Whole Breast Reconstruction in Developing India: a Cancer Surgeon’s Experience with the Pedicled Transverse Rectus Abdominis (TRAM) Flap

Challenges in the Indian surgical oncology practice are varied — too many patients per surgeon, long operative waitlists, lacking infrastructure, and often a dearth of plastic surgeons. Immediate whole breast reconstruction is rarely offered after mastectomy. Given the unavailability of a dedicated plastic surgery team, we initiated pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flaps in our practice to give patients a more holistic treatment. We present the first 33 cases done solely by a surgical oncologist. We retrospectively evaluated 33 patients from January 2017 to December 2019 who underwent pedicled TRAM flap for immediate whole breast reconstruction following mastectomy for cancer. The primary endpoint was to study the incidence of severe flap-related complications of the pedicled TRAM flap at the mastectomy site when done by a surgical oncologist. Secondary endpoints were flap necrosis-rates and donor site morbidity. Exclusion criteria were age > 60 years, body mass index > 30 kg/m², diabetes mellitus, and prior abdominal surgery. Flap-related complications were classified according to Andrades et al. and donor site complications were classified as wound dehiscence, infection, hematoma, seroma, and hernia. Frequencies and percentages and median with interquartile range were used respectively for categorical and continuous variables. Flap-related morbidity was 21.2% (7/33), while donor site complications were 24.2% (8/33). Flap necrosis (partial or total), mastectomy-related complications, and incisional hernia were not seen in any of the patients. Median operative time was 180 min. Pedicled TRAM flap is feasible and safe when performed by surgical oncologists, immediately after mastectomy, in the developing world. Psychosocial acceptance remains challenging, and requires dedicated counselling and inter-patient communication.