Introduction
Methods
Literature Search
Study Characteristics | Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|---|
Population | Healthy adults Age > = 18 Males or females | History of psychiatric or neurologic illness |
Interventions | Offline TMS Any coil Targeting any brain region | Low frequency rTMS (< 5 Hz) Online TMS Single/paired pulse TMS |
Comparators | Active control site or sham rTMS | No control or sham |
Outcomes | Reaction time and accuracy on standardized cognitive tasks reported for pre and post rTMS (Means and SDs) | Data reported only for post rTMS |
Timing | Tasks performed pre and post rTMS | Tasks performed during the stimulation |
Study design | Randomised controlled trials (parallel or cross-over) | Case study Uncontrolled study |
Study Selection
Risk of bias Assessment
Data Extraction
Quantitative Synthesis
Results
Search Results
Risk of bias Results
Study Characteristics
Study | Exp | Study design | Sample size | Age (M, SD) | Gender (M/F) | Cognitive tasks | Cognitive domains | Outcome measures | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | C | ||||||||
Allen et al. (2014)
| 1 | Cross-over | 16 | 16 | 27.4 (3.6) | 11/5 | Conscious detection task | Pe | AC, RT |
Amiaz et al. (2011) | Parallel
| 10 | 10 | A: 23.7 (3.1) C: 24.5 (3.6) | 9/11 | Filling-in task | Pe | AC | |
Baeken et al. (2012) | Cross-over
| 18 | 18 | LDLPFC: 21.2 (1.4) RDLPFC: 24.5 (2.9) | 0/18 | Fitts’ paradigm | Mo | RT | |
Bagherzadeh et al. (2016) | Parallel
| 15 | 15 | A: 39.1 (4.1) | 10/20 | CANTAB: DSP, S2B, PRM, SRM, SSP, SOC | EF, Me | AC, RT | |
C: 34.5 (3.4) | |||||||||
Banissy et al. (2010) | 1 | Cross-over
| 10 | 10 | 20–30 | 4/6 | Emotion discrimination task | Pe | AC, RT |
2 | Cross-over | 10 | 10 | 20–35 | 5/5 | Identity discrimination task | Pe | AC, RT | |
3 | Cross-over | 6 | 6 | 21–36 | 4/2 | Nonverbal auditory emotion recognition | Pe | AC | |
Barr et al. (2009)
| Parallel | 11 | 11 | 34.2 (7.2) | 11/11 | 0-back, 1-back, 2-back, 3-back | At, EF | AC, RT | |
Chakraborty et al. (2021) | Cross-over
| 15 | 15 | 27 (3.0) | 8/7 | Multiple object tracking | At | AC | |
Chechlacz et al. (2015) | Cross-over
| 30 | 30 | 26.2 (4.9) | 13/17 | Free visual exploration task | At | RT | |
Cheng et al. (2013) | Cross-over
| 11 | 11 | A: 24 (5.4) C: 22.6 (5.2) | 7/13 | Order and quantity tasks | Pe | RT | |
Choi et al. (2016) | Parallel
| 12 | 8 | 26.5 (4.6) | 8/12 | Sensory discrimination measurement | Mo | AC, RT | |
Chung et al. (2018)
| Cross-over | 18 | 18 | 25.6 (7.0) | 8/10 | 2-back task, 3-back task | EF | AC | |
Clerget et al. (2011) | Parallel
| 12 | 12 | 25.1 (3.5) | 18/6 | Motor sequency experiment | Mo | AC, RT | |
De Raedt et al. (2010) | Cross-over
| 16 | 16 | - | 0/19 | Exogenous cueing task (ECT) | At | RT | |
Parallel | 19 | 17 | - | 0/32 | ECT | At | RT | ||
Deng et al. (2022) | Cross-over
| 22 | 22 | 21 (2.4) | 12/18 | Change detection task | EF | AC | |
Dietrich et al. (2018) | Parallel
| 18 | 18 | A: 30.4 (9.0) C: 29.2 (11.2) | 36/0 | Sentence repetition task | La | AC | |
Galea et al. (2010) | Parallel
