Background
The salutogenic model and sense of coherence
Hope
The role of demographic variables
Research hypotheses
Methods
Measures
Sense of coherence (SOC)
Hope index (HI)
State anxiety and state anger
Demographic questionnaire
Statistical analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
The study population
Bedouin Arabs
N = 91 (%) | Jews
N = 78 (%) |
χ
2
|
p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 16.48 (1.14) | 16.77 (1.13) | 1.63 |
0.952
|
Participant gender | 32.46 |
0.001
| ||
Male | 26.1 | 44.9 | ||
Female | 73.9 | 55.1 | ||
Religiosity (Jewish/Bedouin Arab) | ||||
Secular/not religious | 2.2 | 51.3 | 37.55 |
0.000
|
Traditional/somewhat religious | 34.4 | 23.1 | ||
National religious/religious | 63.4 | 20.5 | ||
Ultra-orthodox/highly religious | 0.0 | 5.1 | ||
Income | 1.44 |
0.13
| ||
Below average | 64.9 | 55.1 | ||
Average | 19.3 | 23.6 | ||
Above average | 15.8 | 21.3 | ||
Parental education level
|
29.56
|
0.001
| ||
No formal education
|
6.4
|
19.8
| ||
Elementary school
|
11.5
|
17.7
| ||
High school
|
39.7
|
50.5
| ||
Higher education
|
42.4
|
11.0
|
Cultural and gender differences
Study variables | Bedouin Arab students | Jewish students | Culture | Gender | Culture*gender | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n = 67) | Male (n = 24) | Female (n = 43) | Male (n = 35) | ||||
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) |
F(1, 158) (p value) |
F(1, 158) (p value) |
F(1, 158) (p value) | |
Coping resources | |||||||
SOC | 3.73 (0.84) | 4.07 (0.62) | 4.26 (1.03) | 4.51 (0.92) | 3.88 (0.04) | 2.33 (0.08) | 2.24 (0.09) |
Individual hope | 18.39 (5.62) | 15.33 (4.16) | 15.26 (5.48) | 14.20 (4.29) | 3.94 (0.03) | 3.5 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.56) |
Collective hope | 16.07 (7.45) | 14.36 (6.53) | 9.01 (6.35) | 9.36 (6.48) | 17.41 (0.001) | 0.22 (0.13) | 1.3 (0.24) |
Stress reactions | |||||||
Anxiety | 2.45 (0.50) | 2.36 (0.51) | 2.53 (0.72) | 1.97 (0.47) | 0.55 (0.32) | 7.90 (0.009) | 4.11 (0.03) |
Anger | 2.02 (0.69) | 2.03 (0.57) | 1.91 (0.90) | 1.46 (0.52) | 5.58 (0.02) | 2.35 (0.08) | 2.65 (0.07) |
Association between coping resources and stress reactions among Bedouin Arab and Jewish students
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. SOC |
1
|
0.17 (p = 0.000) |
0.12 (ns.) |
−0.14 (ns.) |
−0.23 (p = 0.03) |
2. Individual hope |
0.39 (p = 0.000) |
1
|
0.71 (p = 0.000) |
−0.15 (ns.) |
−0.21 (p = 0.04) |
3. Collective hope |
0.40 (p = 0.000) |
0.58 (p = 0.000) |
1
|
−0.14 (ns.)
|
−0.23 (p = 0.03) |
4. Anxiety |
−0.49 (p = 0.000) |
−0.23 (p = 0.032) |
−0.15 (ns.) |
1
|
0.61 (p = 0.000) |
5. Anger |
−0.44 (p = 0.000) |
−0.22 (p = 0.035) |
−0.16 (ns.) |
0.69 (p = 0.000) |
1
|
Multiple regression analysis of factors predicting state anger
Predictor variables | β |
p
|
R
2
|
F
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1—demographic variables | 0.05 | 7.561 | ||
Culture | 0.21 |
0.007
| ||
Step 2—coping resources | 0.13 | 8.89 | ||
Culture | 0.20 |
0.008
| ||
SOC | −0.29 |
0.001
| ||
Individual hope | −0.18 |
0.045
| ||
Step 3—interaction terms | 0.02 | 0.95 |
Multiple regression analysis of factors predicting state anxiety
Predictor variable | β |
p
|
R
2
|
F
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1—demographic variables | 0.03 | 3.90 | ||
Age | 0.19 |
0.04
| ||
Step 2—coping resources | 0.18 | 10.74 | ||
SOC | −0.33 |
0.000
| ||
Step 3—interaction terms | 0.04 | 4.11 | ||
SOC | −0.43 |
0.000
| ||
Culture × SOC | 0.21 |
0.007
|