Sekundärprävention nach ischämischem Schlaganfall

Zurück zum Zitat Heuschmann PU, Busse O, Wagner M, Endres M, Villringer A, Röther J, Kolominsky-Rabas P, Berger K. Schlaganfallhäufigkeit und Versorgung von Schlaganfallpatienten in Deutschland. Aktuelle Neurologie 2010;37:333–40CrossRef Heuschmann PU, Busse O, Wagner M, Endres M, Villringer A, Röther J, Kolominsky-Rabas P, Berger K. Schlaganfallhäufigkeit und Versorgung von Schlaganfallpatienten in Deutschland. Aktuelle Neurologie 2010;37:333–40CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Deutsche Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft (DSG), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN). S3-Leitlinie: Sekundärprophylaxe ischämischer Schlaganfall und transitorische ischämische Attacke — Teil 1. Version 1.0. 31.01.2015. from URL: http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/030-133.html Deutsche Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft (DSG), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN). S3-Leitlinie: Sekundärprophylaxe ischämischer Schlaganfall und transitorische ischämische Attacke — Teil 1. Version 1.0. 31.01.2015. from URL: http://​www.​awmf.​org/​leitlinien/​detail/​ll/​030-133.​html

Zurück zum Zitat Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324 (7329): 71–86 Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324 (7329): 71–86

Zurück zum Zitat Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Gubitz GJ, Tseng MC. Antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;3:CD000029 Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Gubitz GJ, Tseng MC. Antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;3:CD000029

Zurück zum Zitat Rothwell PM, Algra A, Chen Z, Diener HC, Norrving B, Mehta Z. Effects of aspirin on risk and severity of early recurrent stroke after transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: time-course analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2016;388:365–75CrossRef Rothwell PM, Algra A, Chen Z, Diener HC, Norrving B, Mehta Z. Effects of aspirin on risk and severity of early recurrent stroke after transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: time-course analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2016;388:365–75CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Diener HC, Bogousslavskyi J, Brass LM et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or TIA in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;365:331–7CrossRef Diener HC, Bogousslavskyi J, Brass LM et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or TIA in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;365:331–7CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Bhatt DL, Foss KAA, Hacke W et al. Clopidogrel and Aspirin versus Aspirin Alone for the Prevention of Atherothrombotic Ents. Ne Engl. J Med 2006:354:1706–17CrossRef Bhatt DL, Foss KAA, Hacke W et al. Clopidogrel and Aspirin versus Aspirin Alone for the Prevention of Atherothrombotic Ents. Ne Engl. J Med 2006:354:1706–17CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat SPS3-Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with recent lacunar stroke. N Engl J Med 2012:367: 817–25CrossRef SPS3-Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with recent lacunar stroke. N Engl J Med 2012:367: 817–25CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Chimowitz MI et al. Sammpris Trial Investigators. Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 2011:365:993–1003CrossRef Chimowitz MI et al. Sammpris Trial Investigators. Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 2011:365:993–1003CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Wang, Y, Wang, Y, Zhao, X Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2013;369:11–9CrossRef Wang, Y, Wang, Y, Zhao, X Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2013;369:11–9CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Johnston, SC, Easton, JD, Farrant, M Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA. N Engl J Med 2018;379:215–25CrossRef Johnston, SC, Easton, JD, Farrant, M Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA. N Engl J Med 2018;379:215–25CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Pan Y, Elm JJ, Li H, Easton JD, Wang Y, Farrant M, Meng X, Kim AS, Zhao X, Meurer W, Liu L, Dietrich D, Wang Y, Johnston CS. Outcomes Associated With Clopidogrel-Aspirin Use in Minor Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Pooled Analysis of Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients With Acute Non-Disabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) and Platelet-Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke (POINT) Trials. JAMA Neurol 2019;e192531. Published online 2019 Aug 19 Pan Y, Elm JJ, Li H, Easton JD, Wang Y, Farrant M, Meng X, Kim AS, Zhao X, Meurer W, Liu L, Dietrich D, Wang Y, Johnston CS. Outcomes Associated With Clopidogrel-Aspirin Use in Minor Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Pooled Analysis of Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients With Acute Non-Disabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) and Platelet-Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke (POINT) Trials. JAMA Neurol 2019;e192531. Published online 2019 Aug 19