| LDLPFC: 10, | 10 | LDLPFC: 23.1 (3.7), | 15/15 | Serial reaction time task | Me | AC, RT | |
RDLPFC: 10 | RDLPFC: 23.3 (3.1) C: 24.5 (4.3) | ||||||||
Gao et al. (2021)
| 2 | Cross-over | 16 | 16 | 21.13 (1.9) | 9/7 | Stroop, Associative memory test | At, EF, Me | AC, RT |
Gaudeau-Bosma et al. (2013) | Parallel
| 9 | 10 | 31.6 (10.6) | 11/8 | 0-back, 1-back, 2-back, 3-back | At, EF | AC | |
Huang et al. (2004) | Cross-over
| 24 | 24 | 27.0 (4.7) | 12/12 | Go/NoGo task | EF | RT | |
Ji et al. (2019) | 1 | Cross-over
| 5 Hz: 20 | 20 | 9/11 | EF | RT | ||
25 Hz: 20 iTBS: 20 | Stop signal task (SST) | ||||||||
21.6 (1.0) | |||||||||
2 | Cross-over | 18 | 18 | 22.1 (2.5) | 13/5 | SST | EF | RT | |
Kaderali et al. (2015) | 2 | Cross-over
| 8 | 8 | - | - | Achromatic and chromatic motion discrimination task | Pe | AC |
3 | Cross-over | 8 | 8 | - | - | Chromatic and achromatic detection task | Pe | AC | |
Kalla et al. (2009) | Cross-over
| 12 | 12 | 28.3 | 8/4 | Visual search task | Pe | AC | |
Kazemi et al. (2020) | Cross-over
| 6 Hz: 10 8 Hz: 8 | 20 | 32.47 (11.0) | 13/7 | Rapid visual information processing task | At | AC, RT | |
Kim et al. (2012) | Parallel
| 8 | 8 | 63.13 (4.9) | - | Stroop task | At, EF | AC, RT | |
Kim et al. (2020) | Parallel
| 14 | 13 | 27.26 (2.4) | 16/11 | Auditory continuous performance test (CPT), visual CPT | At | RT | |
Leyman et al. (2009) | 1 | Cross-over
| 17 | 17 | 21.1 (1.5) | 0/17 | Negative Affective Priming (NAP) task | EF | RT |
2 | Cross-over | 22 | 22 | 24 (2.3) | 0/22 | NAP | EF | RT | |
Li et al. (2017) | Parallel
| 25 | 25 | 26.8 (1.4) | 24/26 | Stroop task | At, EF | AC, RT | |
Li et al. (2021) | Parallel
| 33 | 33 | A: 25.8 (2.4) C: 25.6 (2.4) | 36/30 | 0-back, 1-back, 2-back, Stroop | EF | AC, RT | |
Liang et al. (2021) | Parallel
| LpSTS: 38, LDLPFC: 35 | 36 | 21.4 (2.5) | 50/59 | Self-matching task | At, EF | AC, RT | |
Meehan et al. (2013) | 1 | Parallel
| 11 | 11 | A: 24.0 (2.9) C: 23.0 (2.3) | A: 6/5 C: 8/3 | Continuous tracking task | Mo | AC, RT |
Morgan et al. (2013) | Cross-over
| 17 | 17 | 25.0 | - | Orientation task, Colour task, Dual task | EF | AC, RT | |
Palaus et al. (2020) | Parallel
| 14 | 13 | 29.4 (6.3) | 13/14 | Reaction time tasks, Raven’s progressive matrices, 3-back, Mental rotation task, Digit span tasks, Stop-switching task | At, EF, Pe | AC, RT | |
Pearce et al. (2014) | Parallel
| 10 | 10 | 27.4 (7.4) | 10/10 | Spatial working memory | EF | AC, RT | |
Pinto et al. (2018) | Parallel
| iTBS:10, cTBS:10, iTBS:10, cTBS:10 | 10 | 22.8 (2.0) | 20/31 | Oddball paradigm | At | RT | |
Pinto et al. (2021) | Parallel
| iTBS: 9, cTBS: 9 | 10 | 22.6 (2.3) | 16/12 | Oddball task, Trial making test, Stroop | At, EF | AC | |
Rahnev et al. (2013) | 2 | Cross-over
| 9 | 9 | 19–26 | 3/6 | Perceptual discrimination task | Pe | AC |
Schaller et al. (2013) | Parallel
| 21 | 17 | A: 24.4 (2.7) C: 24.1 (2.9) | 38/0 | VFT, RFFT TAP: alertness, go/no-go, divided attention, working memory, flexibility | At, EF | AC, RT | |
Tambini et al. (2017)
| Cross-over | 22 | 22 | 20.7 | 5/17 | Memory test | Me | AC | |
