Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Ophthalmologe 4/2006

01.04.2006 | Leitthema

Arteriitis temporalis (Riesenzellarteriitis)

Klinik, Histologie und Therapie

verfasst von: Dr. T. Neß, C. Auw-Hädrich, D. Schmidt

Erschienen in: Die Ophthalmologie | Ausgabe 4/2006

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die Riesenzellarteriitis (Arteriitis temporalis) ist die häufigste Form einer systemischen Vaskulitis bei über 50-Jährigen. Eine Reihe von klassischen Symptomen, wie neuaufgetretene Kopfschmerzen, Kauschmerzen, Schulterschmerzen, Gewichtsverlust, Fieber und Anämie weisen auf eine Riesenzellarteriitis hin. Es gibt aber auch stille oder okkulte Formen mit nur geringen oder gar fehlenden Allgemeinsymptomen, insbesondere ohne Kopfschmerzen. Eine Reihe von Laborparametern wie erhöhte Blutsenkungsgeschwindigkeit, CRP, Fibrinogen, Thrombozyten sowie Anticardiolipinantikörper sprechen für das Vorliegen einer Riesenzellarteriitis. Beweisend ist keiner dieser Laborwerte. Der Goldstandard für die Diagnose der Riesenzellarteriitis ist der histologische Nachweis in der Biopsie der A. temporalis. Eine negative Biopsie ist aber kein Ausschluss, da es zwischen entzündeten Arterienabschnitten normale Abschnitte, sog. „skip lesions“, geben kann. Eine häufige und schwerwiegende Folge einer Riesenzellarteriitis ist die okuläre Beteiligung in Form einer AION oder eines retinalen Arterienverschlusses mit meistens irreversibler Erblindung oder starker Sehminderung an einem oder beiden Augen. Die Therapie besteht aus initial hochdosierten Kortikosteroiden, die langsam, meist über Jahre, unter Kontrolle der Entzündungsparameter (vor allem BSG und CRP) und der Symptomatik reduziert werden sollten.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Achkar AA, Lie JT, Hunder GG, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE (1994) How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis? Ann Intern Med 120: 987–992PubMed Achkar AA, Lie JT, Hunder GG, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE (1994) How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis? Ann Intern Med 120: 987–992PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Aiello PD, Trautmann JC, McPhee TJ, Kunselman AR, Hunder GG (1993) Visual prognosis in giant cell arteritis. Ophthalmology 100: 550–555PubMed Aiello PD, Trautmann JC, McPhee TJ, Kunselman AR, Hunder GG (1993) Visual prognosis in giant cell arteritis. Ophthalmology 100: 550–555PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Andersson R, Malmvall BE, Bengtsson BA (1986) Long-term corticosteroid treatment in giant cell arteritis. Acta Med Scand 220: 465–469PubMed Andersson R, Malmvall BE, Bengtsson BA (1986) Long-term corticosteroid treatment in giant cell arteritis. Acta Med Scand 220: 465–469PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Ayoub WT, Franklin CM, Torretti D (1985) Polymyalgia rheumatica. Duration of therapy and long-term outcome. Am J Med 79: 309–315CrossRefPubMed Ayoub WT, Franklin CM, Torretti D (1985) Polymyalgia rheumatica. Duration of therapy and long-term outcome. Am J Med 79: 309–315CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Baldursson O, Steinsson K, Bjornsson J, Lie JT (1994) Giant cell arteritis in Iceland. An epidemiologic and histopathologic analysis. Arthritis Rheum 37: 1007–1012PubMed Baldursson O, Steinsson K, Bjornsson J, Lie JT (1994) Giant cell arteritis in Iceland. An epidemiologic and histopathologic analysis. Arthritis Rheum 37: 1007–1012PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhatti MT, Tabandeh H (2001) Giant cell arteritis: diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 12: 393–399CrossRefPubMed Bhatti MT, Tabandeh H (2001) Giant cell arteritis: diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 12: 393–399CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Boesen P, Sorensen SF (1987) Giant cell arteritis, temporal arteritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica in a Danish county. A prospective investigation, 1982–1985. Arthritis Rheum 30: 294–299PubMed Boesen P, Sorensen SF (1987) Giant cell arteritis, temporal arteritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica in a Danish county. A prospective investigation, 1982–1985. Arthritis Rheum 30: 294–299PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Calamia KT, Hunder GG (1981) Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) presenting as fever of undetermined origin. Arthritis Rheum 24: 1414–1418PubMed Calamia KT, Hunder GG (1981) Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) presenting as fever of undetermined origin. Arthritis Rheum 24: 1414–1418PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Cantini F, Niccoli L, Salvarani C, Padula A, Olivieri I (2001) Treatment of longstanding active giant cell arteritis with infliximab: report of four cases. Arthritis Rheum 44: 2933–2935CrossRefPubMed Cantini F, Niccoli L, Salvarani C, Padula A, Olivieri I (2001) Treatment of longstanding active giant cell arteritis with infliximab: report of four cases. Arthritis Rheum 44: 2933–2935CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Cantini F, Niccoli L, Storri L et al. (2004) Are polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis the same disease? Semin Arthritis Rheum 33: 294–301CrossRefPubMed Cantini F, Niccoli L, Storri L et al. (2004) Are polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis the same disease? Semin Arthritis Rheum 33: 294–301CrossRefPubMed
