Subclinical seizures (SCSs) are not uncommonly detected on both video-electroencephalogram (VEEG) and intracranial electroencephalogram (IEEG) monitoring. Understanding subclinical seizure characteristics is important in our appreciation of epilepsy. |
SCSs detected on VEEG monitoring were associated with younger seizure onset. |
SCSs detected on IEEG monitoring were associated with temporal lobe epilepsy and predicted surgical outcomes in focal epilepsy. |
Introduction
Methods
Patient Selection
VEEG and IEEG Monitoring
Data Collection
Statistical Analysis
Results
Cohort Characteristics
Variables | Whole group, n = 286 | s-SCSs, n = 28 | non-s-SCSs, n = 258 | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, male | 151 (52.80%) | 15 | 136 | 0.931a |
Seizure onset, Y, median (IQR) | 12 (6–22) | 6 (3–11.75) | 13 (7–23.25) | 0.001c |
Epilepsy duration, M, median (IQR) | 72 (18–168) | 54 (16.5–183) | 72 (18–168) | 0.796c |
Pharmacoresistant epilepsy | 166 (58.04%) | 21 | 145 | 0.056a |
Children | 91 (31.82%) | 14 | 77 | 0.030a |
Febrile seizures | 36 (12.59%) | 3 | 33 | 0.988a |
Aura | 123 (43.77%) | 10 | 113 | 0.412a |
Seizure frequency, daily | 66 (23.08%) | 11 | 55 | 0.032a |
History of focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizure | 122 (42.66%) | 12 | 110 | 0.982a |
Seizure types, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.150c |
Reducing the dose of AEDs during VEEG recordings | 161 (21.33%) | 12 | 149 | 0.131a |
VEEG time, D, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 0.810c |
With IEEG recordings | 80 (27.97%) | 9 | 71 | 0.605a |
Hemispheric lateralization, left | 134 (46.85%) | 15 | 119 | 0.455a |
Location | ||||
Frontal | 73 (25.52%) | 10 | 63 | 0.193a |
Temporal | 171 (59.79%) | 13 | 158 | 0.129a |
Parietal | 16 (5.59%) | 2 | 14 | 1.000a |
Occipital | 7 (2.45%) | 2 | 5 | 0.294a |
Insular | 2 (0.70%) | 0 | 2 | 1.000b |
Hypothalamus | 3 (1.05%) | 0 | 3 | 1.000b |
Multilobe | 14 (4.90%) | 1 | 13 | 1.000a |
Pathology | ||||
HS | 59 (20.63%) | 5 | 54 | 0.703a |
FCD | 77 (26.92%) | 10 | 67 | 0.270a |
Tumor | 86 (30.07%) | 8 | 78 | 0.856a |
Hemangioma/vascular malformation | 31 (10.84%) | 2 | 29 | 0.732a |
Nonspecific | 25 (8.74%) | 3 | 22 | 0.971a |
Arachnoid cyst | 3 (1.05%) | 0 | 3 | 1.000b |
Dermoid cyst | 1 (0.35%) | 0 | 1 | 1.000b |
Colloid cyst | 1 (0.35%) | 0 | 1 | 1.000b |
No pathology (laser ablation) | 3 (1.05%) | 0 | 3 | 1.000b |
Group | VEEG/IEEG recording time | Rate of SCS detection (%) |
---|---|---|
VEEG group | On the first recording day | 6.29 |
On the initial 2 recording days | 7.65 | |
On the initial 3 recording days | 7.91 | |
On the initial 4 recording days | 8.43 | |
Throughout all recording days | 9.79 | |
IEEG group | On the first recording day | 28.75 |
On the initial 2 recording days | 40 | |
On the initial 3 recording days | 43.75 | |
On the initial 4 recording days | 46.25 | |
Throughout all recording days | 50 |
Localization of SCSs and CSs
Localizing value | s-SCSs (n = 28) | i-SCSs (n = 40) |
---|---|---|
No CSs recorded | 5 | 1 |
SCSs had no localizing value | 3 | 0 |
CSs had no localizing value | 3 | 0 |
SCSs = CSs | 12 | 21 |
SCSs < CSs | 3 | 9 |
CSs < SCSs | 1 | 0 |
SCSs ∩ CSs | 0 | 5 |