Zurück zum Zitat Sposato LA, Cipriano LE, Saposnik G, Vargas ER, Riccio PM, Hachinski V. Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation after stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2015;14(4):377–87CrossRef Sposato LA, Cipriano LE, Saposnik G, Vargas ER, Riccio PM, Hachinski V. Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation after stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2015;14(4):377–87CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Haeusler KG, Gröschel K, Köhrmann M, Anker SD, Brachmann J, Böhm M, Diener HC, Doehner W, Endres M, Gerloff C, Huttner HB, Kaps M, Kirchhof P, Nabavi DG, Nolte CH, Pfeilschifter W, Pieske B, Poli S, Schäbitz WR, Thomalla G, Veltkamp R, Steiner T, Laufs U, Röther J, Wachter R, Schnabel R. Expert opinion paper on atrial fibrillation detection after ischemic. Clin Res Cardiol. 2018;107:871–80CrossRef Haeusler KG, Gröschel K, Köhrmann M, Anker SD, Brachmann J, Böhm M, Diener HC, Doehner W, Endres M, Gerloff C, Huttner HB, Kaps M, Kirchhof P, Nabavi DG, Nolte CH, Pfeilschifter W, Pieske B, Poli S, Schäbitz WR, Thomalla G, Veltkamp R, Steiner T, Laufs U, Röther J, Wachter R, Schnabel R. Expert opinion paper on atrial fibrillation detection after ischemic. Clin Res Cardiol. 2018;107:871–80CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007;146(12):857–67CrossRef Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007;146(12):857–67CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, Hoffman EB, Deenadayalu N, Ezekowitz MD, Camm AJ, Weitz JI, Lewis BS, Parkhomenko A, Yamashita T, Antman EM. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Lancet 2014;383(9921):955–62CrossRef Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, Hoffman EB, Deenadayalu N, Ezekowitz MD, Camm AJ, Weitz JI, Lewis BS, Parkhomenko A, Yamashita T, Antman EM. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Lancet 2014;383(9921):955–62CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, Easton JD, Granger CB, O’Donnell MJ, Sacco RL, Connolly SJ; Cryptogenic Stroke/ESUS International Working Group. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:429–38CrossRef Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, Easton JD, Granger CB, O’Donnell MJ, Sacco RL, Connolly SJ; Cryptogenic Stroke/ESUS International Working Group. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:429–38CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Hart RG, Sharma M, Mundl H, Kasner SE, Bangdiwala SI, Berkowitz SD, Swaminathan B, Lavados P, Wang Y, Wang Y, Davalos A, Shamalov N, Mikulik R, Cunha L, Lindgren A, Arauz A, Lang W, Czlonkowska A, Eckstein J, Gagliardi RJ, Amarenco P, Ameriso SF, Tatlisumak T, Veltkamp R, Hankey GJ, Toni D, Bereczki D, Uchiyama S, Ntaios G, Yoon BW, Brouns R, Endres M, Muir KW, Bornstein N, Ozturk S, O’Donnell MJ, De Vries Basson MM, Pare G, Pater C, Kirsch B, Sheridan P, Peters G, Weitz JI, Peacock WF, Shoamanesh A, Benavente OR, Joyner C, Themeles E, Connolly SJ; NAVIGATE ESUS Investigators. Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med 2018;378:2191–201CrossRef Hart RG, Sharma M, Mundl H, Kasner SE, Bangdiwala SI, Berkowitz SD, Swaminathan B, Lavados P, Wang Y, Wang Y, Davalos A, Shamalov N, Mikulik R, Cunha L, Lindgren A, Arauz A, Lang W, Czlonkowska A, Eckstein J, Gagliardi RJ, Amarenco P, Ameriso SF, Tatlisumak T, Veltkamp R, Hankey GJ, Toni D, Bereczki D, Uchiyama S, Ntaios G, Yoon BW, Brouns R, Endres M, Muir KW, Bornstein N, Ozturk S, O’Donnell MJ, De Vries Basson MM, Pare G, Pater C, Kirsch B, Sheridan P, Peters G, Weitz JI, Peacock WF, Shoamanesh A, Benavente OR, Joyner C, Themeles E, Connolly SJ; NAVIGATE ESUS Investigators. Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med 2018;378:2191–201CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Diener HC, Sacco RL, Easton JD, Granger CB, Bernstein RA, Uchiyama S, Kreuzer J, Cronin L, Cotton D, Grauer C, Brueckmann M, Chernyatina M, Donnan G, Ferro JM, Grond M, Kallmünzer B, Krupinski J, Lee BC, Lemmens R, Masjuan J, Odinak M, Saver JL, Schellinger PD, Toni D, Toyoda K; RE-SPECT ESUS Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran for Prevention of Stroke after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med 2019;380(20):1906–17CrossRef Diener HC, Sacco RL, Easton JD, Granger CB, Bernstein RA, Uchiyama S, Kreuzer J, Cronin L, Cotton D, Grauer C, Brueckmann M, Chernyatina M, Donnan G, Ferro JM, Grond M, Kallmünzer B, Krupinski J, Lee BC, Lemmens R, Masjuan J, Odinak M, Saver JL, Schellinger PD, Toni D, Toyoda K; RE-SPECT ESUS Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran for Prevention of Stroke after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med 2019;380(20):1906–17CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Geisler T, Poli S, Meisner C, Schreieck J, Zuern