Methods
Abdominal cavity
|
Visualisation
|
Enclosed cavity
|
Use of camera
|
Elastic/flexible wall
| Easily adjustable camera
|
Trocar used at port site
| Dedicated light source
|
A0—does not fulfil any of the criteria | B0—does not fulfil any of the criteria |
A1—fulfils 1 criterion | B1—fulfils 1 criterion |
A2—fulfils 2 criteria | B2—fulfils 2 criteria |
A3—fulfils all 3 criteria | B3—fulfils all 3 criteria |
Total score: A + B (out of 6) |
Results
Paper | Cost | Undergone validation | Face validity Score | Abdominal cavity | Abdominal wall | Port sites | Light source | Visualisation | Camera monitor | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | Sackier (USA) [32]/ | – | Yes | 6 (A3 B3) | Custom-made black perspex box; rubber sheet sides | Black perspex | Hole; rubber gasket; trochar | Laparoscope | Laparoscope | Unspecified |
1998 | Chung (USA) [56] | |||||||||
1992 | Majeed (UK) [33] | – | No | 5 (A2 B3) | Metal frame | Black perspex double sheet | Hole; rubber disc; trocar | External lighting | Laparoscope | Video monitor |
1992 | Mughal (UK) [10] | £75 | No | 4 (A1 B3) | Opaque plastic storage box | Clear perspex lid | Hole; plastic floor tile; trocar | 20 W strip lamps | Laparoscope (or direct vision) | Video monitor |
1995 | Gue (Australia/NZ) [43] | – | No | 3 (A1 B2) | Small coffee table/TV stand | Black plastic sheet; wire mesh | Hole; trocar | Table lamp | Video camera | TV screen |
1996 | Shapiro (USA) [57] | – | Yes | 6 (A3 B3) | Custom-made plastic box | Flexible plastic covering | Hole; trocar | Laparoscope | Laparoscope | Video monitor |
2001 | Hasson (USA) [58] | – | Yes | 6 (A3, B3) | Custom-made metal box | Rubber sheet | Hole; rubber sheet; trocar | Laparoscope | Laparoscope (or camcorder) | Video monitor |
2003 | Lee (UK) [44] | – | No | 4 (A1 B3) | Computer game station (tiered table) | Table top | Anchored trocar | Lamp; external lighting | Camcorder | TV screen |
2004 | Pokorny (NZ) [11] | NZ $200 (£101.69) | No | 4 (A2 B2) | Translucent plastic storage box | Rubber foam sheet over plastic lid | Hole; rubber foam sheet | External lighting | Spy cam; plastic pipe | TV screen |
2005 | Beatty (UK) [12] | £50 | No | 2 (A1 B1) | Clear plastic storage box | Clear plastic lid | Hole | External lighting (bright room/lamp) | Webcam | Unspecified |
2005 | Blacker (UK) [24] | – | No | 3 (A1 B2) | Desk drawer | Cardboard | Hole | Desk lamp/strip lamps | Webcam | Desktop computer monitor |
– | No | 3 (A1 B2) | Brick-weighted cardboard box | Cardboard | Hole | Desk lamp | Digital camera | Desktop computer monitor | ||
2005 | Chung (USA) [25] | – | Yes | 2 (A1 B1) | Cut-out cardboard box | Cardboard | Hole | External lighting | Webcam | Laptop |
2005 2007 | US $360 (£215.70) | No | 6 (A3 B3) | Plastic storage box | Plastic lid; plastic sheet | Reinforced hole; neoprene; trocar | Laparoscope/halogen lights | Laparoscope | TV screen | |
2005 | Sharpe (USA) [48] | US $185 (£110.84) | Yes | 0 (A0 B0) | Custom-made plastic box | Clear plastic lid | Hole | External lighting | Direct vision | N/A |
2006 | Chandrasekera (UK) [26] | – | Yes | 1 (A1 B0) | Cut-out cardboard box | Cardboard | Hole; trocar | External lighting | Direct vision (unilaterally blinded) | N/A |
2006 | Do (USA) [59] | – | Yes | 5 (A2 B3) | 2 large plastic basins | Plastic basin base | Hole; trocar | Lamp | Video camera | Laptop |
2006 | Griffin (UK) [45] | – | Yes | 2 (A0 B2) | Custom-made wooden frame | Thin wooden sheet | Hole | Desk lamp | Camcorder | TV screen |
2006 2006 | – | Yes | 3 (A0 B3) | Perspex box | Darkened perspex lid | Hole | Laparoscope | Laparoscope | TV screen | |
