Introduction
Methods
Patients
Outcome measures
Domain | Test |
---|---|
Information processing speed | Letter digit substitution test (writing condition and reading condition) |
Psychomotor function | Concept shifting test (condition 0); Letter digit substitution test (Δscore: writing condition-reading condition) |
Attention | Stroop color-word test (word condition, color condition, color-word condition, and interferention score) |
Verbal memory | Visual verbal learning test (first trial, total of five trials, Δscore trial 5-trial 1, active delayed recall, and delayed recognition) |
Working memory | Working memory task (condition %, conditions with 1 letter, 2 letters, 3 letters, and 4 letters) |
Executive functioning | Concept shifting test (condition a (numbers), b (letters), c (number-letter)); Categoric word fluency test |
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Case | Age | Sex | Tumor location | Neurosurgical intervention | Epilepsy burdena
| Anti-epileptic drugs | Dexamethasone | Karnofsky performance scale | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | FU | B | FU | B | FU1 | FU2 | ||||||
1 | 36 | Male | Right parietotemporal | Resection | 5 | Valproic acid | Unchanged | No | No | 90 | 90 | 100 |
2 | 67 | Male | Right temporal resection | Resection | 5 | Valproic acid | Unchanged | No | No | 90 | 100 | 100 |
3 | 63 | Female | Left parietotemporal | Resection | 1 | None | Unchanged | No | Yes | 60 | 60 | 60 |
4 | 50 | Female | Left frontotemporal | Resection | 1 | None | Unchanged | No | No | 90 | 90 | 100 |
5 | 51 | Male | Right parietooccipital | Biopsy | 5 | Valproic acid | Dose ↑ | No | No | 100 | 90 | 90 |
6 | 58 | Male | Right frontal | Biopsy | 1 | None | Unchanged | No | No | 90 | 90 | 100 |
7 | 32 | Male | Left parietooccipital | Resection | 1 | None | Unchanged | Yes | Yes | 90 | 90 | N/A |
8 | 61 | Male | Left temporal | Biopsy | 5 | Phenitoin | Unchanged | No | No | 90 | 90 | 90 |
9 | 18 | Male | Right parietotemporal | Resection | 6 | Valproic acid Phenobarbital | Dose ↑ | No | Yes | 100 | 90 | 90 |
10 | 63 | Male | Right frontoparietal | Biopsy | 1 | None | Valproic acid | Yes | No | 70 | 70 | 70 |
11 | 55 | Male | Left parietal | Resection | 6 | Levetiracetam | Dose ↑ | No | Yes | 70 | 90 | 90 |
12 | 63 | Male | Left frontal | Biopsy | 1 | None | Unchanged | No | No | 90 | 90 | 90 |
13 | 72 | Male | Right frontal | Biopsy | 5 | Valproic acid | Unchanged | No | No | 90 | 90 | 80 |
Changes in anti-epileptic drug use and dexamethasone use
Cognitive performance
Case | Information processing speed | Psychomotor function | Attention | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (z) | ΔB-FU1 | ΔFU1-2 | ΔB-FU2 | B (z) | ΔB-FU1 | ΔFU1-2 | ΔB-FU2 | B (z) | ΔB-FU1 | ΔFU1-2 | ΔB-FU2 | |
1 |
