The analysis of DNA methylation (DNAm) is an interesting forensic tool for applications, such as age prediction and tissue or body fluid determination [
30]. In the past, the investigation in the field of age prediction and the collection of reference data mainly focused on blood, saliva and buccal swab samples [
5,
9,
21]. In a few studies, other tissues were examined and some of the commonly used DNAm markers were found to be age-dependent in multiple tissues, of which some showed very tissue-specific changes with age [
3,
13‐
15,
23]. Another important trace found at crime scenes is hair that has not yet been considered for age prediction using DNAm analysis. Hair is a challenging type of sample with a high variety of DNA quality and amount, and the analysis of age-dependent DNAm markers depends on the availability of nuclear DNA. Therefore, the analysis of hair is restricted to hair with an available root still containing intact hair cells. Hair and also nails are examples of keratinous tissues, with the special characteristic that the tissue originates from a living precursor cell ending in cell death during each hair cycle [
4]. In forensics, the term “hair” often refers to the hair shaft only or to a hair shaft with a root without any (detailed) specification of the presence of attached cells; however, having a look at the total hair follicle, nuclear DNA can derive from multiple cell origins developed from different germ layers: undifferentiated cells, dermal fibroblasts, melanocytes and differentiating keratinocytes in the bulb as well as cells of the inner and outer root sheath, stem cells in the bulge and fully differentiated keratinocytes (dead cells, trichocytes) [
25,
27,
29]. Furthermore, a low amount of nuclear and/or very short DNA fragments were found to be present in the hair shaft [
6,
12]. The type and number of cells obtained by hair plucking depends on the technique as well as the different phases of the anagen hair, which is characterized by hair growth and lasts over years [
2]. The majority of epithelial structures from the hair follicle and part of the bulge containing the stem cells for keratinocyte and melanocyte production, remain attached to the plucked hair but not all of the connective tissues [
11].
The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to examine if a successful analysis by massive parallel sequencing (MPS) of known age-dependent DNAm markers can be performed using plucked hairs and if any special challenges have to be considered. Furthermore, these age-dependent DNAm markers were characterized in hair in comparison to other tissues. As hair was plucked from deceased individuals, other tissue samples of the same individuals were available for analysis. Furthermore, the sequence composition of the analyzed targets was determined, as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the 5’-cytosine-phosphate-guanine-3’ (CpG) site and surrounding region may alter the DNAm, e.g. by removal of the CpG site itself or due to a regulatory effect of the underlying sequence composition.