1.082 + 0.966*week
FH (lower bound) = 0.629 + 0.95*week
FH (upper bound) = 1.535 + 0.981*week
Confidence interval 95 %
Week
Expected FH
Lower bound
Upper bound
13
13.64
12.98
14.29
14
14.61
13.93
15.27
15
15.57
14.88
16.25
16
16.54
15.83
17.23
17
17.50
16.78
18.21
18
18.47
17.73
19.19
19
19.44
18.68
20.17
20
20.40
19.63
21.16
21
21.37
20.58
22.14
22
22.33
21.53
23.12
23
23.30
22.48
24.10
24
24.27
23.43
25.08
25
25.23
24.38
26.06
26
26.20
25.33
27.04
27
27.16
26.28
28.02
28
28.13
27.23
29.00
29
29.10
28.18
29.98
30
30.06
29.13
30.97
31
31.03
30.08
31.95
32
31.99
31.03
32.93
33
32.96
31.98
33.91
34
33.93
32.93
34.89
35
34.89
33.88
35.87
36
35.86
34.83
36.85
37
36.82
35.78
37.83
38
37.79
36.73
38.81
39
38.76
37.68
39.79
40
39.72
38.63
40.78
41
40.69
39.58
41.76
42
41.65
40.53
42.74
Fig. 1
Basso SFH-chart [16] developed for pregnant women with type 2-DM, GDM or mild gestational hyperglycemia (MGH)
×
All pregnant women attending at SEDG-FMB/UNESP in the period, and that met the inclusion criteria, were included in this study. As described in Basso study [16], the following inclusion criteria were adopted: (i) pregnant women with DM2, GDM or MGH; (ii) treated at SEDG-FMB/UNESP during the prenatal period (which involves at least five prenatal visit) and at birth; (iii) gestational age confirmed by early ultrasound (until 20 weeks); (iv) having a singleton pregnancy with live fetus; and (v) signing an informed consent form. A total of 206 pregnant women and their newborns were included in the study.
Data collection
Data were obtained from the SEDG-FMB/UNESP database, which was updated daily with information acquired from every prenatal visit and hospitalization period, including the time of birth. Data were analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2003® spreadsheets.
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Subjects were characterized according to maternal age (years), pre pregnancy body mass index (BMI) [19], number of gestations and gestational age at birth. The type of hyperglycemia condition was categorized according to Priscila White’s prognostic classification [20] and Rudge’s diagnostic criteria [18]. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was determined at late pregnancy to identify the quality of glucose control in the third trimester, considering levels < 6.5 % as adequate [17].
The SFH measures throughout pregnancy (13 to 41 weeks) were plotted on Basso SFH-chart [16]. The last measure, taken at birth, was used to calculate the values and confidence intervals (at 95 %) of the sensitivity index (Sens), specificity index (Spec), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), and determine its accuracy in predicting small and large for gestational age newborns (SGA-NB and LGA-NB, respectively). The newborns were classified according to Lubchenco birth weight/gestational age ratio [21], which was used as gold standard to evaluate the Basso SFH-chart performance to predict SGA and LGA newborns.
Subjects follow-up
According to SEDG-FMB/UNESP protocol [18], the diabetic pregnant women (type 2-DM) were immediately submitted to the glycemic control, with individual nutritional prescription and light to moderate-intensity exercises (walking 30 min five times a week), and received insulin from the first evaluation.
To diagnostic of GDM or MGH, were used the oral glucose tolerance test (75g-OGTT) and glycemic profile (GP), independently performed between 24 and 28 gestational weeks. The pregnant women with confirmed GDM or MGH were introduced to the same nutrition and exercise treatment protocol to achieve the glycemic control, and insulin was introduced when necessary [18].
The maternal glycemic control was evaluated by GP with fasting, pre- and post- prandial glycemic levels for 24 h in 2-week intervals until 32nd week, and weekly until delivery. A good glycemic control was achieved by glycemic mean < 120 mg/dL and/or HbA1c < 6.5 %. GDM or MGH pregnant women with adequate glycemic control and fetal growth waited for spontaneous labor until 39–40 weeks; those with no adequate glycemic control and/or fetal growth, and all type 2-DM have their delivery programmed about 37 weeks [18].
Statistical analysis
The distribution of symphysis-fundal height measures on the Basso SFH-chart was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software. McNemar’s test evaluated the performance of Basso SFH-chart [16] and of the national reference SFH-chart [1, 2] in predicting SGA- and LGA-newborns.
