Background
Methods
Study design
Patient selection
Data collection
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KDCS: Symptom burden − 12 items; Kidney disease effects on daily life − 8 items; Kidney disease burden − 4 items; Cognitive functioning − 4 items; Employment − 2 items; Sexual functioning − 2 items; Social interaction quality − 3 items; Quality of sleep − 4 items; Social support structures − 2 items, Support from dialysis staff − 2 items; and Satisfaction of patient − 1 item.
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MCS; Fatigue/energy − 4 items; Social function − 2 items; Role emotional (role limitations due to emotional functioning) -5 items; and Mental health − 3 items.
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PCS: Physical function − 10 items; Role physical (role limitations due to physical functioning) -4 items; Pain − 2 items; and General health − 5 items.
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic and clinical data
Characteristics | Non-Haemodialysis | Haemodialysis | Overall Total (N = 364) | p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 240 | % | n = 124 | % | ||||
Gender | 0.134 | ||||||
Female | 98 | 42.6 | 39 | 34.2 | 137 | 39.8 | |
Male | 132 | 57.4 | 75 | 65.8 | 207 | 60.2 | |
Age | 0.294 | ||||||
18–50 | 152 | 63.9 | 71 | 58.2 | 223 | 62.0 | |
≥ 50 | 86 | 36.1 | 51 | 41.8 | 137 | 38.0 | |
Median (IQR) | 45 (34,56) | 48 (36,58) | 46 (35,58) | ||||
Marital status | 0.196 | ||||||
Married | 138 | 57.5 | 80 | 64.5 | 218 | 62.3 | |
Single | 102 | 42.5 | 44 | 35.5 | 146 | 37.7 | |
Education level | <.001* | ||||||
None | 26 | 10.8 | 13 | 10.5 | 39 | 10.7 | |
Primary | 78 | 32.5 | 19 | 15.3 | 97 | 26.6 | |
Secondary | 99 | 41.3 | 46 | 37.1 | 145 | 39.8 | |
Post-Secondary | 37 | 15.4 | 46 | 37.1 | 83 | 22.8 | |
Family size | 0.346 | ||||||
≤ 5 | 128 | 58.2 | 58 | 52.7 | 186 | 56.3 | |
> 5 | 92 | 41.8 | 52 | 47.3 | 144 | 43.6 | |
Religion | 0.211 | ||||||
None/Others | 15 | 6.3 | 13 | 10.5 | 28 | 7.6 | |
Muslim | 42 | 17.5 | 29 | 23.4 | 71 | 19.5 | |
Catholic | 97 | 40.4 | 43 | 34.7 | 140 | 38.4 | |
Protestant | 86 | 35.8 | 39 | 31.5 | 125 | 34.3 | |
Occupation | 0.720 | ||||||
Employed | 220 | 91.7 | 115 | 92.7 | 335 | 92.0 | |
Unemployed | 20 | 8.3 | 9 | 7.3 | 29 | 8.0 | |
Main source of income | 0.138 | ||||||
Donations | 69 | 28.7 | 36 | 29.0 | 105 | 28.8 | |
My job | 103 | 42.9 | 64 | 51.6 | 167 | 45.9 | |
Savings/others | 68 | 28.3 | 24 | 19.4 | 92 | 25.3 | |
Bread winner | 0.182 | ||||||
No | 168 | 70.0 | 95 | 76.6 | 263 | 72.3 | |
Yes | 72 | 30.0 | 29 | 23.4 | 101 | 27.7 | |
Hypertension | 0.101 | ||||||
No | 52 | 21.7 | 18 | 14.5 | 70 | 19.2 | |
Yes | 188 | 78.3 | 106 | 85.5 | 294 | 80.8 | |
Stroke | 0.146 | ||||||
No | 235 | 97.9 | 118 | 95.2 | 353 | 97.0 | |
Yes | 5 | 2.1 | 6 | 4.8 | 11 | 3.0 | |
Diabetes | 0.609 | ||||||
No | 172 | 71.7 | 92 | 74.2 | 264 | 72.5 | |
Yes | 68 | 28.3 | 32 | 25.8 | 100 | 27.5 | |
KDCs | <.001* | ||||||
≤ 50 | 170 | 70.8 | 53 | 42.7 | 223 | 61.3 | |
> 50 | 70 | 29.2 | 71 | 57.3 | 141 | 38.7 | |