−1.57
| −0.04 | 0.05 | 0.01 | −0.80 | 0.37 | 0.26 | 0.63 | −0.26 | 0.01 | −0.32 | −0.31 |
2 | −2.01
| 0.49 | −0.39 | 0.10 | −0.68 | −1.51
| 0.73 | −0.78 | −2.71
| 1.19 | 0.10 | 1.29 |
3 | −3.82
| −2.92
| ||||||||||
4 | 0.45 | 0.41 | −0.71 | −0.30 | −1.06 | 1.28 | −1.33 | −0.05 | 0.67 | 0.45 | −0.24 | 0.21 |
5 | −3.33
| 0.44 | −0.39 | 0.05 | 0.49 | −0.52 | 0.33 | −0.19 | −1.92
| 0.45 | −0.43 | 0.02 |
6 | −3.69
| 0.60 | 0.39 | 0.99 | −1.93
| 1.22 | −1.33 | −0.11 | −4.44
| −0.10 | −0.33 | −0.43 |
7 | −3.10
| −0.01 | −0.82 | −0.83 | −1.00 | −1.80
| −1.70
| −3.50
| −0.86 | −0.86 | −1.64
| −2.50
|
8 | −0.73 | 0.34 | −0.23 | 0.11 | 0.84 | −0.17 | 0.02 | −0.15 | −0.39 | −0.05 | 0.52 | 0.47 |
9 | −0.13 | −0.50 | −0.23 | −0.73 | −1.35 | 0.26 | −0.47 | −0.21 | 0.07 | −0.27 | −0.48 | −0.75 |
10 | −2.18
| −0.37 | −0.80 | −1.17 | −0.23 |
1.51
| 0.47 |
1.98
| −1.88
| −0.21 | −0.60 | −0.81 |
11 | −1.01 | −1.13 | 0.40 | −0.73 | −0.09 | −1.04 | 0.33 | −0.71 | −1.52
| −2.16
| −0.40 | −2.56
|
12 | −2.21
| 0.71 | −0.34 | 0.37 | 0.99 | −0.73 | −0.41 | −1.14 | −1.21 | 1.47 | −0.37 | 1.10 |
13 | −1.50
| 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.12 | −3.00
|
1.78
| −0.13 |
1.65
| −1.34 | 0.50 | −0.34 | 0.16 |
Case | Verbal memory | Working memory | Executive functioning | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (z) | ΔB-FU1 | ΔFU1-2 | ΔB-FU2 | B (z) | ΔB-FU1 | ΔFU1-2 | ΔB-FU2 | B (z) | ΔB-FU1 | ΔFU1-2 | ΔB-FU2 | |
1 | 0.40 | 0.44 | −0.27 | 0.17 | −1.39 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.51 | −2.45
| 0.39 | −0.76 | −0.37 |
2 | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.17 | −0.15 | −1.11 | −0.22 | 0.49 | 0.27 | −1.42 | 1.01 | −0.41 | |
3 | −0.76 | −0.65 | 0.52 | −0.13 | −1.32 | 0.16 | −0.70 | −0.54 | −5.24
| |||
4 | −0.80 | 0.19 | 0.83 | 1.02 | 0.53 | 0.43 | −0.49 | −0.06 | −1.31 |
2.24
| −0.54 |
1.70
|
5 | −0.85 | 0.66 | 0.38 | 1.04 | −1.75
| 0.32 | −1.11 | −0.79 | −2.72
|
1.52
| −0.79 | 0.73 |
6 | −0.57 | −0.02 | −0.21 | −0.23 | −2.63
| 1.40 | −0.73 | 0.67 | −4.40
| 1.36 | 0.78 |
2.14
|
7 | −1.49 | 0.09 | 0.41 | 0.50 | −2.88
| −1.03 | −0.38 | −1.41 | −2.24
| −0.37 | −0.40 | −0.77 |
8 | 0.07 | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.67 | −0.87 | −0.17 | −0.05 | −0.22 | −0.23 | −0.58 | 0.97 | 0.39 |
9 | 0.35 | −0.25 | 0.19 | −0.06 | 0.10 | −0.20 | −0.07 | −0.27 | −2.00
| 0.61 | 0.07 | 0.68 |
10 | −3.28
| 0.20 | 0.91 | 1.11 | 1.02 | −0.43 | −0.26 | −0.69 | −3.43
| −2.30
| 0.39 | −1.91
|
11 | 0.35 | −0.19 | −0.11 | −0.30 | −0.19 | −0.77 | 0.57 | −0.20 | −1.13 | −0.33 | −1.41 | −1.74
|
12 | −0.99 | 0.16 | −0.10 | 0.06 | −1.96
|
1.65
| −1.63
| 0.02 | −2.08
| 1.25 | −0.80 | 0.45 |
13 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.46 | −0.91 | 0.27 | 0.42 | 0.69 | −1.25 | 0.19 | −0.66 | −0.47 |