Tomlinson et al. (2014) | 1 | Cross-over
| 10 | 10 | 19–35 | 3/7 | Aiming task Memory task | Me | AC |
2 | Cross-over | 13 | 13 | 18–29 | 4/9 | Memory task | Me | RT | |
2 | Cross-over | 9 | 9 | 22–43 | 4/5 | SVFP | EF | RT | |
Vanbellingen et al. (2020) | Cross-over
| 31 | 31 | 33.4 (14.4) | 23/23 | TULIA, Postural imitation test | Mo | AC | |
Vanderhasselt et al. (2006)
| Cross-over | 28 | 28 | 23 (4.4) | 0/28 | Stroop task | At, EF | RT | |
Vanderhasselt et al. (2007)
| Cross-over | 20 | 20 | 24 (2.6) | 0/20 | Stroop task | At, EF | RT | |
Vanderhasselt et al. (2010)
| Cross-over | 20 | 20 | 27.7 (2.7) | 0/20 | Reaction task | At | RT | |
Varnava et al. (2013) | Cross-over
| 24 | 24 | 23.7 (3.7) | 12/12 | Line bisection task, Landmark task | Pe | RT | |
Vékony et al. (2018)
| Parallel | cTBS: 17 iTBS: 18 | 16 | cTBS: 24.2 (2.8) iTBS: 25.3 (2.7) C: 21.3 (2.3) | cTBS: 11/6 iTBS: 10/8 C: 4/12 | 1-back, 2-back, 3-back | EF | AC | |
Vidal-Pineiro et al. (2014) | Parallel
| 12 | 12 | 71.8 (6.8) | 12/12 | Episodic memory task | Me | AC | |
Wang and Voss (2015)
| Parallel | 8 | 8 | 20–32 | 7/9 | Face-cued word recall testing | Me | AC | |
Wang et al. (2020) | Parallel
| 20 Hz: 29 iTBS: 20 | 29 | A: 24 (2.6) C: 22.4 (2.2) | A: 29/29 C: 16/13 | Game of dice task, Risky gains task | EF | AC | |
Wu et al. (2021) | Parallel
| 20 Hz: 20 iTBS: 20 | 20 | 20 Hz: 23.8 (3.4), iTBS: 23.9 (2.8), C: 23.5 (3.0) | 34/26 | 0-back, 1-back, 2-back 3-back, Wisconsin card sorting test | At, EF | AC, RT | |
Yang et al. (2018a)
| Cross-over | 23 | 23 | 23.6 (3.0) | 23/0 | Adjusting amount task, Information sampling task (IST) SST, IST | EF | AC | |
Yang et al. (2018b) | Cross-over | 20 | 20 | 21.8 (1.9) | 20/0 | Nine-hole peg test, | EF | AC, RT | |
Zhang & Fong (2019) | Parallel | 6 | 6 | A: 25.3 (2.0), C: 26.3 (2.3) | A: 3/3, C: 4/2 | Minnesota dexterity, Purdue pegboard test, Two-ball rotation task | Mo | AC | |
Zito et al. (2021) | Cross-over
| 20 | 20 | 27.2 (3.3) | 10/10 | Agency task | EF | AC |
Study | Exp | Stimulation sites | Targeting method | Pulse frequency | Intensity | Coil type | Number of sessions | Total pulses per session | Control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allen et al. (2014) | 1 | V1 | MRI | cTBS | 80% RMT | Round | 1 | 600 | Spacer |
Amiaz et al. (2011) | Left DLPFC | Scalp measurements | 10 Hz | 90% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1000 | Spacer | |
Baeken et al. (2012) | Left and right DLPFC | MRI | 10 Hz | 110% MT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1560 | 90° | |
Bagherzadeh et al. (2016) | Left DLPFC | 10–20 | 10 Hz | 100% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 10 | 600 | 45° | |
Banissy et al. (2010) | 1 | rPoG, rPM | fMRI | cTBS | 80% MT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 300 | Vertex |
2 | rPoG, rPM | fMRI | cTBS | 80% MT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 300 | Vertex | |
3 | rPoG, rPM | fMRI | cTBS | 80% MT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 300 | Vertex | |
Barr et al. (2009) | Right and left DLPFC | fMRI | 20 Hz | 90% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 2 | 600 | 90° | |