11.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Chevalet P, Barrier JH, Pottier P et al. (2000) A randomized, multicenter, controlled trial using intravenous pulses of methylprednisolone in the initial treatment of simple forms of giant cell arteritis: a one year follow up study of 164 patients. J Rheumatol 27: 1484–1491PubMed Chevalet P, Barrier JH, Pottier P et al. (2000) A randomized, multicenter, controlled trial using intravenous pulses of methylprednisolone in the initial treatment of simple forms of giant cell arteritis: a one year follow up study of 164 patients. J Rheumatol 27: 1484–1491PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Cid MC, Font C, Oristrell J et al. (1998) Association between strong inflammatory response and low risk of developing visual loss and other cranial ischemic complications in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 41: 26–32CrossRefPubMed Cid MC, Font C, Oristrell J et al. (1998) Association between strong inflammatory response and low risk of developing visual loss and other cranial ischemic complications in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 41: 26–32CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Danesh-Meyer HV, Savino PJ, Eagle RC, Kubis KC, Sergott RC (2000) Low diagnostic yield with second biopsies in suspected giant cell arteritis. J Neuroophthalmol 20: 213–215PubMed Danesh-Meyer HV, Savino PJ, Eagle RC, Kubis KC, Sergott RC (2000) Low diagnostic yield with second biopsies in suspected giant cell arteritis. J Neuroophthalmol 20: 213–215PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Desmet GD, Knockaert DC, Bobbaers HJ (1990) Temporal arteritis: the silent presentation and delay in diagnosis. J Intern Med 227: 237–240PubMed Desmet GD, Knockaert DC, Bobbaers HJ (1990) Temporal arteritis: the silent presentation and delay in diagnosis. J Intern Med 227: 237–240PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans JM, Hunder GG (2000) Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 26: 493–515CrossRefPubMed Evans JM, Hunder GG (2000) Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 26: 493–515CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferraccioli GF, Di Poi E, Damato R (2000) Steroid sparing therapeutic approaches to polymyalgia rheumatica – giant cell arteritis. State of the art and perspectives. Clin Exp Rheumatol 18: 58–60 Ferraccioli GF, Di Poi E, Damato R (2000) Steroid sparing therapeutic approaches to polymyalgia rheumatica – giant cell arteritis. State of the art and perspectives. Clin Exp Rheumatol 18: 58–60
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Gardiner PV, Griffiths ID (1990) Sudden death after treatment with pulsed methylprednisolone. BMJ 300: 125 Gardiner PV, Griffiths ID (1990) Sudden death after treatment with pulsed methylprednisolone. BMJ 300: 125
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez-Gay MA, Blanco R, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Martinez-Taboada VM, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Figueroa M, Uriarte E (1998) Permanent visual loss and cerebrovascular accidents in giant cell arteritis: predictors and response to treatment. Arthritis Rheum 41: 1497–1504CrossRefPubMed Gonzalez-Gay MA, Blanco R, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Martinez-Taboada VM, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Figueroa M, Uriarte E (1998) Permanent visual loss and cerebrovascular accidents in giant cell arteritis: predictors and response to treatment. Arthritis Rheum 41: 1497–1504CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Llorca J et al. (2000) Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Trends and clinical spectrum in 161 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 79: 283–292 Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Llorca J et al. (2000) Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Trends and clinical spectrum in 161 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 79: 283–292
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayreh SS (1990) Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Differentiation of arteritic from non-arteritic type and its management. Eye 4(Pt 1): 25–41PubMed Hayreh SS (1990) Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Differentiation of arteritic from non-arteritic type and its management. Eye 4(Pt 1): 25–41PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayreh SS (1997) Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Clin Neurosci 4: 251–263PubMed Hayreh SS (1997) Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Clin Neurosci 4: 251–263PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayreh SS (2000) Steroid therapy for visual loss in patients with giant-cell arteritis. Lancet 355: 1572–1573CrossRefPubMed Hayreh SS (2000) Steroid therapy for visual loss in patients with giant-cell arteritis. Lancet 355: 1572–1573CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayreh SS (2004) Posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: clinical features, pathogenesis, and management. Eye 18: 1188–1206CrossRefPubMed Hayreh SS (2004) Posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: clinical features, pathogenesis, and management. Eye 18: 1188–1206CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Raman R, Zimmerman B (1997) Giant cell arteritis: validity and reliability of various diagnostic criteria. Am J Ophthalmol 123: 285–296PubMed Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Raman R, Zimmerman B (1997) Giant cell arteritis: validity and reliability of various diagnostic criteria. Am J Ophthalmol 123: 285–296PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B (1998) Occult giant cell arteritis: ocular manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol 125: 521–526CrossRefPubMed Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B (1998) Occult giant cell arteritis: ocular manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol 125: 521–526CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B (1998) Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol 125: 509–520CrossRefPubMed Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B (1998) Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol 125: 509–520CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B (2003) Management of giant cell arteritis. Our 27-year clinical study: new light on old controversies. Ophthalmologica 217: 239–259CrossRefPubMed Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B (2003) Management of giant cell arteritis. Our 27-year clinical study: new light on old controversies. Ophthalmologica 217: 239–259CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B (2003) Visual deterioration in giant cell arteritis patients while on high doses of corticosteroid therapy. Ophthalmology 110: 1204–1215CrossRefPubMed Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B (2003) Visual deterioration in giant cell arteritis patients while on high doses of corticosteroid therapy. Ophthalmology 110: 1204–1215CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Hazleman B (2000) Laboratory investigations useful in the evaluation of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). Clin Exp Rheumatol 18: 29–31 Hazleman B (2000) Laboratory investigations useful in the evaluation of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). Clin Exp Rheumatol 18: 29–31
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Hellmann DB et al. (2002) A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 46: 1309–1318CrossRefPubMed Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Hellmann DB et al. (2002) A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 46: 1309–1318CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Horton B (1932) An undescribed form of arteritis of the temporal vessels. Proc Mayo Clin 7: 700–701 Horton B (1932) An undescribed form of arteritis of the temporal vessels. Proc Mayo Clin 7: 700–701
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Hunder GG (1997) Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Med Clin North Am 81: 195–219CrossRefPubMed Hunder GG (1997) Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Med Clin North Am 81: 195–219CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Hunder GG (2000) Classification/diagnostic criteria for GCA/PMR. Clin Exp Rheumatol 18: 4–5PubMed Hunder GG (2000) Classification/diagnostic criteria for GCA/PMR. Clin Exp Rheumatol 18: 4–5PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA et al. (1990) The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1122–1128 Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA et al. (1990) The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 33: 1122–1128
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Hutchinson J (1890) On a peculiar form of thrombotic of the aged which sometimes productive of gangrene. Arch Surg 1: 323–329 Hutchinson J (1890) On a peculiar form of thrombotic of the aged which sometimes productive of gangrene. Arch Surg 1: 323–329
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Jonasson F, Cullen JF, Elton RA (1979) Temporal arteritis. A 14-year epidemiological, clinical and prognostic study. Scott Med J 24: 111–117PubMed Jonasson F, Cullen JF, Elton RA (1979) Temporal arteritis. A 14-year epidemiological, clinical and prognostic study. Scott Med J 24: 111–117PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Jover JA, Hernandez-Garcia C, Morado IC, Vargas E, Banares A, Fernandez-Gutierrez B (2001) Combined treatment of giant-cell arteritis with methotrexate and prednisone. a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 134: 106–114PubMed Jover JA, Hernandez-Garcia C, Morado IC, Vargas E, Banares A, Fernandez-Gutierrez B (2001) Combined treatment of giant-cell arteritis with methotrexate and prednisone. a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 134: 106–114PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Launay D, Hachulla E (2004) [Inflammatory aortitis]. Presse Med 33: 1334–1340PubMed Launay D, Hachulla E (2004) [Inflammatory aortitis]. Presse Med 33: 1334–1340PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Lessell S (2000) Bilateral temporal artery biopsies in giant cell arteritis. J Neuroophthalmol 20: 220–221PubMed Lessell S (2000) Bilateral temporal artery biopsies in giant cell arteritis. J Neuroophthalmol 20: 220–221PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Liozon E, Herrmann F, Ly K, Robert PY, Loustaud V, Soria P, Vidal E (2001) Risk factors for visual loss in giant cell (temporal) arteritis: a prospective study of 174 patients. Am J Med 111: 211–217CrossRefPubMed Liozon E, Herrmann F, Ly K, Robert PY, Loustaud V, Soria P, Vidal E (2001) Risk factors for visual loss in giant cell (temporal) arteritis: a prospective study of 174 patients. Am J Med 111: 211–217CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu GT, Glaser JS, Schatz NJ, Smith JL (1994) Visual morbidity in giant cell arteritis. Clinical characteristics and prognosis for vision. Ophthalmology 101: 1779–1785PubMed Liu GT, Glaser JS, Schatz NJ, Smith JL (1994) Visual morbidity in giant cell arteritis. Clinical characteristics and prognosis for vision. Ophthalmology 101: 1779–1785PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Matteson EL, Gold KN, Bloch DA, Hunder GG (1996) Long-term survival of patients with giant cell arteritis in the American College of Rheumatology giant cell arteritis classification criteria cohort. Am J Med 100: 193–196CrossRefPubMed Matteson EL, Gold KN, Bloch DA, Hunder GG (1996) Long-term survival of patients with giant cell arteritis