Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 3/2007

01.09.2007

Deciphering the molecular basis of breast cancer metastasis with mouse models

verfasst von: Ann E. Vernon, Suzanne J. Bakewell, Lewis A. Chodosh

Erschienen in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | Ausgabe 3/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Breast cancer begins as a localized disease, but has the potential to spread to distant sites within the body. This process—known as metastasis—is the leading cause of death from breast cancer. Whether the ability of cancer cells to metastasize is an intrinsic or acquired feature is currently a topic of considerable debate. Nevertheless, the key cellular events required for metastasis are generally accepted. These include invasion of the surrounding stromal tissue, intravasation, evasion of programmed cell death, arrest within the vasculature at a distant site, extravasation, and establishment and growth within a new microenvironment. The development of mouse models that faithfully mimic critical aspects of human neoplasia has been instrumental in framing our current understanding of multistage carcinogenesis. This review examines the advantages and limitations of existing murine models for mammary carcinogenesis for probing the molecular mechanisms that contribute to metastasis, as well as non-invasive tumor imaging approaches to facilitate these investigations.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Balkwill F, Charles KA, Mantovani A. Smoldering and polarized inflammation in the initiation and promotion of malignant disease. Cancer Cell 2005;7:211–7.PubMedCrossRef Balkwill F, Charles KA, Mantovani A. Smoldering and polarized inflammation in the initiation and promotion of malignant disease. Cancer Cell 2005;7:211–7.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Condeelis J, Pollard JW. Macrophages: obligate partners for tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cell 2006;124:263–6.PubMedCrossRef Condeelis J, Pollard JW. Macrophages: obligate partners for tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cell 2006;124:263–6.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan TT, Coussens LM. Humoral immunity, inflammation and cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2007;19:209–16.PubMedCrossRef Tan TT, Coussens LM. Humoral immunity, inflammation and cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2007;19:209–16.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Duda DG, Fukumura D, Munn LL, Booth MF, Brown EB, Huang P, et al. Differential transplantability of tumor-associated stromal cells. Cancer Res 2004;64:5920–4.PubMedCrossRef Duda DG, Fukumura D, Munn LL, Booth MF, Brown EB, Huang P, et al. Differential transplantability of tumor-associated stromal cells. Cancer Res 2004;64:5920–4.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Olumi AF, Grossfeld GD, Hayward SW, Carroll PR, Tlsty TD, Cunha GR. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts direct tumor progression of initiated human prostatic epithelium. Cancer Res 1999;59:5002–11.PubMed Olumi AF, Grossfeld GD, Hayward SW, Carroll PR, Tlsty TD, Cunha GR. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts direct tumor progression of initiated human prostatic epithelium. Cancer Res 1999;59:5002–11.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim JB, Stein R, O’Hare MJ. Tumour–stromal interactions in breast cancer: the role of stroma in tumourigenesis. Tumour Biol 2005;26:173–85.PubMedCrossRef Kim JB, Stein R, O’Hare MJ. Tumour–stromal interactions in breast cancer: the role of stroma in tumourigenesis. Tumour Biol 2005;26:173–85.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Matrisian LM, Cunha GR, Mohla S. Epithelial–stromal interactions and tumor progression: meeting summary and future directions. Cancer Res 2001;61:3844–6.PubMed Matrisian LM, Cunha GR, Mohla S. Epithelial–stromal interactions and tumor progression: meeting summary and future directions. Cancer Res 2001;61:3844–6.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim JB, O’Hare MJ, Stein R. Models of breast cancer: is merging human and animal models the future? Breast Cancer Res 2004;6:22–30.PubMedCrossRef Kim JB, O’Hare MJ, Stein R. Models of breast cancer: is merging human and animal models the future? Breast Cancer Res 2004;6:22–30.