Left PTC | MRI | cTBS | 90% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | 1 Hz, 100% RMT | ||
Chakraborty et al. (2021) | Left and right MT + | fMRI | cTBS | 100% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | - | |
Chechlacz et al. (2015) | Left and right IPS | MRI | cTBS | 80% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 801 | Sham coil | |
Cheng et al. (2013) | Left and right IPS | MRI | cTBS | 40% MSO | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 300 | Vertex | |
Choi et al. (2016) | Motor area | Hot spot | 10 Hz | 90% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 900 | 45° | |
Chung et al. (2018) | Left DLPFC | 10–20 | SHAM + iTBS | 75% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | 90° | |
Left DLPFC | 10–20 | iTBS + iTBS | 75% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 2 | 1200 | 90° | ||
Clerget et al. (2011) | Left BA 44 | MRI | cTBS | 80% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | Vertex | |
De Raedt et al. (2010) | Left DLPFC | MRI | 10 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1560 | 90° | |
Right DLPFC | MRI | 10 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1560 | 90° | ||
Deng et al. (2022) | Left parietal lobe | MRI | iTBS | 80% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 5 | 600 | 90° | |
Dietrich et al. (2018) | Left pre-SMA | MRI | cTBS | 120% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | Left MOG, 40% MSO | |
Galea et al. (2010) | Left and right DLPFC | MRI | cTBS | 80% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | Occipital cortex, 70% MSO | |
Gao et al. (2021) | Left IPL | fMRI | 20 Hz | 100%RMT | Fig-of-8 | 5 | 1600 | PreSMA | |
Gaudeau-Bosma et al. (2013) | Left DLPFC | MRI | 10 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 10 | 2000 | Sham coil | |
Huang et al. (2004) | Left DLPFC | Scalp measurements | 5 Hz | 100% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1600 | 90° | |
Ji et al. (2019) | 1 | Right pre-SMA | MRI | 5 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1800 | Sham coil |
1 | Right pre-SMA | MRI | 25 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1800 | Sham coil | |
1 | Right pre- SMA | MRI | iTBS | 70% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 3 | 1800 | Sham coil | |
2 | Right pre- SMA | MRI | iTBS | 70% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1800 | Sham coil | |
Kaderali et al. (2015) | 2 | hMT + | MRI | cTBS | 45% MSO | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | Vertex |
3 | V1/V2 | MRI | cTBS | 45% MSO | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | Vertex | |
Kalla et al. (2009) | Right DLPFC and right V5 | MRI | iTBS | 40% MSO | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | Vertex | |
Kazemi et al. (2020) | Right DLPFC | 10–20 EEG system | 6 Hz | 120% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 5400 | 90° | |
Right DLPFC | 10–20 EEG system | 10 Hz | 120% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 6000 | 90° | ||