Median (IQR) | 49.1 (38.7, 57.6) | 54.7 (48.5, 60.4) | 51.1 (41.3, 58.9) | ||||
Overall health score | 0.102 | ||||||
≤ 50 | 208 | 92.9 | 107 | 97.3 | 315 | 94.3 | |
> 50 | 16 | 7.1 | 3 | 2.7 | 19 | 5.7 | |
Median (IQR) | 40.9 (35.9, 43.9) | 42.2 (38.8, 44.5) | 41.3 (37.1, 44.2) |
Quality of life score
Parameter | Non-Haemodialysis | Haemodialysis | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Kidney disease-specific domains | |||||
Symptom/problem list [12] | 34.48 | 36.36 | 65.82 | 24.23 | 1.0000 |
Effects of kidney disease [8] | 47.85 | 24.92 | 47.15 | 22.54 | 0.3967 |
Burden of kidney disease [4] | 25.57 | 17.92 | 19.25 | 15.32 | 0.0005** |
Work status [2] | 31.88 | 26.56 | 45.56 | 22.99 | 1.0000 |
Cognitive function [3] | 67.39 | 22.98 | 63.66 | 22.47 | 0.0699 |
Quality of social interaction [3] | 59.58 | 16.90 | 61.88 | 16.90 | 0.8902 |
Sleep [4] | 47.17 | 19.51 | 42.66 | 16.78 | 0.0147** |
Social support [2] | 74.24 | 29.12 | 78.36 | 29.13 | 0.8994 |
KDCS | 48.52 | 13.59 | 53.04 | 12.16 | 0.9990 |
SF-36 | |||||
Physical functioning [10] | 29.02 | 26.42 | 18.89 | 22.27 | 0.0002** |
Role limitations--physical [4] | 5.93 | 22.75 | 0.21 | 2.29 | 0.0033** |
Pain [2] | 66.71 | 27.11 | 72.94 | 27.36 | 0.9791 |
General health [5] | 37.95 | 15.23 | 39.66 | 37.13 | 0.8453 |
Emotional well-being [5] | 50.82 | 11.33 | 52.85 | 10.37 | 0.9483 |
Role limitations--emotional [3] | 6.07 | 22.71 | 0.55 | 4.29 | 0.0044** |
Social function [2] | 61.56 | 22.79 | 59.21 | 24.95 | 0.1927 |
Energy/fatigue [4] | 47.93 | 13.46 | 50.13 | 12.51 | 0.9296 |
PCS | 34.23 | 7.63 | 33.14 | 6.02 | 0.0957 |
MCS | 38.02 | 5.80 | 38.01 | 4.77 | 0.4866 |
OVERALL HEALTH SCORE | 40.43 | 6.20 | 41.71 | 4.42 | 0.9733 |
Parameter | KDCS | PCS | MCS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | p-value | 95% CI | Beta | p-value | 95% CI | Beta | p-value | 95% CI | |
Gender | |||||||||
Male | − 0.476 | 0.743 | [− 3.33, 2.37] | − 0.869 | 0.283 | [− 2.46, 0.72] | − 0.559 | 0.377 | [− 1.81, 0.69] |
Age | |||||||||
30–49 | 3.142 | 0.123 | [− 0.86, 7.14] | 0.849 | 0.465 | [− 1.44, 3.13] | 1.588 | 0.076 | [− 0.16, 3.34] |
50–70 | 2.042 | 0.339 | [− 2.15, 6.23] | 0.213 | 0.861 | [− 2.19, 2.62] | 1.387 | 0.140 | [− 0.46, 3.23] |
> 70 | 3.459 | 0.341 | [− 3.68, 10.60] | −1.115 | 0.595 | [−5.24, 3.01] | − 1.107 | 0.492 | [− 4.27, 2.05] |
Marital status | |||||||||
Not Married | −1.821 | 0.200 | [−4.61, 0.97] | −0.705 | 0.378 | [−2.28, 0.87] | − 0.290 | 0.636 | [−1.49, 0.91] |
Education level | |||||||||
Primary | 2.108 | 0.402 | [−2.83, 7.05] | 1.807 | 0.201 | [−0.97, 4.58] | 0.448 | 0.679 | [−1.68, 2.58] |
Secondary | 0.867 | 0.717 | [−3.83, 5.57] | 1.646 | 0.224 | [−1.01, 4.30] | 0.391 | 0.706 | [−1.65, 2.43] |
Post-Secondary | 4.404 | 0.088 | [−0.66, 9.46] | 2.049 | 0.156 | [−0.78, 4.88] | 0.710 | 0.521 | [−1.46, 2.89] |
Family size | |||||||||
3–5 | 1.657 | 0.419 | [−2.37, 5.68] | 1.034 | 0.367 | [−1.21, 3.28] | −0.369 | 0.673 | [−2.09, 1.35] |
6 + | 0.994 | 0.634 | [−3.10, 5.09] | 0.684 | 0.558 | [−1.61, 2.98] | −1.338 | 0.134 | [−3.09, 0.41] |
