Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Gynäkologische Endokrinologie 2/2018

06.04.2018 | Arzneimitteltherapie

Androgens in postmenopausal women

verfasst von: Prof. Susan R. Davis

Erschienen in: Gynäkologische Endokrinologie | Ausgabe 2/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Endogenous androgen production is essential for women’s reproductive function and nonreproductive health. The primary sources of androgens are the ovaries and the adrenal glands. The amount of androgen produced by these sources varies across a woman’s life span. It is well documented that circulating androgen levels decline with age from the middle of the fourth decade of life. This decline appears to affect reproductive capacity and impacts nonreproductive health. This review summarizes what is known about androgen physiology in women, the impact of the age-related decline, and the potential benefits and risks of androgen therapy.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis SR, Panjari M, Stanczyk FZ (2011) DHEA replacement for postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(6):1642–1653CrossRefPubMed Davis SR, Panjari M, Stanczyk FZ (2011) DHEA replacement for postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(6):1642–1653CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunn JF, Nisula BC, Rodboard D (1981) Transport of steroid hormones. Binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and cortico-steroid-binding globulin in human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:58–68CrossRefPubMed Dunn JF, Nisula BC, Rodboard D (1981) Transport of steroid hormones. Binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and cortico-steroid-binding globulin in human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:58–68CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang MJ, Lee JS, Kim HY, Jung HW, Lee YA, Lee SH et al (2017) Contributions of CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene and androgen profiles to premature pubarche in Korean girls. Endocr J 64(1):91–102CrossRefPubMed Kang MJ, Lee JS, Kim HY, Jung HW, Lee YA, Lee SH et al (2017) Contributions of CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene and androgen profiles to premature pubarche in Korean girls. Endocr J 64(1):91–102CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Vottero A, Capelletti M, Giuliodori S, Viani I, Ziveri M, Neri TM et al (2006) Decreased androgen receptor gene methylation in premature pubarche: a novel pathogenetic mechanism? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(3):968–972CrossRefPubMed Vottero A, Capelletti M, Giuliodori S, Viani I, Ziveri M, Neri TM et al (2006) Decreased androgen receptor gene methylation in premature pubarche: a novel pathogenetic mechanism? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(3):968–972CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Pretorius E, Africander DJ, Vlok M, Perkins MS, Quanson J, Storbeck KH (2016) 11-Ketotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone in castration resistant prostate cancer: potent androgens which can no longer be ignored. PLoS ONE 11(7):e159867CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pretorius E, Africander DJ, Vlok M, Perkins MS, Quanson J, Storbeck KH (2016) 11-Ketotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone in castration resistant prostate cancer: potent androgens which can no longer be ignored. PLoS ONE 11(7):e159867CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Davison SL, Bell R, Donath S, Montalto JG, Davis SR (2005) Androgen levels in adult females: changes with age, menopause, and oophorectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(7):3847–3853CrossRefPubMed Davison SL, Bell R, Donath S, Montalto JG, Davis SR (2005) Androgen levels in adult females: changes with age, menopause, and oophorectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(7):3847–3853CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Haring R, Hannemann A, John U, Radke D, Nauck M, Wallaschofski H et al (2012) Age-specific reference ranges for serum testosterone and androstenedione concentrations in women measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(2):408–415CrossRefPubMed Haring R, Hannemann A, John U, Radke D, Nauck M, Wallaschofski H et al (2012) Age-specific reference ranges for serum testosterone and androstenedione concentrations in women measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(2):408–415CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Stege JG, Groen H, van Zadelhoff SJ, Lambalk CB, Braat DD, van Kasteren YM et al (2008) Decreased androgen concentrations and diminished general and sexual well-being in women with premature ovarian failure. Menopause 15(1):23–31CrossRefPubMed van der Stege JG, Groen H, van Zadelhoff SJ, Lambalk CB, Braat DD, van Kasteren YM et al (2008) Decreased androgen concentrations and diminished general and sexual well-being in women with premature ovarian failure. Menopause 15(1):23–31CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Pugeat M, Nader N, Hogeveen K, Raverot G, Dechaud H, Grenot C (2010) Sex hormone-binding globulin gene expression in the liver: drugs and the metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(1):53–59CrossRefPubMed Pugeat M, Nader N, Hogeveen K, Raverot G, Dechaud H, Grenot C (2010) Sex hormone-binding globulin gene expression in the liver: drugs and the metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(1):53–59CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Doan HT, Quan LH, Nguyen TT (2017) The effectiveness of transdermal testosterone gel 1 % (androgel) for poor responders undergoing in vitro fertilization. Gynecol Endocrinol 33(12):977–979CrossRefPubMed Doan HT, Quan LH, Nguyen TT (2017) The effectiveness of transdermal testosterone gel 1 % (androgel) for poor responders undergoing in vitro fertilization. Gynecol Endocrinol 33(12):977–979CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim CH, Howles CM, Lee HA (2011) The effect of transdermal testosterone gel pretreatment on controlled ovarian stimulation and IVF