Background
Factors associated with unintended pregnancies
Intimate partner violence and men’s control over women’s fertility
Rationale
Methods
Study design
Measurements
Individual variables
Municipality-level variables
Analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
The prevalence of unintended pregnancies and women’s characteristics
Characteristic | Unintended pregnancies no n = 3413 | Unintended pregnancies yes n = 1934 | All n = 5347 |
---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | |
Residency (Rural)* | 55.3 | 46.7 | 52.1 |
Age in years, Mean (SE) | 27.0 (0.15) | 27.6 (0.20) | 27.2 (0.12) |
Education | |||
No education | 16.6 | 16.6 | 16.6 |
Primary School | 43.0 | 42.5 | 42.8 |
High school | 28.7 | 31.3 | 29.7 |
College or higher | 11.5 | 9.4 | 10.7 |
Socioeconomic status* | |||
Quintile 1 | 30.4 | 25.2 | 28.5 |
Quintile 2 | 21.4 | 22.5 | 21.8 |
Quintile 3 | 16.7 | 22.8 | 18.9 |
Quintile 4 | 15.5 | 17.5 | 16.2 |
Quintile 5 | 15.8 | 11.8 | 14.3 |
Ever use of modern contraceptives | |||
(yes)* | 93.0 | 95.4 | 93.9 |
Controlling behavior by | |||
partner (yes)* | 47.5 | 57.6 | 51.3 |
Ever sexual abuse by any person | |||
(yes)* | 7.3 | 12.6 | 9.3 |
Ever physical/sexual IPV | |||
(yes)* | 19.9 | 30.4 | 23.8 |
Municipality-level characteristics
Characteristic | Municipalities n = 142 | |
---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | Range | |
% of women exposed to sexual violence by any person | 9.4 (0.35) | 0–23.7 |
% of women exposed to physical/sexual IPV | 27.5 (0.65) | 0–54.2 |
% of women using modern contraceptives | 68.6 (0.68) | 33.3–100 |
% of the population in extreme poverty | 42.8 (1.57) | 13.5–87.4 |
% of women who are illiterate | 25.6 (1.12) | 7.7–65 |
% of women exposed to controlling behavior by a partner | 51.1 (0.79) | 26.7–86.4 |
Multilevel analysis
1. Empty model | 2. Model with individual-level variables | 3. Model with individual-level and municipality-level variables | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measures of association (AOR, 95%
CrI)*
| |||||
Individual-level variables
| |||||
Controlling behavior by a partner (yes) | --- | 1.29 | (1.13–1.47) | 1.28 | (1.13–1.44) |
Ever sexual abuse by any person (yes) | --- | 1.32 | (1.06–1.62) | 1.31 | (1.03–1.62) |
Ever physical/sexual IPV (yes) | --- | 1.45 | (1.24–1.68) | 1.44 | (1.24–1.66) |
Municipality-level variables
| |||||
% of women exposed to controlling behavior by a partner | |||||
Lowest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.00 | |
Middle tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.10 | (0.89–1.33) |
Highest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.25 | (1.03–1.48) |
% of women exposed to sexual violence by any person | |||||
Lowest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.00 | |
Middle tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.05 | (0.84–1.28) |
Highest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.00 | (0.75–1.33) |
% of women exposed to physical/sexual IPV | |||||
Lowest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.00 | |
Middle tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.09 | (0.90–1.32) |
Highest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.20 | (0.92–1.55) |
Measures of clustering
| |||||
Area-level variance (SD) | 0.081 (0.026) | 0.066 (0.025) | 0.062 (0.029) | ||
PCV | --- | −18.5% | −6% | ||
MOR | 1.31 | 1.27 | 1.26 | ||
VPC | 0.024 | 0.019 | 0.018 |
1. Empty model | 2. Model with individual-level variables | 3. Model with individual-level and municipality-level variables | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measures of association (AOR, 95%
CrI)*
| |||||
Individual-level variables
| |||||
Controlling behavior by a partner (yes) | --- | 1.28 | (1.10–1.50) | 1.26 | (1.08–1.47) |
Ever sexual abuse by any person (yes) | --- | 1.26 | (0.99–1.61) | 1.25 | (0.98–1.60) |
Ever physical/sexual IPV (yes) | --- | 1.44 | (1.21–1.71) | 1.43 | (1.20–1.70) |
Area-level variables
| |||||
% of women exposed to controlling behavior by a partner | |||||
Lowest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.00 | |
Middle tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.08 | (0.86–1.35) |
Highest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.27 | (1.06–1.53) |
% of women exposed to sexual violence by any person | |||||
Lowest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.00 | |
Middle tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.04 | (0.84–1.29) |
Highest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.10 | (0.88–1.37) |
% of women exposed to physical/sexual IPV | |||||
Lowest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.00 | |
Middle tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.03 | (0.84–1.25) |
Highest tertile | --- | --- | --- | 1.10 | (0.84–1.43) |
Measures of clustering
| |||||
Area-level variance (SD) | 0.095 (0.027) | 0.079 (0.025) | 0.054 (0.022) | ||
PCV | --- | −16% | −31% | ||
MOR | 1.34 | 1.30 | 1.24 | ||
VPC | 0.028 | 0.023 | 0.016 |