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Parker B, Sukumar S. Distant metastasis in breast cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Cancer Biol Ther 2003;2:14–21.PubMed Parker B, Sukumar S. Distant metastasis in breast cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Cancer Biol Ther 2003;2:14–21.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Raubenheimer EJ, Noffke CE. Pathogenesis of bone metastasis: a review. J Oral Pathol & Med 2006;35:129–35.CrossRef Raubenheimer EJ, Noffke CE. Pathogenesis of bone metastasis: a review. J Oral Pathol & Med 2006;35:129–35.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoneda T. Arterial microvascularization and breast cancer colonization in bone. Histol Histopathol 1997;12:1145–9.PubMed Yoneda T. Arterial microvascularization and breast cancer colonization in bone. Histol Histopathol 1997;12:1145–9.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosol TJ, Tannehill-Gregg SH, Corn S, Schneider A, McCauley LK. Animal models of bone metastasis. Cancer Treat Res 2004;118:47–81.PubMed Rosol TJ, Tannehill-Gregg SH, Corn S, Schneider A, McCauley LK. Animal models of bone metastasis. Cancer Treat Res 2004;118:47–81.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Paget S. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1889;i:571–3.CrossRef Paget S. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1889;i:571–3.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Guy CT, Webster MA, Schaller M, Parsons TJ, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ. Expression of the neu protooncogene in the mammary epithelium of transgenic mice induces metastatic disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:10578–82.PubMedCrossRef Guy CT, Webster MA, Schaller M, Parsons TJ, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ. Expression of the neu protooncogene in the mammary epithelium of transgenic mice induces metastatic disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:10578–82.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Moody SE, Sarkisian CJ, Hahn KT, Gunther EJ, Pickup S, Dugan KD, et al. Conditional activation of Neu in the mammary epithelium of transgenic mice results in reversible pulmonary metastasis. Cancer Cell 2002;2:451–61.PubMedCrossRef Moody SE, Sarkisian CJ, Hahn KT, Gunther EJ, Pickup S, Dugan KD, et al. Conditional activation of Neu in the mammary epithelium of transgenic mice results in reversible pulmonary metastasis. Cancer Cell 2002;2:451–61.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat McCormack SJ, Weaver Z, Deming S, Natarajan G, Torri J, Johnson MD, et al. Myc/p53 interactions in transgenic mouse mammary development, tumorigenesis and chromosomal instability. Oncogene 1998;16:2755–66.PubMedCrossRef McCormack SJ, Weaver Z, Deming S, Natarajan G, Torri J, Johnson MD, et al. Myc/p53 interactions in transgenic mouse mammary development, tumorigenesis and chromosomal instability. Oncogene 1998;16:2755–66.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat D’Cruz CM, Gunther EJ, Boxer RB, Hartman JL, Sintasath L, Moody SE, et al. c-MYC induces mammary tumorigenesis by means of a preferred pathway involving spontaneous Kras2 mutations. Nat Med 2001;7:235–9.PubMedCrossRef D’Cruz CM, Gunther EJ, Boxer RB, Hartman JL, Sintasath L, Moody SE, et al. c-MYC induces mammary tumorigenesis by means of a preferred pathway involving spontaneous Kras2 mutations. Nat Med 2001;7:235–9.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Guy CT, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ. Induction of mammary tumors by expression of polyomavirus middle T oncogene: a transgenic mouse model for metastatic disease. Mol Cell Biol 1992;12:954–61.PubMed Guy CT, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ. Induction of mammary tumors by expression of polyomavirus middle T oncogene: a transgenic mouse model for metastatic disease. Mol Cell Biol 1992;12:954–61.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Chatterjee G, Rosner A, Han Y, Zelazny ET, Li B, Cardiff RD, et al. Acceleration of mouse mammary tumor virus-induced murine mammary tumorigenesis by a p53 172H transgene: influence of FVB background on tumor latency and identification of novel sites of proviral insertion. Am J Pathol 2002;161:2241–53.PubMed Chatterjee G, Rosner A, Han Y, Zelazny ET, Li B, Cardiff RD, et al. Acceleration of mouse mammary tumor virus-induced murine mammary tumorigenesis by a p53 172H transgene: influence of FVB background on tumor latency and identification of novel sites of proviral insertion. Am J Pathol 2002;161:2241–53.