2006 | Robinson (USA) [36] | US $50 (£29.96) | Yes | 0 (A0 B0) | Custom-made metal box | Metal lid | Hole; unspecified covering material | External lighting | Mirrors | Mirrors |
2007 | Dhariwal (India) [42] | – | Yes | 5 (A2 B3) | Custom-made plastic box | Black plastic lid | Hole; rubber gasket; trocar | Fibre-optic light source | Laparoscope | Video monitor |
2007 | Haveran (USA) [46] | – | Yes | 2 (A0 B2) | Adjustable height posts; wooden sheet | Neoprene; plexiglass frame | Hole | Xenon light source | Camera | TV screen |
2007 | Martinez (Mexico) [34] | – | No | 5 (A2 B3) | Custom-made semi-cylindrical metal box | Metal | Hole; rubber covering | Fluorescent lamp | Video camera; mirror | TV screen |
2008 | Clevin (Denmark) [62] | – | Yes | 5 (A2 B3) | White plastic wash tub | Plastic | Hole; trocar | Laparoscope | Laparoscope | Unspecified |
2008 | Dennis (UK) [35] | £150 | No | 4 (A2 B2) | Custom-made wooden box | Plaster of paris | Hole; rubber grommet | Bicycle light | Camcorder | Camcorder screen |
2008 | Mir (India) [27] | – | No | 4 (A1 B3) | Cardboard box | Cardboard | Hole | Laparoscope | Laparoscope | TV screen |
2008 | Raptis (UK) [15] | £27 | No | 3 (A2 B1) | Opaque plastic box | Plastic | Hole; trocar | None | Night-vision camera | Computer monitor/TV screen |
2008 | Sparks (USA) [39] | US $150 (£89.87) | No | 3 (A1 B2) | Plywood box; foam board | Plywood hinged lid | Hole | Fluorescent light | Webcam | Laptop |
2009 | Al-Abed (UK) [16] | £40 | No | 6 (A3 B3) | Plastic storage box | Foam; latex gloves | Hole; trocar | Halogen light | Webcam; plastic pipe | Laptop |
2009 | Helmy (Egypt) [40] | – | Yes | 4 (A2 B2) | White foam food storage box | Foam box lid | Hole; trocar | Webcam in-built | Webcam | Laptop |
2009 | Pawar (India) [47] | – | No | 3 (A1 B2) | Plywood board box | Plywood | Hole | Tube light | Digital camera | TV screen |
2009 | Jain (India) [63] | – | Yes | 6 (A3 B3) | Custom-made box (unspecified material) | Elastic rubber sheet | Hole; trocar | Laparoscope | Laparoscope | Video monitor |
2009 | Singh (UK) [28] | – | No | 4 (A2 B2) | Shoebox | Cardboard | Hole; trocar | Desk lamp | Digital camera | TV monitor/computer monitor |
2010 | Jaber (Saudi Arabia) [64] | US $41 (£24.57) | No | 2 (A1 B1) | Metallic wire basket; acrylic sheet | Rubber mouse pad | Hole | External lighting | Webcam | Laptop |
2010 | Rabie (Saudi Arabia) [29] | – | No | 3 (A1 B2) | Half large plastic water container; plywood board | Plastic | Hole; trocar | Light bulb | Video camera | TV screen |
2010 | Rivas (Spain) [17] | – | Yes | 4 (A2 B2) | Translucent plastic storage box | Plastic | Reinforced hole; trocar | External lighting | Micro-camera; tube | TV screen |
2010 | Oliver (UK) [65] | – | Yes | 3 (A1 B2) | Cardboard box | Cardboard lid | Hole | Desk light | Webcam | Laptop |
2010 | Ramalingam (India) [66] | – | Yes | 5 (A2 B3) | Custom-made white box (unspecified material) | Box lid | Hole; rubber sheet; trocar/tube | Laparoscope | Laparoscope | TV screen |
2011 | Alfa-Wali (UK) [30] | – | Yes | 3 (A1 B2) | Shoe box | Cardboard | Hole | Torch | Mobile phone camera | Phone screen |
2011 | Khine (UK) [18] | £60 | No | 5 (A3 B2) | Translucent plastic storage box | Foldable plastic lid | Hole; neoprene; trocar | Fluorescent light | Webcam | Laptop/desktop computer |
2011 | Kobayashi (USA) [20] | US $100 (£59.92) | Yes | 3 (A2 B1) | Translucent plastic storage box | Plastic lid | Hole; rubber strip | External lighting | Webcam | Laptop |
2011 | Kiely (Canada) [19] 5 simulators
| C $100-160 (£54.98-£87.97) | Yes | 3 (A2 B1) | Translucent plastic storage box | Plastic lid | Hole; trocar | External lighting | Webcam (various brands) | Laptop/desktop computer (various brands) |