in the American College of Rheumatology giant cell arteritis classification criteria cohort. Am J Med 100: 193–196CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Murgatroyd H, Milne A (2001) Positive temporal artery biopsy in a patient on therapeutic doses of steroids for six years. Eye 15: 250–251PubMed Murgatroyd H, Milne A (2001) Positive temporal artery biopsy in a patient on therapeutic doses of steroids for six years. Eye 15: 250–251PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Myles AB, Perera T, Ridley MG (1992) Prevention of blindness in giant cell arteritis by corticosteroid treatment. Br J Rheumatol 31: 103–105PubMed Myles AB, Perera T, Ridley MG (1992) Prevention of blindness in giant cell arteritis by corticosteroid treatment. Br J Rheumatol 31: 103–105PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Nesher G, Rubinow A, Sonnenblick M (1997) Efficacy and adverse effects of different corticosteroid dose regimens in temporal arteritis: a retrospective study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 15: 303–306PubMed Nesher G, Rubinow A, Sonnenblick M (1997) Efficacy and adverse effects of different corticosteroid dose regimens in temporal arteritis: a retrospective study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 15: 303–306PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Nesher G, Sonnenblick M, Friedlander Y (1994) Analysis of steroid related complications and mortality in temporal arteritis: a 15-year survey of 43 patients. J Rheumatol 21: 1283–1286PubMed Nesher G, Sonnenblick M, Friedlander Y (1994) Analysis of steroid related complications and mortality in temporal arteritis: a 15-year survey of 43 patients. J Rheumatol 21: 1283–1286PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Ness T, Schmidt D (2005) Arteriitis temporalis: Temporalarterienbiopsie, Anamnese und Blutwerte. Zeitschr prakt Augenheilkd 26: 327–332 Ness T, Schmidt D (2005) Arteriitis temporalis: Temporalarterienbiopsie, Anamnese und Blutwerte. Zeitschr prakt Augenheilkd 26: 327–332
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordborg E (2000) Epidemiology of biopsy-positive giant cell arteritis: an overview. Clin Exp Rheumatol 18: 15–17 Nordborg E (2000) Epidemiology of biopsy-positive giant cell arteritis: an overview. Clin Exp Rheumatol 18: 15–17
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordborg E, Bengtsson BA (1989) Death rates and causes of death in 284 consecutive patients with giant cell arteritis confirmed by biopsy. BMJ 299: 549–550PubMed Nordborg E, Bengtsson BA (1989) Death rates and causes of death in 284 consecutive patients with giant cell arteritis confirmed by biopsy. BMJ 299: 549–550PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordborg E, Nordborg C (2003) Giant cell arteritis: epidemiological clues to its pathogenesis and an update on its treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford) 42: 413–421 Nordborg E, Nordborg C (2003) Giant cell arteritis: epidemiological clues to its pathogenesis and an update on its treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford) 42: 413–421
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Pless M, Rizzo JF, Lamkin JC, Lessell S (2000) Concordance of bilateral temporal artery biopsy in giant cell arteritis. J Neuroophthalmol 20: 216–218PubMed Pless M, Rizzo JF, Lamkin JC, Lessell S (2000) Concordance of bilateral temporal artery biopsy in giant cell arteritis. J Neuroophthalmol 20: 216–218PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Poller DN, van Wyk Q, Jeffrey MJ (2000) The importance of skip lesions in temporal arteritis. J Clin Pathol 53: 137–139CrossRefPubMed Poller DN, van Wyk Q, Jeffrey MJ (2000) The importance of skip lesions in temporal arteritis. J Clin Pathol 53: 137–139CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman W, Rahman FZ (2005) Giant cell (temporal) arteritis: an overview and update. Surv Ophthalmol 50: 415–428CrossRefPubMed Rahman W, Rahman FZ (2005) Giant cell (temporal) arteritis: an overview and update. Surv Ophthalmol 50: 415–428CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Reich KA, Giansiracusa DF, Strongwater SL (1990) Neurologic manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am J Med 89: 67–72CrossRefPubMed Reich KA, Giansiracusa DF, Strongwater SL (1990) Neurologic manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am J Med 89: 67–72CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruegg S, Engelter S, Jeanneret C, Hetzel A, Probst A, Steck AJ, Lyrer P (2003) Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion resulting from giant cell arteritis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 82: 1–12 Ruegg S, Engelter S, Jeanneret C, Hetzel A, Probst A, Steck AJ, Lyrer P (2003) Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion resulting from giant cell arteritis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 82: 1–12
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ et al. (1998) Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. N Engl J Med 339: 292–299CrossRefPubMed Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ et al. (1998) Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. N Engl J Med 339: 292–299CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Sailler L (2004) [What have we learned about giant cell arteritis during the last decade?]. Rev Med Interne 25: 816–825PubMed Sailler L (2004) [What have we learned about giant cell arteritis during the last decade?]. Rev Med Interne 25: 816–825PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG (2002) Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med 347: 261–271CrossRefPubMed Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG (2002) Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med 347: 261–271CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG (2003) Laboratory investigations useful in giant cell arteritis and Takayasu’s arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 21: 23–28 Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG (2003) Laboratory investigations useful in giant cell arteritis and Takayasu’s arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 21: 23–28