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang TC, Cardiff RD, Zukerberg L, Lees E, Arnold A, Schmidt EV. Mammary hyperplasia and carcinoma in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice. Nature 1994;369:669–71.PubMedCrossRef Wang TC, Cardiff RD, Zukerberg L, Lees E, Arnold A, Schmidt EV. Mammary hyperplasia and carcinoma in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice. Nature 1994;369:669–71.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsukamoto AS, Grosschedl R, Guzman RC, Parslow T, Varmus HE. Expression of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice. Cell 1988;55:619–25.PubMedCrossRef Tsukamoto AS, Grosschedl R, Guzman RC, Parslow T, Varmus HE. Expression of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice. Cell 1988;55:619–25.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Imbert A, Eelkema R, Jordan S, Feiner H, Cowin P. Delta N89 beta-catenin induces precocious development, differentiation, and neoplasia in mammary gland. J Cell Biol 2001;153:555–68.PubMedCrossRef Imbert A, Eelkema R, Jordan S, Feiner H, Cowin P. Delta N89 beta-catenin induces precocious development, differentiation, and neoplasia in mammary gland. J Cell Biol 2001;153:555–68.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Jhappan C, Stahle C, Harkins RN, Fausto N, Smith GH, Merlino GT. TGF alpha overexpression in transgenic mice induces liver neoplasia and abnormal development of the mammary gland and pancreas. Cell 1990;61:1137–46.PubMedCrossRef Jhappan C, Stahle C, Harkins RN, Fausto N, Smith GH, Merlino GT. TGF alpha overexpression in transgenic mice induces liver neoplasia and abnormal development of the mammary gland and pancreas. Cell 1990;61:1137–46.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsui Y, Halter SA, Holt JT, Hogan BL, Coffey RJ. Development of mammary hyperplasia and neoplasia in MMTV-TGF alpha transgenic mice. Cell 1990;61:1147–55.PubMedCrossRef Matsui Y, Halter SA, Holt JT, Hogan BL, Coffey RJ. Development of mammary hyperplasia and neoplasia in MMTV-TGF alpha transgenic mice. Cell 1990;61:1147–55.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandgren EP, Luetteke NC, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL, Lee DC. Overexpression of TGF alpha in transgenic mice: induction of epithelial hyperplasia, pancreatic metaplasia, and carcinoma of the breast. Cell 1990;61:1121–35.PubMedCrossRef Sandgren EP, Luetteke NC, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL, Lee DC. Overexpression of TGF alpha in transgenic mice: induction of epithelial hyperplasia, pancreatic metaplasia, and carcinoma of the breast. Cell 1990;61:1121–35.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen LL, Discafani CM, Gurnani M, Tyler RD. Histopathology of salivary and mammary gland tumors in transgenic mice expressing a human Ha-ras oncogene. Cancer Res 1991;51:3762–7.PubMed Nielsen LL, Discafani CM, Gurnani M, Tyler RD. Histopathology of salivary and mammary gland tumors in transgenic mice expressing a human Ha-ras oncogene. Cancer Res 1991;51:3762–7.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Gallahan D, Jhappan C, Robinson G, Hennighausen L, Sharp R, Kordon E, et al. Expression of a truncated Int3 gene in developing secretory mammary epithelium specifically retards lobular differentiation resulting in tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 1996;56:1775–85.PubMed Gallahan D, Jhappan C, Robinson G, Hennighausen L, Sharp R, Kordon E, et al. Expression of a truncated Int3 gene in developing secretory mammary epithelium specifically retards lobular differentiation resulting in tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 1996;56:1775–85.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Pravtcheva DD, Wise TL. Metastasizing mammary carcinomas in H19 enhancers-Igf2 transgenic mice. J Exp Zool 1998;281:43–57.PubMedCrossRef Pravtcheva DD, Wise TL. Metastasizing mammary carcinomas in H19 enhancers-Igf2 transgenic mice. J Exp Zool 1998;281:43–57.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Teuliere J, Faraldo MM, Deugnier MA, Shtutman M, Ben-Ze’ev A, Thiery JP, et al. Targeted activation of beta-catenin signaling in basal mammary epithelial cells affects mammary development and leads to hyperplasia. Development 2005;132:267–77.PubMedCrossRef Teuliere J, Faraldo MM, Deugnier MA, Shtutman M, Ben-Ze’ev A, Thiery JP, et al. Targeted activation of beta-catenin signaling in basal mammary epithelial cells affects mammary development and leads to hyperplasia. Development 2005;132:267–77.