CS, Nägele T, Brachmann J, Jung W, Gahn G, Schmid E, Bäezner H, Keller T, Petzold GC, Schrickel JW, Liman J, Wachter R, Schön F, Schabet M, Lindner A, Ludolph AC, Kimmig H, Jander S, Schlegel U, Gawaz M, Ziemann U. Apixaban for treatment of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ATTICUS randomized trial): Rationale and study design. Int J Stroke 2017;12(9):985–90CrossRef Geisler T, Poli S, Meisner C, Schreieck J, Zuern CS, Nägele T, Brachmann J, Jung W, Gahn G, Schmid E, Bäezner H, Keller T, Petzold GC, Schrickel JW, Liman J, Wachter R, Schön F, Schabet M, Lindner A, Ludolph AC, Kimmig H, Jander S, Schlegel U, Gawaz M, Ziemann U. Apixaban for treatment of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ATTICUS randomized trial): Rationale and study design. Int J Stroke 2017;12(9):985–90CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, Abbott R, Godwin J, Dyer A, Stamler J. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990;335(8692):765–74CrossRef MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, Abbott R, Godwin J, Dyer A, Stamler J. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990;335(8692):765–74CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003;362(9395):1527–35CrossRef Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003;362(9395):1527–35CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Feigin VL, Rodgers A. Blood pressure and stroke: an overview of published reviews. Stroke 2004;35(4):1024CrossRef Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Feigin VL, Rodgers A. Blood pressure and stroke: an overview of published reviews. Stroke 2004;35(4):1024CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001;358(9287):1033–41CrossRef PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001;358(9287):1033–41CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat SPRINT Research Group. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2103–16CrossRef SPRINT Research Group. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2103–16CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Ovbiagele B, Diener HC, Yusuf S, et al. Level of systolic blood pressure within the normal range and risk of recurrent stroke. JAMA 2011;306:2137–44CrossRef Ovbiagele B, Diener HC, Yusuf S, et al. Level of systolic blood pressure within the normal range and risk of recurrent stroke. JAMA 2011;306:2137–44CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat SPRINT MIND Investigators for the SPRINT Research Group, Nasrallah IM, Pajewski NM, Auchus AP, Chelune G, Cheung AK, Cleveland ML, et al. Association of Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control With Cerebral White Matter Lesions. JAMA 2019;322:524–34CrossRef SPRINT MIND Investigators for the SPRINT Research Group, Nasrallah IM, Pajewski NM, Auchus AP, Chelune G, Cheung AK, Cleveland ML, et al. Association of Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control With Cerebral White Matter Lesions. JAMA 2019;322:524–34CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Sun L, Clarke R, Bennett D, Guo Y, Walters RG, Hill M, et al.; China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group; International Steering Committee; International Co-ordinating Centre, Oxford; National Co-ordinating Centre, Beijing; Regional Co-ordinating Centres. Causal associations of blood lipids with risk of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage in Chinese adults. Nature Medicine 2019;25:569–74CrossRef Sun L, Clarke R, Bennett D, Guo Y, Walters RG, Hill M, et al.; China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group; International Steering Committee; International Co-ordinating Centre, Oxford; National Co-ordinating Centre, Beijing; Regional Co-ordinating Centres. Causal associations of blood lipids with risk of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage in Chinese adults. Nature Medicine 2019;25:569–74CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Vergouwen MD, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Roos YB. Statin treatment and the occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke in patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 2008;39(2):497–502CrossRef Vergouwen MD, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Roos YB. Statin treatment and the occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke in patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 2008;39(2):497–502CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Manktelow BN, Potter JF. Interventions in the Management of Serum Lipids for Preventing Stroke Recurrence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;8(3):CD002091.pub2. Manktelow BN, Potter JF. Interventions in the Management of Serum Lipids for Preventing Stroke Recurrence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;8(3):CD002091.pub2.

