Background
Methods
Study design and subjects
Data collection
Socio-demographic and additional lifestyle variables
Active travel variables
Adiposity variables
Statistical analyses
Ethics statement
Results
Matlab | Goa | Chennai | Pooled | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 740 | 734 | 648 | 2122 | ||
Socio-demographic and lifestyle indices | ||||||
Age | Mean (SD) | 41.3 ± 16.2 | 40.7 ± 14.3 | 37.2 ± 14.6 | 39.9 ± 15.2 | <0.001 |
Sex | % male | 40.4 | 41.4 | 46.3 | 42.6 | 0.064 |
Education | No formal (%) | 27.6 | 28.1 | 39.4 | 31.4 | <0.001 |
School education (%) | 67.5 | 67.0 | 53.5 | 63.1 | ||
Higher education (%) | 4.9 | 4.9 | 7.2 | 5.6 | ||
Ever smoker | % | 18.1 | 85.8 | 72.7 | 58.1 | <0.001 |
Oil consumption | ≤1 L/month (%) | 74.7 | 95.9 | 70.7 | 80.8 | <0.001 |
Physical activity measures | ||||||
Active travel | Mean min/week (SD) | 235 ± 444 | 312 ± 445 | 226 ± 285 | 258 ± 404 | <0.001 |
≥150 min/week (%) | 33.1 | 54.8 | 49.7 | 45.7 | ||
Work-related physical activity | Mean min/week (SD) | 175 ± 581 | 259 ± 660 | 1011 ± 1103 | 460 ± 881 | <0.001 |
≥150 min/week (%) | 15.1 | 20.7 | 69.8 | 33.7 | ||
Leisure-related physical-activity | Mean min/week (SD) | 7 ± 60 | 41 ± 166 | 52 ± 208 | 32 ± 155 | <0.001 |
≥150 min/week (%) | 1.6 | 7.0 | 9.6 | 5.9 | ||
Total physical activity | Mean min/week (SD) | 419 ± 782 | 612 ± 815 | 1285 ± 1164 | 748 ± 993 | <0.001 |
≥150 min/week (%) | 43.0 | 63.2 | 84.6 | 62.7 | ||
Adiposity outcomes | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | Mean (SD) | 21.3 ± 3.6 | 21.8 ± 4.1 | 21.2 ± 3.9 | 21.4 ± 3.9 | 0.002 |
<23 | 72.6 | 64.2 | 70.4 | 69.0 | 0.028 | |
23 - 24.9 | 12.6 | 14.8 | 12.1 | 13.2 | ||
25 - 29.9 | 12.6 | 17.8 | 15.1 | 15.2 | ||
30 + | 2.2 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 2.6 | ||
Waist circumference | >85 cm (males), > 80 cm (females) (%) | 26.7 | 32.3 | 24.7 | 28.0 | 0.004 |
WHR | ≥0.9 (males), ≥ 0.8 (females) (%) | 58.5 | 70.4 | 59.5 | 62.9 | <0.001 |
Socio-demographic and lifestyle indices
Physical activity indices
Measures of adiposity
Correlates of active travel
Matlab | Goa | Chennai | Pooled | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 738 | 729 | 640 | 2107 | |
Age group | ≥18 to < 25 years | ref | ref | ref | ref |
≥25 to < 35 years | 0.74 (0.38, 1.45) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.97)* | 1.60 (0.97, 2.65) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.36) | |
≥35 to < 50 years | 0.95 (0.53, 1.72) | 0.76 (0.44, 1.31) | 1.97 (1.14, 3.40)* | 1.16 (0.85, 1.59) | |
50+ years | 0.45 (0.26, 0.81)** | 0.59 (0.31, 1.13) | 1.08 (0.60, 1.96) | 0.81 (0.58, 1.12) | |
Sex | Male | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Female | 0.07 (0.05, 0.12)*** | 0.48 (0.35, 0.68)*** | 0.43 (0.31, 0.61)*** | 0.25 (0.20, 0.31)*** | |
Education | No formal | ref | Ref | ref | ref |
School education | 0.97 (0.61, 1.54) | 0.73 (0.46, 1.14) | 0.74 (0.48, 1.13) | 0.69 (0.54, 0.87)** | |
Higher education | 1.52 (0.60, 3.84) | 0.47 (0.20, 1.11) | 1.23 (0.53, 2.88) | 0.76 (0.48, 1.21) | |
Ever smoker | No | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Yes | 1.70 (1.02, 2.84)* | 0.73 (0.47, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.67, 1.45) | 1.36 (1.07, 1.72)* | |
Oil consumption | ≤1 L/month | ref | ref | ref | ref |
>1 L /month | 1.43 (0.89, 2.31) | 1.55 (0.76, 3.14) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | |
Leisure-related physical activity | <150 mins/week | ref | ref | ref | ref |
≥150 mins/week | 1.60 (0.40, 6.35) | 1.69 (0.83, 3.44) | 1.12 (0.54, 2.30) | 0.96 (0.61, 1.53) | |
Work-related physical activity | <150 mins/week | ref | ref | ref | ref |
≥150 mins/week | 1.31 (0.80, 2.16) | 1.60 (1.13, 2.27)** | 1.97 (1.33, 2.91)** | 1.71 (1.35, 2.16)*** | |
Site | Matlab | ref | |||
Goa | 2.13 (1.59, 2.86)*** | ||||
Chennai | 1.22 (0.91, 1.63) |
Associations between active travel and adiposity
Active travel (mins/week) | BMI (kg/m2) | BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 | BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | High waist circumference | High WHR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | % | ||||
<150 | 21.7 (3.9) | 33.5 | 19.5 | 31.2 | 68.1 |
≥150 | 21.2 (3.8) | 28.4 | 16.2 | 24.3 | 56.9 |
Unadjusted coefficient (95 % CI) | Unadjusted OR (95 % CI) | ||||
<150 | ref | ref | |||
≥150 | −0.46 (−0.79, −0.12)** | 0.79 (0.65, 0.95)* | 0.80 (0.63, 1.00) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.86)*** | 0.62 (0.52, 0.74)*** |
Partially adjusted coefficient (95 % CI)a | Partially adjusted OR (95 % CI)a | ||||
<150 | ref | ref | |||
≥150 | −0.30 (−0.66, 0.07) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.08) | 0.91 (0.71, 1.17) | 0.81 (0.66, 0.99)* | 0.79 (0.65, 0.96)* |
Fully adjusted coefficient (95 % CI)b | Fully adjusted OR (95 % CI)b | ||||
<150 | ref | ref | |||
≥150 | −0.39 (−0.77, −0.02)* | 0.83 (0.68, 1.02) | 0.84 (0.65, 1.09) | 0.77 (0.63, 0.96)* | 0.72 (0.58, 0.89)** |