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Gallego MI, Bierie B, Hennighausen L. Targeted expression of HGF/SF in mouse mammary epithelium leads to metastatic adenosquamous carcinomas through the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways. Oncogene 2003;22:8498–508.PubMedCrossRef Gallego MI, Bierie B, Hennighausen L. Targeted expression of HGF/SF in mouse mammary epithelium leads to metastatic adenosquamous carcinomas through the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways. Oncogene 2003;22:8498–508.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinn E, Muller W, Pattengale P, Tepler I, Wallace R, Leder P. Coexpression of MMTV/v-Ha-ras and MMTV/c-myc genes in transgenic mice: synergistic action of oncogenes in vivo. Cell 1987;49:465–75.PubMedCrossRef Sinn E, Muller W, Pattengale P, Tepler I, Wallace R, Leder P. Coexpression of MMTV/v-Ha-ras and MMTV/c-myc genes in transgenic mice: synergistic action of oncogenes in vivo. Cell 1987;49:465–75.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Siegel PM, Shu W, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ, Massague J. Transforming growth factor beta signaling impairs Neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis while promoting pulmonary metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:8430–5.PubMedCrossRef Siegel PM, Shu W, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ, Massague J. Transforming growth factor beta signaling impairs Neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis while promoting pulmonary metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:8430–5.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Hosokawa Y, Papanikolaou A, Cardiff RD, Yoshimoto K, Bernstein M, Wang TC, et al. In vivo analysis of mammary and non-mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice deficient in p53. Transgenic Res 2001;10:471–8.PubMedCrossRef Hosokawa Y, Papanikolaou A, Cardiff RD, Yoshimoto K, Bernstein M, Wang TC, et al. In vivo analysis of mammary and non-mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice deficient in p53. Transgenic Res 2001;10:471–8.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwan H, Pecenka V, Tsukamoto A, Parslow TG, Guzman R, Lin TP, et al. Transgenes expressing the Wnt-1 and int-2 proto-oncogenes cooperate during mammary carcinogenesis in doubly transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 1992;12:147–54.PubMed Kwan H, Pecenka V, Tsukamoto A, Parslow TG, Guzman R, Lin TP, et al. Transgenes expressing the Wnt-1 and int-2 proto-oncogenes cooperate during mammary carcinogenesis in doubly transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 1992;12:147–54.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Jackson-Fisher AJ, Bellinger G, Shum E, Duong JK, Perkins AS, Gassmann M, et al. Formation of Neu/ErbB2-induced mammary tumors is unaffected by loss of ErbB4. Oncogene 2006;25:5664–72.PubMedCrossRef Jackson-Fisher AJ, Bellinger G, Shum E, Duong JK, Perkins AS, Gassmann M, et al. Formation of Neu/ErbB2-induced mammary tumors is unaffected by loss of ErbB4. Oncogene 2006;25:5664–72.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin EY, Jones JG, Li P, Zhu L, Whitney KD, Muller WJ, et al. Progression to malignancy in the polyoma middle T oncoprotein mouse breast cancer model provides a reliable model for human diseases. Am J Pathol 2003;163:2113–26.PubMed Lin EY, Jones JG, Li P, Zhu L, Whitney KD, Muller WJ, et al. Progression to malignancy in the polyoma middle T oncoprotein mouse breast cancer model provides a reliable model for human diseases. Am J Pathol 2003;163:2113–26.PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Granovsky M, Fata J, Pawling J, Muller WJ, Khokha R, Dennis JW. Suppression of tumor growth and metastasis in Mgat5-deficient mice. Nat Med 2000;6:306–12.PubMedCrossRef Granovsky M, Fata J, Pawling J, Muller WJ, Khokha R, Dennis JW. Suppression of tumor growth and metastasis in Mgat5-deficient mice. Nat Med 2000;6:306–12.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin EY, Nguyen AV, Russell RG, Pollard JW. Colony-stimulating factor 1 promotes progression of mammary tumors to malignancy. J Exp Med 2001;193:727–40.PubMedCrossRef Lin EY, Nguyen AV, Russell RG, Pollard JW. Colony-stimulating factor 1 promotes progression of mammary tumors to malignancy. J Exp Med 2001;193:727–40.