outcome in low responders. Fertil Steril 95(2):679–683CrossRefPubMed Kim CH, Howles CM, Lee HA (2011) The effect of transdermal testosterone gel pretreatment on controlled ovarian stimulation and IVF outcome in low responders. Fertil Steril 95(2):679–683CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Slemenda C, Longcope C, Peacock M, Hui S, Johnston CC (1996) Sex steroids, bone mass, and bone loss. A prospective study of pre-, peri- and postmenopausal women. J Clin Invest 97:14–21CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Slemenda C, Longcope C, Peacock M, Hui S, Johnston CC (1996) Sex steroids, bone mass, and bone loss. A prospective study of pre-, peri- and postmenopausal women. J Clin Invest 97:14–21CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Rariy CM, Ratcliffe SJ, Weinstein R, Bhasin S, Blackman MR, Cauley JA et al (2011) Higher serum free testosterone concentration in older women is associated with greater bone mineral density, lean body mass, and total fat mass: the cardiovascular health study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(4):989–996CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rariy CM, Ratcliffe SJ, Weinstein R, Bhasin S, Blackman MR, Cauley JA et al (2011) Higher serum free testosterone concentration in older women is associated with greater bone mineral density, lean body mass, and total fat mass: the cardiovascular health study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(4):989–996CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee JS, LaCroix AZ, Wu L, Cauley JA, Jackson RD, Kooperberg C et al (2008) Associations of serum sex hormone-binding globulin and sex hormone concentrations with hip fracture risk in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(5):1796–1803CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lee JS, LaCroix AZ, Wu L, Cauley JA, Jackson RD, Kooperberg C et al (2008) Associations of serum sex hormone-binding globulin and sex hormone concentrations with hip fracture risk in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(5):1796–1803CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis SR, McCloud PI, Strauss BJG, Burger HG (1995) Testosterone enhances estradiol’s effects on postmenopausal bone density and sexuality. Maturitas 21:227–236CrossRefPubMed Davis SR, McCloud PI, Strauss BJG, Burger HG (1995) Testosterone enhances estradiol’s effects on postmenopausal bone density and sexuality. Maturitas 21:227–236CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller KK, Biller BM, Beauregard C, Lipman JG, Jones J, Schoenfeld D et al (2006) Effects of testosterone replacement in androgen-deficient women with hypopituitarism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(5):1683–1690CrossRefPubMed Miller KK, Biller BM, Beauregard C, Lipman JG, Jones J, Schoenfeld D et al (2006) Effects of testosterone replacement in androgen-deficient women with hypopituitarism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(5):1683–1690CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones RD, Jones HT, Channer KS (2004) The influence of testosterone upon vascular reactivity. Eur J Endocrinol 151(1):29–37CrossRefPubMed Jones RD, Jones HT, Channer KS (2004) The influence of testosterone upon vascular reactivity. Eur J Endocrinol 151(1):29–37CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis SR, Wahlin-Jacobsen S (2015) Testosterone in women—the clinical significance. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 3(12):980–992CrossRefPubMed Davis SR, Wahlin-Jacobsen S (2015) Testosterone in women—the clinical significance. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 3(12):980–992CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Spoletini I, Vitale C, Pelliccia F, Fossati C, Rosano GM (2014) Androgens and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women: a systematic review. Climacteric 17(6):625–634CrossRefPubMed Spoletini I, Vitale C, Pelliccia F, Fossati C, Rosano GM (2014) Androgens and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women: a systematic review. Climacteric 17(6):625–634CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Aleman A, Bronk E, Kessels RP, Koppeschaar HP, van Honk J (2004) A single administration of testosterone improves visuospatial ability in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29(5):612–617CrossRefPubMed Aleman A, Bronk E, Kessels RP, Koppeschaar HP, van Honk J (2004) A single administration of testosterone improves visuospatial ability in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29(5):612–617CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Postma A, Meyer G, Tuiten A, van Honk J, Kessels RP, Thijssen J (2000) Effects of testosterone administration on selective aspects of object-location memory in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25(6):563–575CrossRefPubMed Postma A, Meyer G, Tuiten A, van Honk J, Kessels RP, Thijssen J (2000) Effects of testosterone administration on selective aspects of object-location memory in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25(6):563–575CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Drake EB, Henderson VW, Stanczyk FZ, McCleary CA, Brown WS, Smith CA et al (2000) Associations between circulating sex steroid hormones and cognition in normal elderly women. Neurology 54(3):599–603CrossRefPubMed Drake EB, Henderson VW, Stanczyk FZ, McCleary CA, Brown WS, Smith CA et al (2000) Associations between circulating sex steroid hormones and cognition in normal elderly women. Neurology 54(3):599–603CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf OT, Kirschbaum C (2002) Endogenous estradiol and testosterone levels are associated with cognitive performance in older women and men. Horm Behav 41(3):259CrossRefPubMed Wolf OT, Kirschbaum C (2002) Endogenous estradiol and testosterone levels are associated with cognitive performance in older women and men. Horm Behav 41(3):259CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Shah SM, Bell RJ, Savage G, Goldstat R, Papalia MA, Kulkarni J et al (2006) Testosterone aromatization and cognition in