Kim et al. (2012) | Left DLPFC | 10–20 EEG system | 10 Hz | 30% MSO | Fig-of-8 | 5 | 780 | 90° | |
Kim et al. (2020) | Left DLPFC | 10–20 EEG system | 10 Hz | 80% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1500 | 90° | |
Leyman et al. (2009) | 1 | Left DLPFC | MRI | 10 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1560 | 90° |
Li et al. (2017) | Left DLPFC | Scalp measurements | 10 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 7 | 1350 | 90° | |
Left DLPFC | Scalp measurements | 10 Hz | 80% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 2 | 2000 | 90° | ||
Li et al. (2021) | Left pSTS | 10–20 EEG system | cTBS | 80% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | 90° | |
Liang et al. (2021) | Left DLPFC | 10–20 EEG system | cTBS | 80% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | 90° | |
Meehan et al. (2013) | Left PMd | MRI | 5 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 4 | 1200 | Sham coil | |
Morgan et al. (2013) | Right PC, Left IFG | MRI | cTBS | 80% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | 45° | |
Palaus et al. (2020) | Right DLPFC | MRI | iTBS | 80% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 10 | 600 | 90° | |
Pearce et al. (2014) | Right PPC | 10–20 EEG system | 5 Hz | 80% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 6 | 300 | Active control | |
Pinto et al. (2018) | Left and right DLPFC | Scalp measurements | iTBS cTBS | 80% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | 90° | |
Pinto et al. (2021) | Left DLPFC | Scalp measurements | iTBS cTBS | 80% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | 90° | |
Rahnev et al. (2013) | 2 | Occipital cortex | Hotspot | cTBS | 80% PT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | Sham: 90° Control: Pz |
Schaller et al. (2013)
| Left DLPFC | Scalp measurements | 25 Hz | 100% RMT | Round | 9 | 750 | Sham coil | |
Tambini et al. (2017) | pIPC | fMRI | cTBS | 80% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | S1 | |
Tomlinson et al. (2014) | 1 | Left mid cerebellar hemisphere | Scalp measurements | cTBS | 80% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | Right mid cerebellar hemisphere |
2 | Left lateral cerebellar hemisphere | Scalp measurements | cTBS | 80% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | Right lateral cerebellar hemisphere | |
Vanbellingen et al. (2020) | Left IFG and right IPL | 10–20 EEG system | cTBS | 80% RMT | Round | 1 | 801 | Sham coil | |
Vanderhasselt et al. (2006) | Left DLPFC | MRI | 10 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1560 | 90° | |
Vanderhasselt et al. (2007) | Right DLPFC | MRI | 10 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1560 | 90° | |
Vanderhasselt et al. (2010) | Left DLPFC | MRI | 10 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1560 | 90° | |
Varnava et al. (2013) | Left and right AG | MRI | cTBS | 80% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | 90° | |
Vékony et al. (2018) | Left and Right DLPFC | MRI | cTBS iTBS | 30% MSO | Fig-of-8 | 2 | 600 | 45° | |
Vidal-Pineiro et al. (2014) | Left IFG