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Bugge TH, Lund LR, Kombrinck KK, Nielsen BS, Holmback K, Drew AF, et al. Reduced metastasis of Polyoma virus middle T antigen-induced mammary cancer in plasminogen-deficient mice. Oncogene 1998;16:3097–104.PubMedCrossRef Bugge TH, Lund LR, Kombrinck KK, Nielsen BS, Holmback K, Drew AF, et al. Reduced metastasis of Polyoma virus middle T antigen-induced mammary cancer in plasminogen-deficient mice. Oncogene 1998;16:3097–104.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Gutierrez LS, Schulman A, Brito-Robinson T, Noria F, Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ. Tumor development is retarded in mice lacking the gene for urokinase-type plasminogen activator or its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Cancer Res 2000;60:5839–47.PubMed Gutierrez LS, Schulman A, Brito-Robinson T, Noria F, Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ. Tumor development is retarded in mice lacking the gene for urokinase-type plasminogen activator or its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Cancer Res 2000;60:5839–47.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Hakem A, Sanchez-Sweatman O, You-Ten A, Duncan G, Wakeham A, Khokha R, et al. RhoC is dispensable for embryogenesis and tumor initiation but essential for metastasis. Genes Dev 2005;19:1974–9.PubMedCrossRef Hakem A, Sanchez-Sweatman O, You-Ten A, Duncan G, Wakeham A, Khokha R, et al. RhoC is dispensable for embryogenesis and tumor initiation but essential for metastasis. Genes Dev 2005;19:1974–9.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagle JA, Ma Z, Byrne MA, White MF, Shaw LM. Involvement of insulin receptor substrate 2 in mammary tumor metastasis. Mol Cell Biol 2004;24:9726–35.PubMedCrossRef Nagle JA, Ma Z, Byrne MA, White MF, Shaw LM. Involvement of insulin receptor substrate 2 in mammary tumor metastasis. Mol Cell Biol 2004;24:9726–35.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Cuevas BD, Winter-Vann AM, Johnson NL, Johnson GL. MEKK1 controls matrix degradation and tumor cell dissemination during metastasis of polyoma middle-T driven mammary cancer. Oncogene 2006;25:4998–5010.PubMedCrossRef Cuevas BD, Winter-Vann AM, Johnson NL, Johnson GL. MEKK1 controls matrix degradation and tumor cell dissemination during metastasis of polyoma middle-T driven mammary cancer. Oncogene 2006;25:4998–5010.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Peace BE, Toney-Earley K, Collins MH, Waltz SE. Ron receptor signaling augments mammary tumor formation and metastasis in a murine model of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2005;65:1285–93.PubMedCrossRef Peace BE, Toney-Earley K, Collins MH, Waltz SE. Ron receptor signaling augments mammary tumor formation and metastasis in a murine model of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2005;65:1285–93.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Spicer AP, Rowse GJ, Lidner TK, Gendler SJ. Delayed mammary tumor progression in Muc-1 null mice. J Biol Chem 1995;270:30093–101.PubMedCrossRef Spicer AP, Rowse GJ, Lidner TK, Gendler SJ. Delayed mammary tumor progression in Muc-1 null mice. J Biol Chem 1995;270:30093–101.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Cowin P, Rowlands TM, Hatsell SJ. Cadherins and catenins in breast cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005;17:499–508.PubMedCrossRef Cowin P, Rowlands TM, Hatsell SJ. Cadherins and catenins in breast cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005;17:499–508.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirohashi S. Inactivation of the E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system in human cancers. Am J Pathol 1998;153:333–9.PubMed Hirohashi S. Inactivation of the E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system in human cancers. Am J Pathol 1998;153:333–9.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Birchmeier W, Behrens J. Cadherin expression in carcinomas: role in the formation of cell junctions and the prevention of invasiveness. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994;1198:11–26.PubMed Birchmeier W, Behrens J. Cadherin expression in carcinomas: role in the formation of cell junctions and the prevention of invasiveness. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994;1198:11–26.