Introduction
Non-classical HLA-I | Presented peptides and main function | Expression in the normal pancreas | Expression in T1D pancreas | Genetic associations with T1D |
---|---|---|---|---|
HLA-E | Displays a limited diversity of self-peptides, including leader sequences of HLA-I molecules Negatively regulates NK cells and a subset of T cells Interacts with inhibitory CD94/NKG2 receptors, found on most NK cells and a subset of T cells | Not present/very low-level expression in islets | Increased RNA and protein expression in insulitic islets Predominantly found in the α cells but also found in β cells Expression dependent on the presence of β cells | Limited evidence to suggest HLA-E*01:03 associated with younger age at onset SHLA-E*01:01 associated with older age at onset |
HLA-F | Often exists as an open conformer but also binds a diverse range of peptides (> 2000) between 7 and 30 residues long Negatively regulates NK cells As an open conformer, interacts with inhibitory KIR3DS1 and KIR3DL2 receptors, found on NK cells When presenting a peptide, interacts with LIR1, also found on NK cells | Low-level expression in islets | RNA expression upregulated by islets from T1D donors Elevated protein expression in insulin-containing islets, primarily localised to the surface. Role in cross-presentation? Expression dependent on the presence of β cells | Unknown |
HLA-G | Can display > 2200 peptides Negatively regulates NK, B and T cells Interacts with inhibitory ILT-2, ILT-4 and KIR2DL4 receptors, found on NK, B and T cells | Expressed by pancreatic islets and ducts Constitutively expressed by endocrine cells—low levels of β2M-free heavy chain proteins, mainly intracellular | Increased RNA and protein in islets Elevated protein expression in insulin-containing islets, found in both β and α cells Expression dependent on the presence of β cells | Strong association between deletion/deletion genotype of 14 bp of 3′ UTR and early age of onset Insertion allele associated with later age of onset |