Background
Methods
Participants
Clinical and cognitive assessment
Quality control of cognitive assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics of subjects
Patients (n = 1539) | Severe cases (n = 238) | Non-severe cases (n = 1301) | Control (n = 466) | P value Patients vs. Control | P value Severe vs. Non-Severe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age – Median (IQR), year | 69 (66, 75) | 72(67–80) | 68(66–74) | 67(66–76) | 0.119a | < 0.001a |
Male – No. (%) | 738 (47.95) | 128(53.8) | 607(46.7) | 226(48.5) | 0.761b | 0.041b |
Education – Median (IQR), year | 12 (9–12) | 12(6–12) | 12(9–12) | 12(6–12) | 0.758a | 0.003 a |
BMI – Median (IQR), kg/m2 | 24.0(22.5–25.4) | 24.4(22.9–25.7) | 23.9(22.4–25.3) | 24.2(22.5–25.6) | 0.407a | 0.002a |
Coexisting disorders – No. (%) | ||||||
Hypertension | 589 (38.27) | 112(47.1) | 477(36.7) | 164(35.2) | 0.229b | 0.002b |
Diabetes mellitus | 304 (19.75) | 52(21.8) | 252(19.4) | 87(18.7) | 0.605b | 0.377b |
Hyperlipidemia | 155 (10.07) | 27(11.3) | 128(9.8) | 42(9.0) | 0.501b | 0.478b |
Stroke history | 87 (5.65) | 40(16.8) | 47(3.6) | 36(7.7) | 0.102b | < 0.001b |
Coronary heart disease history | 212 (13.78) | 66(27.7) | 146(11.2) | 67(14.4) | 0.704b | < 0.001b |
COPD | 150 (9.75) | 42(17.6) | 108(8.3) | 42(9.0) | 0.637b | < 0.001b |
ICU admission – No. (%) | 81 (5.26) | 56(23.5) | 24(1.8) | < 0.001b | ||
Mechanical Ventilation, No. (%) | 96 (6.24) | 62(26.1) | 33(2.5) | < 0.001b | ||
High flow oxygen therapy, No. (%) | 326 (21.18) | 93(39.1) | 232(17.8) | < 0.001b | ||
Delirium, No. (%) | 105 (6.82) | 61(25.6) | 43(3.3) | < 0.001b |
Patients included (n = 1539) | Patients not included (n = 1694) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age – Median (IQR), year | 69 (66, 75) | 70 (66, 75) | 0.165a |
Male – No. (%) | 738 (47.95) | 826 (48.76) | 0.647b |
Education – Median (IQR), year | 12 (9–12) | 12 (9–12) | 0.226a |
BMI – Median (IQR) | 23.97 (22.52, 25.38) | 23.92 (22.42, 25.41) | 0.284a |
Severe cases -No. (%) | 238 (15.46) | 257 (15.17) | 0.845b |
Coexisting disorders – No. (%) | |||
Hypertension | 589 (38.27) | 640 (37.78) | 0.800b |
Diabetes mellitus | 304 (19.75) | 348 (20.54) | 0.599b |
Hyperlipidaemia | 155 (10.07) | 176 (10.39) | 0.772b |
Stroke history | 87 (5.65) | 91 (5.37) | 0.758b |
Coronary heart disease history | 212 (13.78) | 231 (13.64) | 0.919b |
COPD | 150 (9.75) | 163 (9.62) | 0.905b |
ICU admission – No. (%) | 81 (5.26) | 94 (5.55) | 0.756b |
Mechanical Ventilation, No. (%) | 96 (6.24) | 106 (6.26) | 1.000b |
High flow oxygen therapy, No. (%) | 326 (21.18) | 355 (20.96) | 0.897b |
Delirium, No. (%) | 105 (6.82) | 117 (6.91) | 0.945b |
Current cognitive impairment of COVID-19 patients
Longitudinal cognitive decline of COVID-19 patients
Risk factors for cognitive impairment and decline in COVID-19 patients
Variables | Univariable ORs(95 %CI) | P value | Multivariable ORs(95 %CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 1.030(1.009–1.052) | 0.005 | ||
Sex, male | 1.235(0.887–1.721) | 0.212 | ||
Education, year | 1.000(0.971–1.030) | 0.987 | ||
BMI, kg/m2 | 1.055(0.957–1.163) | 0.279 | ||
Severe, vs. non-severe | 9.311(6.518–13.300) | < 0.001 | 6.507(4.411–9.599) | < 0.001 |
ICU admission, vs. no | 8.601(5.326–13.890) | < 0.001 | ||
High flow oxygen therapy, vs. no | 1.901(1.324–2.727) | < 0.001 | ||
Delirium, vs. no | 7.850(5.076–12.139) | < 0.001 | 3.714(2.247–6.136) | < 0.001 |
Coexisting disorder, vs. no | ||||
Hypertension | 1.278(0.915–1.787) | 0.150 | ||
Diabetes | 1.149(0.768–1.718) | 0.500 | ||
Hyperlipidaemia | 1.023(0.592–1.766) | 0.935 | ||
Stroke history | 3.329(1.989–5.572) | < 0.001 | ||
Coronary heart disease | 1.725(1.134–2.622) | 0.011 | ||
COPD | 4.733(3.169–7.068) | < 0.001 | 4.224(2.693–6.625) | < 0.001 |
Variables | Univariable ORs (95 %CI) | P value | Multivariable ORs (95 %CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 1.023(1.009–1.037) | 0.001 | ||
Sex, male | 0.934(0.756–1.157) | 0.530 | ||
Education, year | 0.959(0.936–0.982) | 0.001 | 0.968(0.944–0.993) | 0.011 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 1.007(0.947–1.072) | 0.821 | ||
Severe, vs. non-severe | 3.616(2.719–4.810) | < 0.001 | 2.833(2.065–3.888) | < 0.001 |
ICU admission, vs. no | 5.100(3.122–8.331) | < 0.001 | ||
High flow oxygen therapy, vs. no | 0.828(0.635–1.079) | 0.163 | 0.421(0.302–0.586) | < 0.001 |
Delirium, vs. no | 5.578(3.597–8.650) | < 0.001 | 5.480(3.292–9.122) | < 0.001 |
Coexisting disorders, vs. no | ||||
Hypertension | 1.825(1.470–2.266) | < 0.001 | 1.661(1.320–2.091) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 1.344(1.037–1.743) | 0.026 | ||
Hyperlipidaemia history | 1.180(0.835–1.666) | 0.348 | ||
Stroke history | 1.590(1.027–2.463) | 0.038 | ||
Coronary heart diseases | 1.800(1.341–2.415) | < 0.001 | ||
COPD | 2.368(1.686–3.326) | < 0.001 | 2.005(1.398–2.877) | < 0.001 |