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanco MJ, Moreno-Bueno G, Sarrio D, Locascio A, Cano A, Palacios J, et al. Correlation of Snail expression with histological grade and lymph node status in breast carcinomas. Oncogene 2002;21:3241–6.PubMedCrossRef Blanco MJ, Moreno-Bueno G, Sarrio D, Locascio A, Cano A, Palacios J, et al. Correlation of Snail expression with histological grade and lymph node status in breast carcinomas. Oncogene 2002;21:3241–6.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Strathdee G. Epigenetic versus genetic alterations in the inactivation of E-cadherin. Semin Cancer Biol 2002;12:373–9.PubMedCrossRef Strathdee G. Epigenetic versus genetic alterations in the inactivation of E-cadherin. Semin Cancer Biol 2002;12:373–9.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Fujita Y, Krause G, Scheffner M, Zechner D, Leddy HE, Behrens J, et al. Hakai, a c-Cbl-like protein, ubiquitinates and induces endocytosis of the E-cadherin complex. Nat Cell Biol 2002;4:222–31.CrossRef Fujita Y, Krause G, Scheffner M, Zechner D, Leddy HE, Behrens J, et al. Hakai, a c-Cbl-like protein, ubiquitinates and induces endocytosis of the E-cadherin complex. Nat Cell Biol 2002;4:222–31.CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Vleminckx K, Vakaet L, Jr., Mareel M, Fiers W, van Roy F. Genetic manipulation of E-cadherin expression by epithelial tumor cells reveals an invasion suppressor role. Cell 1991;66:107–19.PubMedCrossRef Vleminckx K, Vakaet L, Jr., Mareel M, Fiers W, van Roy F. Genetic manipulation of E-cadherin expression by epithelial tumor cells reveals an invasion suppressor role. Cell 1991;66:107–19.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Mbalaviele G, Dunstan CR, Sasaki A, Williams PJ, Mundy GR, Yoneda T. E-cadherin expression in human breast cancer cells suppresses the development of osteolytic bone metastases in an experimental metastasis model. Cancer Res 1996;56:4063–70.PubMed Mbalaviele G, Dunstan CR, Sasaki A, Williams PJ, Mundy GR, Yoneda T. E-cadherin expression in human breast cancer cells suppresses the development of osteolytic bone metastases in an experimental metastasis model. Cancer Res 1996;56:4063–70.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilding J, Vousden KH, Soutter WP, McCrea PD, Del Buono R, Pignatelli M. E-cadherin transfection down-regulates the epidermal growth factor receptor and reverses the invasive phenotype of human papilloma virus-transfected keratinocytes. Cancer Res 1996;56:5285–92.PubMed Wilding J, Vousden KH, Soutter WP, McCrea PD, Del Buono R, Pignatelli M. E-cadherin transfection down-regulates the epidermal growth factor receptor and reverses the invasive phenotype of human papilloma virus-transfected keratinocytes. Cancer Res 1996;56:5285–92.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Perl AK, Wilgenbus P, Dahl U, Semb H, Christofori G. A causal role for E-cadherin in the transition from adenoma to carcinoma. Nature 1998;392:190–3.PubMedCrossRef Perl AK, Wilgenbus P, Dahl U, Semb H, Christofori G. A causal role for E-cadherin in the transition from adenoma to carcinoma. Nature 1998;392:190–3.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Derksen PW, Liu X, Saridin F, van der Gulden H, Zevenhoven J, Evers B, et al. Somatic inactivation of E-cadherin and p53 in mice leads to metastatic lobular mammary carcinoma through induction of anoikis resistance and angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 2006;10:437–49.PubMedCrossRef Derksen PW, Liu X, Saridin F, van der Gulden H, Zevenhoven J, Evers B, et al. Somatic inactivation of E-cadherin and p53 in mice leads to metastatic lobular mammary carcinoma through induction of anoikis resistance and angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 2006;10:437–49.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Hazan RB, Phillips GR, Qiao RF, Norton L, Aaronson SA. Exogenous expression of N-cadherin in breast cancer cells induces cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. J Cell Biol 2000;148:779–90.PubMedCrossRef Hazan RB, Phillips GR, Qiao RF, Norton L, Aaronson SA. Exogenous expression of N-cadherin in breast cancer cells induces cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. J Cell Biol 2000;148:779–90.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Li G, Satyamoorthy K, Herlyn M. N-cadherin-mediated intercellular interactions promote survival and migration of melanoma cells. Cancer Res 2001;61:3819–25.PubMed Li G, Satyamoorthy K, Herlyn M. N-cadherin-mediated intercellular interactions promote survival and migration of melanoma cells. Cancer Res 2001;61:3819–25.