Religion | |||||||||
Muslim | −0.274 | 0.927 | [−6.12, 5.58] | −1.863 | 0.277 | [−5.23, 1.50] | −1.374 | 0.297 | [−3.96, 1.22] |
Catholic | 0.366 | 0.895 | [−5.06, 5.79] | −1.692 | 0.285 | [−4.80, 1.42] | −1.126 | 0.355 | [−3.52, 1.27] |
Protestant | −0.577 | 0.836 | [−6.01, 4.90] | 0.001 | 0.999 | [−3.15, 3.16] | −1.605 | 0.194 | [−4.03, 0.82] |
Occupation | |||||||||
Unemployed | −3.941 | 0.125 | [−8.99, 1.11] | 2.237 | 0.148 | [−0.79, 5.27] | 0.703 | 0.553 | [−1.63, 3.03] |
Main source of income | |||||||||
My job | 2.322 | 0.154 | [−0.88, 5.52] | 1.470 | 0.119 | [−0.38, 3.32] | 0.592 | 0.416 | [−0.84, 2.02] |
Savings/others | −4.235 | 0.024* | [−7.90, −0.57] | −1.042 | 0.322 | [−3.11, 1.02] | −0.380 | 0.640 | [−1.98, 1.22] |
Bread winner | |||||||||
No | −6.784 | <.001* | [−9.76, −3.80] | −1.841 | 0.033* | [−3.52, −0.15] | −1.184 | 0.073 | [−2.48, 0.11] |
Hypertension | |||||||||
No | 0.819 | 0.643 | [− 2.65, 4.29] | −0.731 | 0.458 | [−2.67, 1.20] | 0.784 | 0.298 | [−0.69, 2.26] |
Stroke | |||||||||
No | 0.464 | 0.909 | [−7.54, 8.47] | −1.054 | 0.681 | [−6.09, 3.99] | − 1.464 | 0.456 | [−5.32, 2.39] |
Diabetes | |||||||||
No | 0.308 | 0.844 | [−2.76, 3.38] | 1.229 | 0.157 | [−0.47, 2.93] | −0.957 | 0.150 | [−2.26, 0.348] |
Cancer | |||||||||
No | −3.641 | 0.586 | [−16.79, 9.50] | −0.777 | 0.829 | [−7.87, 6.31] | 1.613 | 0.559 | [−3.81, 7.04] |
Type of patients | |||||||||
Haemodialysis | 4.448 | 0.003* | [1.50, 7.39] | −0.897 | 0.285 | [−2.55, 0.75] | 0.069 | 0.916 | [−1.22, 1.36] |
Parameter | KDCS | PCS | MCS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | p-value | 95% CI | Beta | p-value | 95% CI | Beta | p-value | 95% CI | |
Gender | |||||||||
Male | −0.119 | 0.938 | [−3.12, 2.88] | −0.735 | 0.400 | [− 2.45, 0.98] | − 0.447 | 0.519 | [−1.81, 0.92] |
Education level | |||||||||
Primary | 0.854 | 0.778 | [−5.11, 6.82] | 2.017 | 0.236 | [−1.32, 5.35] | 1.741 | 0.198 | [−0.91, 4.39] |
Secondary | −0.343 | 0.907 | [−6.13, 5.44] | 2.025 | 0.223 | [−1.24, 5.29] | 1.668 | 0.206 | [−0.92, 4.26] |
Post-Secondary | 2.050 | 0.513 | [−4.11, 8.21] | 2.564 | 0.144 | [−0.88, 6.01] | 1.961 | 0.159 | [−0.78, 4.69] |
Occupation | |||||||||
Unemployed | −4.150 | 0.128 | [−9.49, 1.19] | 1.213 | 0.454 | [−1.97, 4.39] | 0.405 | 0.753 | [−2.12, 2.93] |
Main source of income | |||||||||
My job | 2.896 | 0.100 | [−0.56, 6.35] | 2.279 | 0.026* | [0.27, 4.29] | 0.981 | 0.228 | [−0.62, 2.58] |
Savings/others | −1.199 | 0.542 | [−5.06, 2.67] | 0.093 | 0.933 | [−2.09, 2.28] | 0.128 | 0.885 | [−1.61, 1.87] |
Bread winner | |||||||||
No | −6.253 | <.001* | [−9.48, −3.02] | −1.678 | 0.070 | [−3.49, 0.13] | −1.023 | 0.164 | [−2.46, 0.42] |
Stroke | |||||||||
No | 1.741 | 0.664 | [−6.13, 9.62] | −1.429 | 0.575 | [−6.44, 3.58] | −1.075 | 0.595 | [−5.06, 2.90] |
Diabetes | |||||||||
No | 0.381 | 0.806 | [−2.67, 3.43] | 1.363 | 0.122 | [−0.37, 3.09] | −1.072 | 0.126 | [−2.45, 0.30] |
Type of patients | |||||||||
Haemodialysis | 3.306 | 0.032* | [0.29, 6.32] | −1.193 | 0.176 | [−2.92, 0.54] | −0.157 | 0.822 | [−1.53, 1.22] |