Introduction
Methods
Data Analysis
Results
Variable | n | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Female | 14 | 28 |
Male | 36 | 72 |
Age | ||
0–3 months | 16 | 32 |
4–6 months | 13 | 26 |
7–9 months | 21 | 42 |
Primary medical diagnosis | ||
Neurological including epilepsy, meningioma | 9 | 18 |
Respiratory including bronchomalacia, chronic lung prematurity, bronchiolitis | 17 | 34 |
Cardiac surgery | 2 | 4 |
Anatomical including cleft palate, laryngomalacia | 5 | 10 |
Chromosomal including Down’s syndrome | 4 | 8 |
Unknown including low birth weight, nil diagnosis | 13 | 26 |
Oxygen support required via nasal prongs (low-flow only) | ||
Yes | 9 | 18 |
No | 41 | 82 |
Nasogastric tube | ||
Present | 20 | 40 |
Not present | 30 | 60 |
Tracheostomy | ||
Present | 1 | 2 |
Not present | 49 | 98 |
Presence of current respiratory illness | ||
Yes | 21 | 42 |
No | 29 | 58 |
Airway compromise | ||
Present (PAS = 3–8) | 16 | 32 |
PAS 5–8 (aspirators) | 11 | 22 |
Not present (PAS = 1 or 2) | 34 | 68 |
Min | Max | Mean | SE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Timing measures | Total pharyngeal transit time (TPT) | 0.3 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.1 |
Time to airway closure* (AEs-AEcl) | 0.03 | 1.1 | 0.62 | 0.4 | |
PES opening duration (PESdur) | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.1 | |
SP closure duration (T-SP) | 0 | 3.82 | 1.6 | 0.51 | |
Coordination measures | Bolus head reaches PES in relation to frame of complete airway closure (B1-AEcl)* | 0.07 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Displacement measures | Pharyngeal constriction ratio (PCR) | 0 | 0.46 | 0.1 | 0 |
Pharyngoesophageal segment maximum opening (PESmax) | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.1 |
Descriptive swallow measures | ||
---|---|---|
Penetration-aspiration scale score | Median 1; Mode: 1, range 1–8 | |
Frequency of Pen/Asp (PAS 3 +) | 65/349 | 32% of infants 18% of swallows |
Residue present | 42/349 | 12% of swallows |
Naso-pharyngeal regurgitation (NPR) present | 24/349 | 7% of swallows |
Pharyngo-esophageal regurgitation (PER) present | 22/349 | 6% of swallows |
Suck swallow measures | Median | Max | Mode |
---|---|---|---|
Number of swallows in 20 s | 7 | 15 | 10 |
Number of sucks in 20 s | 10 | 17 | 10 |
Suck: swallow ratio | 2:1 | 6:1 | 1:1 |
TPT | AEs-AEcl | SP | PESdur | PCR | Number swallows | Pen/Asp | Sucks:swallow | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPT | rs = .30, p < .05 | rs = .20, p > .05 | rs = .54, p < .05 | rs = .40, p < .05 | rs = .07, p > .05 | rs = .19, p > .05 | rs = .11, p > .05 | |
AEs-AEcl | rs = .30, p < .05 | rs = .68, p < .05 | rs = .29, p < .05 | rs = .76 p < .05 | rs = .30, p > .05 | rs = -.30, p > .05 | rs = -.07, p > .05 | |
T-SP | rs = .20, p > .05 | rs = .68, p < .05 | rs = .10, p > .05 | rs = .69, p < .05 | rs = -.06, p > .05 | rs = .18, p > .05 | rs = .23, p > .05 | |
PES dur | rs = .354 p < .05 | rs = .29, p < .05 | rs = .10, p > .05 | rs = .35, p > .05 | rs = .01, p > .05 | rs = .07, p > .05 | rs = -.01, p > .05 | |
PCR | rs = .40, p < .05 | rs = .76, p < .05 | rs = .69, p < .05 | rs = .35, p > .05 | rs = -.08, p > 0.05 | rs = -.19, p > .05 | rs = .12, p > .05 | |
Number swallows | rs = .07, p > .05 | rs = .30, p > .05 | rs = .06, p > .05 | rs = .01, p > .05 | rs = .08, p > .05 | rs = -.13, p > .05 | rs = -.61, p < .05 | |
Pen-Aspiration Scale | rs = .26, p > .05 | rs = .11, p > .05 | rs = .16, p > .05 | rs = .18, p > .05 | rs = .26, p > .05 | rs = -13., p > .05 | rs = .28, p < .05 | |
Suck:swallow | rs = .11, p > .05 | rs = .07, p > .05 | rs = 231, p > .05 | rs = .01, p > .05 | rs = .12, p > .05 | rs = -.61, p < .05 | rs = .28, p < .05 |