Results
The subjects profile (Table 2) shows that most were aged 25 years or older, with BMI corresponding to overweight and obesity, and at least one previous pregnancy. Of the 206 women analyzed, 104 (50.5 %) exhibited GDM and 29 (14.1 %) DM2, and according to Rudge diagnostic criteria [18], 73 (35.4 %) suffered from MGH. Mean maternal HbA1c level in the third trimester was 6.0 ± 1.06 %; 188 (91.3 %) pregnant women had adequate glycemic control, with HbA1c levels ≤ 6.5 %.
Table 2
Characterization of the pregnant women studied
N
Frequency (%)
≥25 years of age
180
87.4
BMI ≥ 25 Kg/m2
152
73.8
≥1 previous delivery
146
70.9
Birth ≥ 37 weeks
189
91.7
P White classificationa [n = 133]
A [diet controlled GDM]
83
62.4
A/B [diet + insulin controlled GDM]
21
15.8
B to C [DM2, no vascular diseases]
25
18.8
D to FRH [DM2, with vascular diseases]
4
3.0
Rudge groupsb [n = 206]
IIA [abnormal GTT, normal GP]
15
7.3
IIB [abnormal GTT, abnormal GP]
118
57.3
IB [normal GTT, abnormal GP]
73
35.4
HbA1c < 6,5 % [3rd trimester]
188
91.3
aPriscilla White’s prognostic classes [20] for diabetes in pregnancy: GDM (gestational diabetes) and DM2 (type 2 diabetes)
bRudge’s diagnostic criteria for hyperglycemia in pregnancy [18] with the association glucose tolerance test (GTT) + glucose profile (GP)
IIA: GDM, with abnormal gestational GTT and normal gestational GP
IIB: GDM, with abnormal gestational TTG and GP; or DM2, with abnormal pre-pregnancy GTT
IB: mild gestational hyperglycemia (MGH), with normal gestational GTT and abnormal gestational GP
The women provided 980 symphysis-fundal height measures (mean = 4.76 measures each) between 24 and 38 weeks of pregnancy. The maximum number of measures per gestational age was 93 (for 34 weeks) and 104 (for 37 weeks). The measures were plotted on Basso SFH-chart [16] (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Distribution of 960 symphysis-fundal height measurements in this study plotted in Basso SFH-chart [16]
×
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Table 3 shows the distribution of the newborns according to Lubchenco birth weight/gestational age ratio [21]. The performance of Basso SFH-chart to predict SGA- and LGA-newborns showed 100 % of Sens and VPN for both SGA and LGA newborns. The accuracy of the Basso SFH-chart was 90.3 % (85.5; 93.6) for detecting SGA, and 91.8 % (87.2; 94.8) for identifying LGA. The Sens and NPV values on Basso SFH-chart [16] for predicting both SGA and LGA were higher than those on the national reference SFH-chart [1, 2] (Table 4).
Table 3
Newborn distribution into birth weight classes according Basso SFH-chart [16] and Lubchenco et al. [21]
Our findings validate Basso SFH-chart [16], developed for DM2, GDM and MGH pregnant women with adequate glycemic control. The Basso SFH-chart [16] identified all the cases of intrauterine growth deviation, with respect to both growth restriction and excessive growth. The national reference SFH-chart [1, 2] showed a lower sensitivity index for predicting LGA-NB (66.7 %) and identified less than 40 % of SGA-NB (sensitivity = 38.9 %).
Compared to the results obtained with the national reference SFH-chart [1, 2], the most recent SFH-charts created for low-risk Brazilian pregnant women showed higher sensitivity in detecting SGA-NB [3, 13‐15, 22]. The pioneering results of Belizan et al. [23] exhibited 86 % sensitivity, 90 % specificity and 10% false positive results in identifying growth-restricted fetuses, validating symphysis-fundal height measurements in the routine prenatal care. Thus, the findings of our study, with 100 % sensitivity, 89.6 % specificity, and no false positives in detecting SGA-NB, indicate the suitability of the Basso SFH-chart [16] for assessing growth restriction in pregnancies complicated with diabetes or hyperglycemia.
Regarding LGA-newborns, the Basso SFH-chart [16] identified all newborns with this condition, achieving 100 % of sensitivity; the sensitivity of the national reference SFH-chart [1, 2] was 66.7 %. In the Brazilian Study of Gestational Diabetes (EBDG), the distribution of symphysis-fundal height in the percentile 90 showed low sensitivity (0.8 a 6.0 %) to identify LGA-newborns [3]. The SFH-chart developed by Freire et al. [15] in Brazilian health pregnant women achieved sensitivity of 44.4 % and NPV of 89.4 % to predict LGA-newborns. Based on these national references, the indexes of 100 % sensitivity, 100 % NPV, 17 false positives (out of 178 cases), and no false negatives (28 cases) observed in our study, reinforce the good performance of Basso SFH-chart in identifying LGA-NB in pregnancies complicated with hyperglycemia.