Zurück zum Zitat Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith C, Bhala N, Peto R, Barnes EH, Keech A, Simes J, Collins R. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010;376(9753):1670–81CrossRef Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith C, Bhala N, Peto R, Barnes EH, Keech A, Simes J, Collins R. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010;376(9753):1670–81CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat McDonagh M, Peterson K, Holzhammer B, Fazio S. A Systematic Review of PCSK9 Inhibitors Alirocumab and Evolocumab. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2016;22(6):641–53qPubMed McDonagh M, Peterson K, Holzhammer B, Fazio S. A Systematic Review of PCSK9 Inhibitors Alirocumab and Evolocumab. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2016;22(6):641–53qPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat S3-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge der extracraniellen Carotisstenose. AWMF-Registernummer 004–028. From URLA: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/004-028.html S3-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge der extracraniellen Carotisstenose. AWMF-Registernummer 004–028. From URLA: https://​www.​awmf.​org/​leitlinien/​detail/​ll/​004-028.​html

Zurück zum Zitat Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Massaro J, Mauri L, Adams H, Albers GW, Felberg R, Herrmann H, Kar S, Landzberg M, Raizner A, Wechsler L; CLOSURE I Investigators. Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale. N Engl J Med 2012;366(11):991–9CrossRef Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Massaro J, Mauri L, Adams H, Albers GW, Felberg R, Herrmann H, Kar S, Landzberg M, Raizner A, Wechsler L; CLOSURE I Investigators. Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale. N Engl J Med 2012;366(11):991–9CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Meier B, Kalesan B, Mattle HP, Khattab AA, Hildick-Smith D, Dudek D, Andersen G, Ibrahim R, Schuler G, Walton AS, Wahl A, Windecker S, Jüni P; PC Trial Investigators. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic embolism. N Engl J Med 2013 Mar 21;368(12):1083–91CrossRef Meier B, Kalesan B, Mattle HP, Khattab AA, Hildick-Smith D, Dudek D, Andersen G, Ibrahim R, Schuler G, Walton AS, Wahl A, Windecker S, Jüni P; PC Trial Investigators. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic embolism. N Engl J Med 2013 Mar 21;368(12):1083–91CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Carroll JD, Saver JL, Thaler DE, Smalling RW, Berry S, MacDonald LA, Marks DS, Tirschwell DL; RESPECT Investigators. Closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy after cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368(12):1092–100CrossRef Carroll JD, Saver JL, Thaler DE, Smalling RW, Berry S, MacDonald LA, Marks DS, Tirschwell DL; RESPECT Investigators. Closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy after cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368(12):1092–100CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Mas JL, Derumeaux G, Guillon B, et al. Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Anticoagulation vs. Antiplatelets after Stroke. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1011–21CrossRef Mas JL, Derumeaux G, Guillon B, et al. Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Anticoagulation vs. Antiplatelets after Stroke. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1011–21CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Søndergaard L, Kasner SE, Rhodes JF et al. Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Antiplatelet Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1033–42CrossRef Søndergaard L, Kasner SE, Rhodes JF et al. Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Antiplatelet Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1033–42CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Saver JL, Carroll JD, Thaler DE, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Medical Therapy after Stroke. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1022–32CrossRef Saver JL, Carroll JD, Thaler DE, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Medical Therapy after Stroke. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1022–32CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Ma Y, Li D, Bai F, Qin F, Li J, Li Y, Liu N, Xie H, Zhou S, Liu Q. Patent foramen ovale closure or medical therapy for secondary prevention of cryptogenic stroke: An update meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97(34):e11965.CrossRef Ma Y, Li D, Bai F, Qin F, Li J, Li Y, Liu N, Xie H, Zhou S, Liu Q. Patent foramen ovale closure or medical therapy for secondary prevention of cryptogenic stroke: An update meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97(34):e11965.CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Abo-Salem E, Chaitman B, Helmy T, Boakye EA, Alkhawam H, Lim M. Patent foramen ovale closure versus medical therapy in cases with cryptogenic stroke, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurol. 2018 Mar;265(3):578–85CrossRef Abo-Salem E, Chaitman B, Helmy T, Boakye EA, Alkhawam H, Lim M. Patent foramen ovale closure versus medical therapy in cases with cryptogenic stroke, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurol. 2018 Mar;265(3):578–85CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat S2e-Leitlinie Kryptogener Schlaganfall und offenes Foramen ovale. (AWMF 030/142) from URL: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/030-142.html S2e-Leitlinie Kryptogener Schlaganfall und offenes Foramen ovale. (AWMF 030/142) from URL: https://​www.​awmf.​org/​leitlinien/​detail/​ll/​030-142.​html

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