women: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Menopause 13(4):600–608CrossRefPubMed Shah SM, Bell RJ, Savage G, Goldstat R, Papalia MA, Kulkarni J et al (2006) Testosterone aromatization and cognition in women: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Menopause 13(4):600–608CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis SR, Davison SL, Gavrilescu M, Searle K, Gogos A, Rossell SL et al (2014) Effects of testosterone on visuospatial function and verbal fluency in postmenopausal women: results from a functional magnetic resonance imaging pilot study. Menopause 21(4):410–414PubMed Davis SR, Davison SL, Gavrilescu M, Searle K, Gogos A, Rossell SL et al (2014) Effects of testosterone on visuospatial function and verbal fluency in postmenopausal women: results from a functional magnetic resonance imaging pilot study. Menopause 21(4):410–414PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis SR, Jane F, Robinson PJ, Davison SL, Worsley R, Maruff P et al (2014) Transdermal testosterone improves verbal learning and memory in postmenopausal women not on oestrogen therapy. Clin Endocrinol (oxf) 81(4):621–628CrossRef Davis SR, Jane F, Robinson PJ, Davison SL, Worsley R, Maruff P et al (2014) Transdermal testosterone improves verbal learning and memory in postmenopausal women not on oestrogen therapy. Clin Endocrinol (oxf) 81(4):621–628CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Randolph JF Jr., Zheng H, Avis NE, Greendale GA, Harlow SD (2015) Masturbation frequency and sexual function domains are associated with serum reproductive hormone levels across the menopausal transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(1):258–266CrossRefPubMed Randolph JF Jr., Zheng H, Avis NE, Greendale GA, Harlow SD (2015) Masturbation frequency and sexual function domains are associated with serum reproductive hormone levels across the menopausal transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(1):258–266CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis SR, Davison SL, Donath S, Bell RJ (2005) Circulating androgen levels and self-reported sexual function in women. JAMA 294(1):91–96CrossRefPubMed Davis SR, Davison SL, Donath S, Bell RJ (2005) Circulating androgen levels and self-reported sexual function in women. JAMA 294(1):91–96CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Apperloo M, Midden M, van der Stege J, Wouda J, Hoek A, Weijmar Schultz W (2006) Vaginal application of testosterone: a study on pharmacokinetics and the sexual response in healthy volunteers. J Sex Med 3(3):541–549CrossRefPubMed Apperloo M, Midden M, van der Stege J, Wouda J, Hoek A, Weijmar Schultz W (2006) Vaginal application of testosterone: a study on pharmacokinetics and the sexual response in healthy volunteers. J Sex Med 3(3):541–549CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Raghunandan C, Agrawal S, Dubey P, Choudhury M, Jain A (2010) A comparative study of the effects of local estrogen with or without local testosterone on vulvovaginal and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. J Sex Med 7(3):1284–1290CrossRefPubMed Raghunandan C, Agrawal S, Dubey P, Choudhury M, Jain A (2010) A comparative study of the effects of local estrogen with or without local testosterone on vulvovaginal and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. J Sex Med 7(3):1284–1290CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernandes T, Costa-Paiva LH, Pinto-Neto AM (2014) Efficacy of vaginally applied estrogen, testosterone, or polyacrylic acid on sexual function in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. J Sex Med 11(5):1262–1270CrossRefPubMed Fernandes T, Costa-Paiva LH, Pinto-Neto AM (2014) Efficacy of vaginally applied estrogen, testosterone, or polyacrylic acid on sexual function in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. J Sex Med 11(5):1262–1270CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Witherby S, Johnson J, Demers L, Mount S, Littenberg B, Maclean CD et al (2011) Topical testosterone for breast cancer patients with vaginal atrophy related to aromatase inhibitors: a phase I/II study. Oncologist 16(4):424–431CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Witherby S, Johnson J, Demers L, Mount S, Littenberg B, Maclean CD et al (2011) Topical testosterone for breast cancer patients with vaginal atrophy related to aromatase inhibitors: a phase I/II study. Oncologist 16(4):424–431CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahir M, Travers-Gustafson D (2014) Breast cancer, aromatase inhibitor therapy, and sexual functioning: a pilot study of the effects of vaginal testosterone therapy. Sex Med 2(1):8–15CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dahir M, Travers-Gustafson D (2014) Breast cancer, aromatase inhibitor therapy, and sexual functioning: a pilot study of the effects of vaginal testosterone therapy. Sex Med 2(1):8–15CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Melisko ME, Goldman ME, Hwang J, De Luca A, Fang S, Esserman LJ et al (2017) Vaginal testosterone cream vs estradiol vaginal ring for vaginal dryness or decreased libido in women receiving aromatase inhibitors for early-stage breast cancer: a randomized clinical trial. Jama Oncol 3(3):313–319CrossRefPubMed Melisko ME, Goldman ME, Hwang J, De Luca A, Fang S, Esserman LJ et al (2017) Vaginal testosterone cream vs estradiol vaginal ring for vaginal dryness or decreased libido in women receiving aromatase inhibitors for early-stage breast cancer: a randomized clinical trial. Jama Oncol 3(3):313–319CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat McCabe MP, Sharlip ID, Atalla E, Balon R, Fisher AD, Laumann E et al (2016) Definitions of sexual dysfunctions in women and men: a consensus statement from the fourth international consultation on sexual medicine 2015. J Sex Med 13(2):135–143CrossRefPubMed McCabe MP, Sharlip ID, Atalla E, Balon R, Fisher AD, Laumann E et al (2016) Definitions of sexual dysfunctions in women and men: a consensus statement from the fourth international consultation on sexual medicine 2015. J Sex Med 13(2):135–143CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis SR, Worsley R, Miller KK, Parish SJ, Santoro N (2016) Androgens and female sexual function and dysfunction—findings from the fourth international consultation of sexual medicine. J Sex Med 13(2):168–178CrossRefPubMed Davis SR, Worsley R, Miller KK, Parish SJ, Santoro N (2016) Androgens and female sexual function and dysfunction—findings from the fourth international consultation of sexual medicine. J Sex Med 13(2):168–178CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Wierman ME, Arlt W, Basson R, Davis SR, Miller KK, Murad MH et al (2014) Androgen therapy in women: a reappraisal: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(10):3489–3510CrossRefPubMed Wierman ME, Arlt W, Basson R, Davis SR, Miller KK, Murad MH et al (2014) Androgen therapy in women: a reappraisal: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(10):3489–3510CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Worsley R, Bell RJ, Gartoulla P, Davis SR (2017) Prevalence and predictors of low sexual desire, sexually related personal distress, and hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction in a community-based sample of Midlife women. J Sex Med 14(5):675–686CrossRefPubMed Worsley R, Bell RJ, Gartoulla P, Davis SR (2017) Prevalence and predictors of low sexual desire, sexually related personal distress, and hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction in a community-based sample of Midlife women. J Sex Med 14(5):675–686CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeleke BM, Bell RJ, Billah B, Davis SR (2017) Hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction in community-dwelling older women. Menopause 24(4):391–399CrossRefPubMed Zeleke BM, Bell RJ, Billah B, Davis SR (2017) Hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction in community-dwelling older women. Menopause 24(4):391–399CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis SR, Braunstein GD (2012) Efficacy and safety of testosterone in the management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women. J Sex Med 9(4):1134–1148CrossRefPubMed Davis SR, Braunstein GD (2012) Efficacy and safety of testosterone in the management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women. J Sex Med 9(4):1134–1148CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis SR, Moreau M, Kroll R, Bouchard C, Panay N, Gass M et al (2008) Testosterone for low libido in menopausal women not taking estrogen therapy. N Eng J Med 359:2005–2017CrossRef Davis SR, Moreau M, Kroll R, Bouchard C, Panay N, Gass M et al (2008) Testosterone for low libido in menopausal women not taking estrogen therapy. N Eng J Med 359:2005–2017CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Shifren J, Davis SR, Moreau M, Waldbaum A, Bouchard C, DeRogatis L et al (2006) Testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in naturally menopausal women: results from the INTIMATE NM1 study. Menopause 13(5):770–779CrossRefPubMed Shifren J, Davis SR, Moreau M, Waldbaum A, Bouchard C, DeRogatis L et al (2006) Testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in naturally menopausal women: results from the INTIMATE NM1 study. Menopause 13(5):770–779CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat de Villiers TJ, Pines A, Panay N, Gambacciani M, Archer DF, Baber RJ et al (2013) Updated 2013 international menopause society recommendations on menopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health. Climacteric 16(3):316–337CrossRefPubMed de Villiers TJ, Pines A, Panay N, Gambacciani M, Archer DF, Baber RJ et al (2013) Updated 2013 international menopause society recommendations on menopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health. Climacteric 16(3):316–337CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Nijland EA, Weijmar Schultz WC, Nathorst-Boos J, Helmond FA, Van Lunsen RH, Palacios S et al (2008) Tibolone and transdermal E2/NETA for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction in naturally menopausal women: results of a randomized active-controlled trial. J Sex Med 5(3):646–656CrossRefPubMed Nijland EA, Weijmar Schultz WC, Nathorst-Boos J, Helmond FA, Van Lunsen RH, Palacios S et al (2008) Tibolone and transdermal E2/NETA for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction in naturally menopausal women: results of a randomized active-controlled trial. J Sex Med 5(3):646–656CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Glaser R, Kalantaridou S, Dimitrakakis C (2013) Testosterone implants in women: pharmacological dosing for a physiologic effect. Maturitas 74(2):179–184CrossRefPubMed Glaser R, Kalantaridou S, Dimitrakakis C (2013) Testosterone implants in women: pharmacological dosing for a physiologic effect. Maturitas 74(2):179–184CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Fooladi E, Reuter SE, Bell RJ, Robinson PJ, Davis SR (2015) Pharmacokinetics of a transdermal testosterone cream in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause 22(1):44–49CrossRefPubMed Fooladi E, Reuter SE, Bell RJ, Robinson PJ, Davis SR (2015) Pharmacokinetics of a transdermal testosterone cream in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause 22(1):44–49CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Ali A, Berens P, Siddiqui G, Ali V (2012) Nipple and areolar hyperpigmentation secondary to the use of estradiol spray on the ipsilateral forearm skin: a report of two cases. J Womens Health (larchmt) 21(3):363–365CrossRef Ali A, Berens P, Siddiqui G, Ali V (2012) Nipple and areolar hyperpigmentation secondary to the use of estradiol spray on the ipsilateral forearm skin: a report of two cases. J Womens Health (larchmt) 21(3):363–365CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Androgens in postmenopausal women
verfasst von
Prof. Susan R. Davis
Publikationsdatum
06.04.2018
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Gynäkologische Endokrinologie / Ausgabe 2/2018
Print ISSN: 1610-2894
Elektronische ISSN: 1610-2908
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10304-018-0187-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2018