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All the best of our knowledge, SFH-chart specific for pregnancies complicated by diabetes or hyperglycemia had not yet been developed until Basso study [16]. This highlight the originality of our investigation, but difficult the data analysis. Basso SFH-chart [16] performed best in identifying both fetal growth restriction and excessive fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by diabetes and hyperglycemia. On the other hand, the most recent SFH-charts developed for the Brazilian population [3, 15] and the national reference SFH-chart [1, 2] did not exhibit adequate sensitivity indexes or NPV for this population. Considering that Sensitivity and PPV are indicators for a good diagnostic test [22], our results justify the use of Basso SFH-chart in the prenatal care at SEDG-FMB/UNESP.
However, some points must be reinforced. Similar to Freire et al. [15], the Basso SFH-chart [16] was based on data collected by a single observer, under controlled methodological procedures. These methodological features prevent the inter-observers bias. In the present study, although the same technical protocol, different professionals performed the symphysis-fundal height evaluation. According Oppermann et al. [3], this is a positive point to improve the efficiency and reproducibility of the Basso SFH-chart [16], and will likely contribute to its external validation.
Other point is that the subjects of Basso SFH-chart [16] have adequate glycemic control, and this characteristic was not a criteria inclusion in our study. However, our subjects and the population in the Basso study [16] was from a same health service, subjected to similar protocols for glycemic control, in general, resulting in adequate glycemic control. In our study, the HbA1c levels < 6.5 % in the end of gestation was achieved by 91.3 % (188/206) of all pregnant women. Besides, the statistic power calculation, considering glycemic control and gestational weeks, achieved 99.5 %. This findings support the internal validation of the Basso SFH-chart in our service.
Another question would be about the potential bias of pre- or pregnancy-BMI, and the necessity of an adjusting analysis by these variables. However, maternal BMI not seem to have been decisive in the original study [16]; the linear regression equation to predict SFH [SFH = 1.082 + 0.966*gestational week] showed that SFH varied only as a function of gestational age. Overweight or obesity is a common characteristic in diabetic pregnant women, constituting the physiopathologic base to insulin resistance, and this is a reality in our service. BMI ≥ 25 Kg/m2 was present in 73.8 % and 62,3 %, respectively, here and in Basso SFH-chart study [16]. BMI should be appreciated in external validation of the Basso SFH-chart in others services and subjects with different characteristics of BMI.
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The Basso SFH-chart performance to predict LGA- and SGA-newborns was relative to late measures at birth, that is, at least 37 weeks in 91.7 % (189/206) of all cases. Our option was use the best (and real) gold standard, that is, the birth weight. Although not being the best gold standard for fetal growth [24], the measure of ultrasound abdominal circumference for each gestational week would be another option, but this cannot be included in our study. Either way, the distribution of our SFH measures, just superimposed on the Basso SFH-chart (Fig. 2), reinforces its validation.
Finally, the results of our study showed the high performance to predict the birth weight deviations of unique SFH-charts in pregnancies complicated by DM-2, GDM, and MGH. To clinical practice, the Basso SFH-chart [16] may be employed as a useful tool to C-section indications for macrosomia at the SEDG-FMB/Unesp. Another study using fetal ultrasound abdominal circumference as the gold standard should validate its use also to decisions on the maternal glycemic control during pregnancy. Likewise, other studies are needed to assess the reproducibility and external validation of Basso SFH-chart [16] for use in different diabetic pregnancy reference centers.
Conclusion
The Basso SFH-chart [16] showed high performance in predicting both SGA and LGA newborns of DM-2, GDM and MGH mothers, with better performance than the national reference SFH-chart [1, 2]. These findings support the internal validation of the Basso SFH-chart [16], which may be implemented in the prenatal care of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Reference Service-Botucatu Medical School/UNESP.
Abbreviations
SFH-chart, Symphysis fundal height chart; CLAP, Latin American Center of Perinatology and Human Development; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; MGH, mild gestational hyperglycemia; DM-2, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; Sens, sensitivity index; Spec, specificity index; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value, SGA-NB, small for gestational age newborn; LGA-NB, large for gestational age newborn
Acknowledgements
To Diabetes and Pregnancy Reference Service, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Financial support
None.
Authors’ contributions
Participated in the collect of samples: NASB, and GM. Conceived and designed the experiments: IMPC, and NASB. Analyzed the data: AD, NASB, MVCR, and IMPC. Wrote the paper: NASB, GM, RAAC, AD, MVCR, and IMPC. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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