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O’Fallon WM, Hunder GG (1995) Epidemiology of polymyalgia rheumatica in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1970–1991. Arthritis Rheum 38: 369–373PubMed Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O’Fallon WM, Hunder GG (1995) Epidemiology of polymyalgia rheumatica in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1970–1991. Arthritis Rheum 38: 369–373PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O’Fallon WM, Hunder GG (1995) The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: apparent fluctuations in a cyclic pattern. Ann Intern Med 123: 192–194PubMed Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O’Fallon WM, Hunder GG (1995) The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: apparent fluctuations in a cyclic pattern. Ann Intern Med 123: 192–194PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Salvarani C, Hunder GG (2001) Giant cell arteritis with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate: frequency of occurence in a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 45: 140–145CrossRefPubMed Salvarani C, Hunder GG (2001) Giant cell arteritis with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate: frequency of occurence in a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 45: 140–145CrossRefPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Salvarani C, Macchioni PL, Tartoni PL et al. (1987) Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a 5-year epidemiologic and clinical study in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 5: 205–215PubMed Salvarani C, Macchioni PL, Tartoni PL et al. (1987) Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a 5-year epidemiologic and clinical study in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 5: 205–215PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandercock PA, Warlow CP, Jones LN, Starkey IR (1989) Predisposing factors for cerebral infarction: the Oxfordshire community stroke project. BMJ 298: 75–80PubMed Sandercock PA, Warlow CP, Jones LN, Starkey IR (1989) Predisposing factors for cerebral infarction: the Oxfordshire community stroke project. BMJ 298: 75–80PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt D (2003) [Cranial arteritis – An Overview]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 220: 579–617CrossRefPubMed Schmidt D (2003) [Cranial arteritis – An Overview]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 220: 579–617CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt D (2005) Ocular ischemia syndrome – a malignant course of giant cell arteritis. Eur J Med Res 10: 233–242PubMed Schmidt D (2005) Ocular ischemia syndrome – a malignant course of giant cell arteritis. Eur J Med Res 10: 233–242PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt D, Adelmann G (2001) The course of the occipital artery – an anatomical investigation for biopsy in suspected vasculitis. Eur J Med Res 6: 235–241PubMed Schmidt D, Adelmann G (2001) The course of the occipital artery – an anatomical investigation for biopsy in suspected vasculitis. Eur J Med Res 6: 235–241PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Spiera RF, Mitnick HJ, Kupersmith M, Richmond M, Spiera H, Peterson MG, Paget SA (2001) A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of methotrexate in the treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Clin Exp Rheumatol 19: 495–501PubMed Spiera RF, Mitnick HJ, Kupersmith M, Richmond M, Spiera H, Peterson MG, Paget SA (2001) A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of methotrexate in the treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Clin Exp Rheumatol 19: 495–501PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Turbin RE, Kupersmith MJ (1999) Giant Cell Arteritis. Curr Treat Options Neurol 1: 49–56PubMed Turbin RE, Kupersmith MJ (1999) Giant Cell Arteritis. Curr Treat Options Neurol 1: 49–56PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Weyand CM, Bartley GB (1997) Giant cell arteritis: new concepts in pathogenesis and implications for management. Am J Ophthalmol 123: 392–395PubMed Weyand CM, Bartley GB (1997) Giant cell arteritis: new concepts in pathogenesis and implications for management. Am J Ophthalmol 123: 392–395PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Weyand CM, Fulbright JW, Hunder GG, Evans JM, Goronzy JJ (2000) Treatment of giant cell arteritis: interleukin-6 as a biologic marker of disease activity. Arthritis Rheum 43: 1041–1048CrossRefPubMed Weyand CM, Fulbright JW, Hunder GG, Evans JM, Goronzy JJ (2000) Treatment of giant cell arteritis: interleukin-6 as a biologic marker of disease activity. Arthritis Rheum 43: 1041–1048CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Arteriitis temporalis (Riesenzellarteriitis)
Klinik, Histologie und Therapie
verfasst von
Dr. T. Neß
C. Auw-Hädrich
D. Schmidt
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2006
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Die Ophthalmologie / Ausgabe 4/2006
Print ISSN: 2731-720X
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7218
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-006-1324-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2006