SCSs ≠ CSs | 1 | 4 |
Predictors of SCSs
Variables | 95% CI | OR | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Seizure onset, Y | 0.886–0.978 | 0.931 | 0.004 |
Pharmacoresistant epilepsy | 0.595–3.789 | 1.501 | 0.390 |
Children | 0.458–2.965 | 1.166 | 0.748 |
Seizure frequency, daily | 0.598–3.439 | 1.434 | 0.420 |
Variables | Whole group, n = 80 | i-SCSs, n = 40 | non-i-SCSs, n = 40 | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, male | 44 (50%) | 21 | 23 | 0.653a |
Seizure onset, Y, median (IQR) | 9 (4–13) | 10 (5.25–15) | 8 (4–11) | 0.128c |
Epilepsy duration, M, median (IQR) | 120 (60–240) | 120 (63–240) | 120 (48–231) | 0.633c |
Pharmacoresistant epilepsy | 77 (96.25%) | 39 | 38 | 1.000a |
Children | 33 (41.25%) | 13 | 20 | 0.112a |
Febrile seizures | 10 (12.5%) | 6 | 4 | 0.488a |
Aura | 37 (46.25%) | 18 | 19 | 0.823a |
Seizure frequency, daily | 30 (37.5%) | 12 | 18 | 0.166a |
History of focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizure | 43 (53.75%) | 22 | 21 | 0.823a |
Seizure types | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.136c |
Reducing the dose of AEDs during IEEG recordings | 55 (68.75%) | 31 | 24 | 0.091a |
IEEG time, D, median (IQR) | 8 (6.25–12) | 7.5 (6–12) | 9.5 (7–12) | 0.373c |
Hemispheric lateralization, left | 36 (45%) | 22 | 14 | 0.072a |
Location | ||||
Frontal | 26 (32.5%) | 12 | 14 | 0.633a |
Temporal | 31 (38.75%) | 21 | 10 | 0.012a |
Parietal | 9 (11.25%) | 2 | 7 | 0.157a |
Occipital | 4 (50%) | 0 | 4 | 0.116b |
Insular | 2 (2.5%) | 1 | 1 | 1.000a |
Hypothalamus | 2 (2.5%) | 0 | 2 | 0.494b |
Multilobe | 6 (7.5%) | 4 | 2 | 0.479a |
Pathology | ||||
HS | 14 (17.5%) | 10 | 4 | 0.077a |
FCD | 41 (51.25%) | 19 | 22 | 0.502a |
Tumor | 4 (5%) | 2 | 2 | 1.000a |
Hemangioma/vascular malformation | 2 (2.4%) | 2 | 0 | 0.494b |
Nonspecific | 16 (20%) | 7 | 9 | 0.502a |
No pathology (laser ablation) | 3 (3.75%) | 0 | 3 | 0.241b |
Variables | 95% CI | OR | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Reducing the dose of AEDs during IEEG recordings | 0.674–5.548 | 1.934 | 0.220 |
Hemispheric lateralization, left | 0.891–5.820 | 2.277 | 0.086 |
Temporal | 1.264–8.740 | 3.324 | 0.015 |
HS | 0.414–10.393 | 2.075 | 0.375 |
Predictors of Seizure Outcome
Variables | Whole group, n = 286 | Seizure-free, n = 208 | Non-seizure-free, n = 78 | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, male | 151 (52.80%) | 107 | 44 | 0.454a |
Seizure onset, Y, median (IQR) | 12 (6–22) | 12 (6–22.75) | 12 (6.75–20.25) | 0.538c |
Age at surgery, Y, median (IQR) | 24 (14.75–33) | 23 (14–33) | 25.5 (17–36.25) | 0.257c |
Epilepsy duration, M, median (IQR) | 72 (18–168) | 60 (14.25–144) | 84 (24–240) | 0.040c |
Follow-up time, M, median (IQR) | 32 (18–52.25) | 31.5 (18–48.75) | 35 (17.5–64.5) | 0.229c |
Pharmacoresistant epilepsy | 166 (58.04%) | 120 | 46 | 0.845a |
Children | 91 (31.82%) | 71 | 20 | 0.170a |
Febrile seizures | 36 (12.59%) | 25 | 11 | 0.636a |
Aura | 123 (43.77%) | 92 | 32 | 0.626a |
Seizure frequency, daily | 66 (23.08%) | 49 | 17 | 0.753a |
History of focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizure | 122 (42.66%) | 79 | 43 | 0.009a |
SCSs recorded on VEEG | 28 (9.79%) | 22 | 6 | 0.465a |