| MRI | iTBS | 80% AMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | Sham coil | |
Wang and Voss (2015) | Lateral PC | MRI | 20 Hz | 100% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 5 | 1600 | 0% RMT | |
Wang et al. (2020) | Left DLPFC | MRI | 20 Hz | 90% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 2 | 1800 | Sham coil | |
Left DLPFC | MRI | iTBS | 80% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 3 | 1800 | Sham coil | ||
Wu et al. (2021) | Left DLPFC | MRI | 20 Hz | 110% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1800 | Sham coil | |
Left DLPFC | MRI | iTBS | 70% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 3 | 600 | Sham coil | ||
Yang et al. (2018a) | Left DLPFC | Scalp measurements | iTBS | 80% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 1800 | Sham coil | |
Yang et al. (2018b) | Right IFG | Scalp measurements | 10 Hz | 100% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 900 | Sham coil | |
Zhang & Fong (2019) | Right M1 | Standard head in Neuronavigation | iTBS | 80% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 4 | 600 | Sham coil | |
Zito et al. (2021) | Right PPC | 10–20 EEG system | cTBS | 80% RMT | Fig-of-8 | 1 | 600 | Vertex |
Accuracy
Cognitive Effects of Offline Excitatory HF-rTMS
Comparison | k | SMD | 95% CI | τ2 | Q | I2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitatory HF-rTMS | |||||||
Overall | 46 | 0.12 | [0.03; 0.21] | 0.08 | 307.69 | 85.4% | 0.01* |
Attention | 12 | 0.06 | [-0.12; 0.25] | 0.09 | 51.24 | 78.5% | 0.52 |
Executive function | 24 | 0.14 | [0.03; 0.26] | 0.07 | 171.26 | 86.6% | 0.01* |
Memory | 3 | 0.29 | [-0.13; 0.70] | 0.11 | 6.86 | 70.8% | 0.18 |
Motor | 3 | -0.12 | [-0.37; 0.13] | 0.00 | 1.35 | 0.00% | 0.35 |
Perception | 4 | 0.11 | [-0.35; 0.58] | 0.21 | 66.70 | 95.5% | 0.64 |
Inhibitory HF-rTMS | |||||||
Overall | 29 | -0.05 | [-0.18; 0.08] | 0.12 | 555.63 | 95.0% | 0.48 |
Attention | 4 | -0.25 | [-0.53; 0.02] | 0.07 | 40.79 | 92.6% | 0.07 |
Executive function | 6 | -0.22 | [-0.55; 0.12] | 0.16 | 145.23 | 96.6% | 0.21 |
Memory | 3 | 0.16 | [-0.41; 0.73] | 0.23 | 56.33 | 96.4% | 0.59 |
Motor | 3 | 0.37 | [-0.03; 0.77] | 0.11 | 31.13 | 93.6% | 0.07 |
Perception | 12 | -0.00 | [-0.14; 0.12] | 0.04 | 61.42 | 82.1% | 0.97 |
Cognitive effects of offline inhibitory HF-rTMS
Subgroup Analyses
Reaction Time
Cognitive Effects of Offline Excitatory HF-rTMS
Comparison | k | SMD | 95% CI | τ2 | Q | I2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitatory HF-rTMS | |||||||
Overall | 44 | -0.13 | [-0.23; -0.03] | 0.10 | 375.39 | 88.5% | 0.01* |
Attention | 18 | -0.10 | [-0.29; 0.09] | 0.15 | 182.06 | 90.7% | 0.30 |
Executive function | 21 | -0.11 | [-0.21; -0.01] | 0.04 | 151.44 | 86.8% | 0.03* |
Motor | 3 | -0.22 | [-0.41; -0.04] | 0.01 | 3.47 | 42.4% | 0.02* |
Inhibitory HF-rTMS | |||||||
Overall | 19 | -0.01 | [-0.09; 0.12] | 0.04 | 81.24 | 77.8% | 0.80 |
Attention | 5 | -0.07 | [-0.16; 0.02] | 0.00 | 6.41 | 37.6% | 0.12 |
Executive function | 6 | -0.02 | [-0.17; 0.12] | 0.03 | 27.82 | 82.0% | 0.74 |
Perception | 6 | 0.07 | [-0.09; 0.23] | 0.03 | 20.25 | 75.3% | 0.40 |