Der Ophthalmologe 4/2006 Zur Ausgabe

Neu im Fachgebiet Augenheilkunde

Ophthalmika in der Schwangerschaft

Die Verwendung von Ophthalmika in der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit stellt immer eine Off-label-Anwendung dar. Ein Einsatz von Arzneimitteln muss daher besonders sorgfältig auf sein Risiko-Nutzen-Verhältnis bewertet werden. In der vorliegenden …

Operative Therapie und Keimnachweis bei endogener Endophthalmitis

Vitrektomie Originalie

Die endogene Endophthalmitis ist eine hämatogen fortgeleitete, bakterielle oder fungale Infektion, die über choroidale oder retinale Gefäße in den Augapfel eingeschwemmt wird [ 1 – 3 ]. Von dort infiltrieren die Keime in die Netzhaut, den …

Bakterielle endogene Endophthalmitis

Vitrektomie Leitthema

Eine endogene Endophthalmitis stellt einen ophthalmologischen Notfall dar, der umgehender Diagnostik und Therapie bedarf. Es sollte mit geeigneten Methoden, wie beispielsweise dem Freiburger Endophthalmitis-Set, ein Keimnachweis erfolgen. Bei der …

So erreichen Sie eine bestmögliche Wundheilung der Kornea

Die bestmögliche Wundheilung der Kornea, insbesondere ohne die Ausbildung von lichtstreuenden Narben, ist oberstes Gebot, um einer dauerhaften Schädigung der Hornhaut frühzeitig entgegenzuwirken und die Funktion des Auges zu erhalten.   

Update Augenheilkunde

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.