Gynäkologische Endokrinologie 2/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Mitteilungen der DMG

Jahrestagung der DMG 2018

Hirsutismus bei PCOS: Laser- und Lichttherapien helfen

26.04.2024 Hirsutismus Nachrichten

Laser- und Lichtbehandlungen können bei Frauen mit polyzystischem Ovarialsyndrom (PCOS) den übermäßigen Haarwuchs verringern und das Wohlbefinden verbessern – bei alleiniger Anwendung oder in Kombination mit Medikamenten.

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Müssen sich Schwangere einer Krebstherapie unterziehen, rufen Immuncheckpointinhibitoren offenbar nicht mehr unerwünschte Wirkungen hervor als andere Mittel gegen Krebs.

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

Bislang gibt es kein Medikament zur Prävention von Wochenbettdepressionen. Das Injektionsanästhetikum Esketamin könnte womöglich diese Lücke füllen.

Bei RSV-Impfung vor 60. Lebensjahr über Off-Label-Gebrauch aufklären!

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Kongressbericht

Durch die Häufung nach der COVID-19-Pandemie sind Infektionen mit dem Respiratorischen Synzytial-Virus (RSV) in den Fokus gerückt. Fachgesellschaften empfehlen eine Impfung inzwischen nicht nur für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder.

Update Gynäkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.