Background
Methods
Study area and population
Study design and sample collection
Malaria diagnosis
Immunological assessment by ELISA
Data analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study cohort
Drug efficacy in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the different age groups
Association of antibody levels and efficacy of each drug in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Antigens | IgG Type | CQ | SP | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protected GM*(95%CI) | N | Unprotected GM*(95%CI) | N | P | P* | Protected GM*(95%CI) | N | Unprotected GM*(95%CI) | N | P | P* | ||
MSP3 | IgG | 3.55(3.31-3.78) | 16 | 3.18 (3.12-3.25) | 179 |
0.001
| 0.78 | 3.42(3.17-3.66) | 20 | 3.26(3.09-3.43) | 33 | 0.27 | 0.79 |
IgM | 1.34(1.16-1.53) | 16 | 1.32(1.19-1.45) | 179 | 0.91 | 0.53 | 1.48(1.06-1.90) | 20 | 1.40(1.06-1.73) | 33 | 0.75 | 0.73 | |
IgG1 | 0.98(0.53-1.44) | 16 | 0.44(0.37-0.52) | 179 |
0.001
| 0.22 | 0.58(0.23-0.94) | 20 | 0.56(0.27-0.84) | 33 | 0.89 | 0.25 | |
IgG2 | 0.42(0.23-0.61) | 16 | 0.21(0.18-0.25) | 179 |
0.001
| 0.19 | 0.29(0.13-0.44) | 20 | 0.18(0.13-0.23) | 33 | 0.09 | 0.69 | |
IgG3 | 1.31(0.64-1.99) | 16 | 0.84(0.67-1.01) | 179 | 0.12 | 0.48 | 1.35(0.67-2.04) | 20 | 0.67(0.37-0.97) | 33 | 0.03 | 0.35 | |
IgG4 | 0.04(0.01-0.09) | 16 | 0.01(0.008-0.01) | 179 |
0.01
| 0.29 | 0.03(0.001-0.08) | 20 | 0.01(0.006-0.02) | 33 | 0.32 | 0.91 | |
MSP1-19 | IgG | 3.25(2.85-3.65) | 16 | 3.19(3.10-3.28) | 179 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 3.11(2.92-3.31) | 20 | 3.22(3.01-3.44) | 33 | 0.47 | 0.46 |
IgM | 1.12(0.85-1.39) | 16 | 1.25(1.16-1.34) | 179 | 0.41 |
0.01
| 1.53(1.20-1.85) | 20 | 1.30(1.09-1.50) | 33 | 0.19 | 0.77 | |
IgG1 | 1.67(0.95-2.38) | 16 | 1.38(1.23-1.53) | 179 | 0.27 | 0.50 | 1.38(0.98-1.78) | 20 | 1.20(0.87-1.52) | 33 | 0.47 | 0.29 | |
IgG2 | 0.28(0.16-0.40) | 16 | 0.23(0.19-0.27) | 179 | 0.43 |
0.02
| 0.22(0.14-0.31) | 20 | 0.19(0.14-0.24) | 33 | 0.48 | 0.73 | |
IgG3 | 0.85(0.54-1.16) | 16 | 0.62(0.54-0.70) | 179 | 0.12 | 0.85 | 0.63(0.45-0.81) | 20 | 0.47(0.34-0.60) | 33 | 0.14 | 0.18 | |
IgG4 | 0.03(0.002.0.07) | 16 | 0.03(0.009-0.06) | 179 | 0.95 | 0.61 | 0.005(-0.001-0.01) | 20 | 0.04(0.003-0.07) | 33 | 0.14 | 0.13 | |
GLURP | IgG | 3.91(3.43-4.39) | 16 | 3.48(3.38-3.58) | 179 |
0.01
| 0.68 | 3.58(3.33-3.82) | 20 | 3.47(3.24-3.70) | 33 | 0.54 | 0.68 |
IgM | 2.20(1.14-2.99) | 16 | 0.97(0.86-1.08) | 179 |
0.001
|
0.02
| 1.08(0.82-1.33) | 20 | 0.87(0.68-1.05) | 33 | 0.17 | 0.89 | |