2012 | Afuwape (Nigeria) [67] | US $34 (£20.37) | No | 2 (A1 B1) | Recycled plastic liquid container; plywood board | Plastic | Hole | External lighting | Webcam | Laptop |
2012 | Bahsoun (UK) [31] | – | Yes | 3 (A3 B1) | Cut-out cardboard box; polystyrene | Cardboard | Hole; trocar | External lighting | iPad camera | iPad screen |
2013 | Akdemir (Turkey) [68] | – | Yes | 4 (A1 B3) | Custom-made plastic box | Plastic | Hole; trocar | Laparoscope | Laparoscope | Video monitor |
2013 | Hennessey (Australia) [69] | – | No | 2 (A1 B1) | None | Laptop lid | Trocar; string; skirt hanger | External lighting | Webcam | Laptop |
2013 | Moreira-Pinto (Portugal) [21] | €33.67 (£26.99) | Yes | 4 (A3 B1) | Translucent plastic storage box | Cut-out plastic lid; rubber sheet | Hole; trocar | External lighting | Webcam | Laptop |
2013 | Omokanye (Nigeria) [41] | – | No | 4 (A2 B2) | Plywood box | Box lid | Hole; foam piece | Camera in-built; light bulb | IR CCTV Camera | TV screen |
2013 | Ruparel (USA) [37] | US $5 (£3.00) | Yes | 1 (A0 B1) | Ring binder | Ring binder | Hole | External lighting | iPad camera | iPad screen |
US $5 (£3.00) | Yes | 2 (A1 B1) | Cut-out cardboard box | Cardboard | Hole | External lighting | iPad camera | iPad screen | ||
2013 | Smith (UK) [70] | US $100 (£59.92) | No | 4 (A2 B2) | Plastic crate, plywood and cork sheet | Plastic | Hole; trocar; plastic rings | LED lamp | Webcam | Laptop |
US $130 (£77.89) | No | 5 (A3 B2) | Upgraded version: add plywood frame and foam pads to port site | |||||||
2013 | Wong (USA) [71] | US $309 (£185.14) | Yes | 4 (A2 B2) | Custom-made hard plastic box | Vinyl membrane glued to plastic frame | Hole; trocar | LED strip | Miniature CCD camera | Video monitor |
2014 | Beard (USA) [22] | US $85 (£50.93) | Yes | 3 (A2 B1) | Translucent plastic storage box | Plastic lid | Hole; flexible material cover | External lighting | Webcam | Laptop |
2014 | Escamirosa (Mexico) [38] | – | No | 2 (A1 B1) | Clear plastic document case | Plastic | Hole | External lighting | Smartphone or tablet camera | Video monitor |
2014 | Walczak (Poland) [23] | US $51 (£30.56) | No | 3 (A2 B1) | Translucent plastic storage box | Opaque plastic lid | Hole; rubber sheet; metal washer; trocar | LED light bulb | Mirrors | Mirrors |
US $99 (£59.32) | No | 5 (A3 B2) | Translucent plastic storage box | Opaque plastic lid | Hole; rubber sheet; metal washer; trocar | LED light bulb | Webcam | Home computer |
Paper | Simulator | Price | Validation | Face validity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | USSC Laptrainer | – | Yes | 6 (A3 B3) | |
2000 | |||||
2000 | Karl-Storz | – | Yes | 6 (A3 B3) | |
2011 | |||||
2003 | US Surgical Trainer | – | Yes | 5 (A2 B3) | |
2004 | |||||
2005 | Waseda [77] | Tuebinger MIC Trainer (Richard Wolf GmbH) | – | No | 6 (A3 B3) |
2007 | Hruby [49] | EZ Trainer | $600 (£359.50) | Yes | 1 (A0 B1) |
2008 | Simulab Laptrainer | – | Yes | 3 (A0 B3) | |
2008 | |||||
2008 | Singh [80] | iSim | – | Yes | 3 (A1 B2) |
2010 | Hull [81] | Body Torso Trainer BTS300D (Pharmabotics) | £390 ($585) + £975 for Box trainer | No | 6 (A3 B3) |
2011 | Nakamura [55] | Ethicon TASKit | – | Yes | 6 (A3 B3) |
2013 | Ergo-Lap | $500 (£299.58) | Yes | 5 (A2 B3) | |
2014 | |||||
2014 | Yoon [53] | iTrainer | $100 (£59.92) | Yes | 1 (A0 B1) |
2013 | Hennessey [50] | eoSim | $750 (£449.37) | Yes | 3 (A1 B2) |
FLS simulator | $1680 (£1006.58) | Yes | 5 (A3 B2) |
Non-commercial simulators | Commercial simulators | |
---|---|---|
Unique simulators | 60 | 13 |
Price range | £3.00–£215.70 | £59.92–£1006.58 |
Subject to validation (%) | 33 (55 %) | 12 (92 %) |
Average Face Validity Score | 3 (A2 B2) | 5 (A3 B2) |