Intracranial electrode implanted | 80 (27.97%) | 56 | 24 | 0.519a |
Seizure types, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1.5 (1–2) | 1(1–2) | 0.934c |
Hemispheric lateralization, left | 134 (46.85%) | 99 | 35 | 0.681a |
Location | ||||
Frontal | 73 (25.52%) | 56 | 17 | 0.376a |
Temporal | 171 (59.79%) | 126 | 45 | 0.658a |
Parietal | 16 (5.59%) | 9 | 7 | 0.217a |
Occipital | 7 (2.45%) | 5 | 2 | 1.000a |
Insular | 2 (0.70%) | 2 | 0 | 1.000b |
Hypothalamus | 3 (1.05%) | 1 | 2 | 0.374a |
Multilobe | 14 (4.90%) | 9 | 5 | 0.675a |
Pathology | ||||
HS | 59 (20.63%) | 43 | 16 | 0.976a |
FCD | 77 (26.92%) | 59 | 18 | 0.369a |
Tumor | 86 (30.07%) | 64 | 22 | 0.674a |
Hemangioma/vascular malformation | 31 (10.84%) | 24 | 7 | 0.534a |
Nonspecific | 25 (8.74%) | 14 | 11 | 0.049a |
Arachnoid cyst | 3 (1.05%) | 1 | 2 | 0.374a |
Dermoid cyst | 1 (0.35%) | 1 | 0 | 1.000b |
Colloid cyst | 1 (0.35%) | 1 | 0 | 1.000b |
No pathology (laser ablation) | 3 (1.05%) | 1 | 2 | 0.374a |
Incomplete resection | 18 (6.29%) | 8 | 10 | 0.012a |
Variables | 95% CI | OR | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Epilepsy duration, M | 1.001–1.005 | 1.003 | 0.003a |
History of focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizure | 1.060–2.613 | 1.665 | 0.027a |
Nonspecific pathology | 1.145–4.163 | 2.184 | 0.018a |
Incomplete resection | 1.372–5.332 | 2.705 | 0.004a |
Variables | Whole group, n = 80 | Seizure-free, n = 56 | Non-seizure-free, n = 24 | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, male | 44 (50%) | 27 | 17 | 0.062a |
Seizure onset, Y, median (IQR) | 9 (4–13) | 7.5 (4–12) | 10 (4.75–14.75) | 0.326c |
Epilepsy duration, M, median (IQR) | 120 (60–240) | 120 (60–240) | 108 (48–238.5) | 0.628c |
Follow-up time, M, median (IQR) | 23 (13–43.5) | 22 (13–41) | 27 (12.25–58) | 0.368c |
Pharmacoresistant epilepsy | 77 (96.25%) | 54 | 23 | 1.000a |
Children | 33 (41.25%) | 26 | 7 | 0.151a |
Febrile seizures | 10 (12.5%) | 7 | 3 | 1.000a |
Aura | 37 (46.25%) | 23 | 14 | 0.156a |
Seizure frequency, daily | 30 (37.5%) | 24 | 6 | 0.131a |
History of focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizure | 43 (53.75%) | 27 | 16 | 0.129a |
SCSs recorded | 40 (50%) | 33 | 7 | 0.015a |
Seizure types, median (IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2.75) | 0.643c |
Hemispheric lateralization, left | 36 (45%) | 25 | 11 | 0.922a |
Location | ||||
Frontal | 26 (32.5%) | 20 | 6 | 0.348a |
Temporal | 31 (38.75%) | 20 | 11 | 0.385a |
Parietal | 9 (11.25%) | 6 | 3 | 1.000a |
Occipital | 4 (50%) | 3 | 1 | 1.000a |
Insular | 2 (2.5%) | 2 | 0 | 1.000b |
Hypothalamus | 2 (2.5%) | 1 | 1 | 1.000a |
Multilobe | 6 (7.5%) | 4 | 2 | 1.000a |
Pathology | ||||
HS | 14 (17.5%) | 10 | 4 | 1.000a |
FCD | 41 (51.25%) | 32 | 9 | 0.107a |
Tumor | 4 (5%) | 3 | 1 | 1.000a |
Hemangioma/vascular malformation | 2 (2.4%) | 1 | 1 | 1.000a |
Nonspecific | 16 (20%) | 9 | 7 | 0.300a |
No pathology (laser ablation) | 3 (3.75%) | 1 | 2 | 0.441a |
Incomplete resection | 3 (3.75%) | 1 | 2 | 0.441a |
Variables | 95% CI | OR | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender, male | 0.977–5.755 | 2.372 | 0.056 |
Had SCSs recorded | 0.153–0.898 | 0.371 | 0.028 |