IgG1 | 1.39(0.96-1.81) | 16 | 1.05(0.92-1.17) | 179 | 0.13 | 0.77 | 1.10(0.77-1.43) | 20 | 1.20(0.84-1.56) | 33 | 0.69 | 0.36 | |
IgG2 | 0.68(0.48-0.88) | 16 | 0.46(0.38-0.54) | 179 | 0.11 | 0.76 | 0.54(0.29-0.79) | 20 | 0.50(0.29-0.72) | 33 | 0.82 | 0.65 | |
IgG3 | 0.77(0.59-0.94) | 16 | 0.64(0.57-0.71) | 179 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.72(0.50-0.94) | 20 | 0.59(0.48-0.71) | 33 | 0.24 | 0.63 | |
IgG4 | 0.006(-0.003-0.16) | 16 | 0.02(-0.002-0.05) | 179 | 0.57 | 0.30 | 0.04(-0.03-0.12) | 20 | 0.02(-0.002-0.05) | 33 | 0.63 | 0.83 |
Relationship between age and level of total IgG, IgG subclasses, and IgM responses to MSP3, MSP1-19, and GLURP
Antigens | Age groups (in years) | N | GM*IgG(95%CI) | GM*IgG1(95%CI) | GM*IgG2(95%CI) | GM*IgG3(95%CI) | GM*IgG4(95%CI) | GM*IgGM(95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSP3 | [0.5-3] | 79 | 2.96 (2.88-3.04) | 0.18 (0.14-0.23) | 0.23 (0.21-0.24) | 0.29 (0.22-0.37) | 0.05 (0.04-0.06) | 1.16 (1.06-1.28) |
] 3-5] | 69 | 3.22 (3.13-3.31) | 0.24 (0.19-0.31) | 0.22 (0.19-0.26) | 0.49 (0.38-0.64) | 0.05 (0.04-0.06) | 0.99 (0.88-1.18) | |
] 5-10] | 84 | 3.35 (3.25-3.45) | 0.41 (0.33-0.52) | 0.28 (0.25-0.30) | 0.71 (0.56-0.92) | 0.06 (0.05-0.07) | 1.21 (1.06-1.39) | |
> 10 | 21 | 3.51 (3.30-3.70) | 0.69 (0.40-1.21) | 0.35 (0.26-0.47) | 1.05 (0.63-1.75) | 0.14 (0.03-0.54) | 1.39 (1.12-1.73) | |
P |
0,01
|
0,01
|
0,01
|
0,01
|
0,002
| 0,10 | ||
MSP1-19 | ] 0.5-3] | 79 | 3.13 (0.99-3.28) | 1.19 (0.97-1.45) | 0.21 (0.18-0.23) | 0.40 (0.33-0.48) | 0.02 (0.01-0.03) | 0.86 (0.77-0.96) |
] 3-5] | 69 | 3.07 (2.95-3.19) | 0.97 (0.80-1.17 | 0.26 (0.24-0.29) | 0.48 (0.40-0.57) | 0.03 (0.02-0.05) | 1.22 (1.11-1.35) | |
] 5-10] | 84 | 3.21 (3.07-3.34) | 1.02 (0.86-1.21) | 0.30 (0.27-0.34) | 0.64 (0.54-0.75) | 0,03 (0,03-0,09) | 1.41 (1.29-1.54) | |
> 10 | 21 | 3.09 (2.89-3.31) | 1.33 (0.96-1.86) | 0.35 (0.27-0.45) | 0.52 (0.37-0.74) | 0.03 (0.02-0.05) | 0.98 (0.77-1.25) | |
P | 0,072 |
0.01
|
0.001
|
0.001
| 0.09 |
0.01
| ||
GLURP | ] 0.5-3] | 79 | 3.13 (3.02-3.25) | 0.62 (0.51-0.76) | 0.29 (0.26-0.32) | 0.44 (0.38-0.50) | 0.03 (0.01-0.06) | 0.54 (0.45-0.65) |
] 3-5] | 69 | 3.41 (3.28-3.55) | 0.77 (0.63-0.94) | 0.36 (0.32-0.41) | 0.55 (0.48-0.63) | 0.01 (0.01-0.02) | 0.80 (0.72-0.88) | |
] 5-10] | 84 | 3.68 (3.53-3.84) | 0.84 (0.69-1.09) | 0.51 (0.43-0.61) | 0.60 (0.52-0.68) | 0.05 (0.02-0.09) | 0.95 (0.84-1.09) | |
> 10 | 21 | 3.89 (3.58-4.22) | 1.35 (0.96-1.88) | 0.64 (0.51-0.82) | 0.88 (0.66-1.17) | 0.05 (0.02-0.09) | 2.00 (1.47-2.73) | |
P |
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
| 0.056 |
0.01
|