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Nieman MT, Prudoff RS, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ. N-cadherin promotes motility in human breast cancer cells regardless of their E-cadherin expression. J Cell Biol 1999;147:631–44.PubMedCrossRef Nieman MT, Prudoff RS, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ. N-cadherin promotes motility in human breast cancer cells regardless of their E-cadherin expression. J Cell Biol 1999;147:631–44.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Hazan RB, Qiao R, Keren R, Badano I, Suyama K. Cadherin switch in tumor progression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1014:155–63.PubMedCrossRef Hazan RB, Qiao R, Keren R, Badano I, Suyama K. Cadherin switch in tumor progression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1014:155–63.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Cavallaro U, Christofori G. Cell adhesion in tumor invasion and metastasis: loss of the glue is not enough. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001;1552:39–45.PubMed Cavallaro U, Christofori G. Cell adhesion in tumor invasion and metastasis: loss of the glue is not enough. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001;1552:39–45.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong AS, Gumbiner BM. Adhesion-independent mechanism for suppression of tumor cell invasion by E-cadherin. J Cell Biol 2003;161:1191–203.PubMedCrossRef Wong AS, Gumbiner BM. Adhesion-independent mechanism for suppression of tumor cell invasion by E-cadherin. J Cell Biol 2003;161:1191–203.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Luo J, Lubaroff DM, Hendrix MJ. Suppression of prostate cancer invasive potential and matrix metalloproteinase activity by E-cadherin transfection. Cancer Res 1999;59:3552–6.PubMed Luo J, Lubaroff DM, Hendrix MJ. Suppression of prostate cancer invasive potential and matrix metalloproteinase activity by E-cadherin transfection. Cancer Res 1999;59:3552–6.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J, Suman VJ, Geyer CE, Jr., Davidson NE, et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1673–84.PubMedCrossRef Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J, Suman VJ, Geyer CE, Jr., Davidson NE, et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1673–84.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Steeghs N, Nortier JW, Gelderblom H. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors: an update of recent developments. Ann Surg Oncol 2006. Steeghs N, Nortier JW, Gelderblom H. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors: an update of recent developments. Ann Surg Oncol 2006.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruoslahti E, Noble NA, Kagami S, Border WA. Integrins. Kidney Inter Suppl 1994;44:S17–22. Ruoslahti E, Noble NA, Kagami S, Border WA. Integrins. Kidney Inter Suppl 1994;44:S17–22.
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartz MA, Schaller MD, Ginsberg MH. Integrins: emerging paradigms of signal transduction. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1995;11:549–99.PubMedCrossRef Schwartz MA, Schaller MD, Ginsberg MH. Integrins: emerging paradigms of signal transduction. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1995;11:549–99.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Taverna D, Moher H, Crowley D, Borsig L, Varki A, Hynes RO. Increased primary tumor growth in mice null for beta3- or beta3/beta5-integrins or selectins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:763–8.PubMedCrossRef Taverna D, Moher H, Crowley D, Borsig L, Varki A, Hynes RO. Increased primary tumor growth in mice null for beta3- or beta3/beta5-integrins or selectins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:763–8.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Felding-Habermann B. Tumor cell-platelet interaction in metastatic disease. Haemostasis 2001;31(Suppl 1):55–8.PubMed Felding-Habermann B. Tumor cell-platelet interaction in metastatic disease. Haemostasis 2001;31(Suppl 1):55–8.PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakewell SJ, Nestor P, Prasad S, Tomasson MH, Dowland N, Mehrotra M, et al. Platelet and osteoclast beta3 integrins are critical for bone metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:14205–10.PubMedCrossRef Bakewell SJ, Nestor P, Prasad S, Tomasson MH, Dowland N, Mehrotra M, et al. Platelet and osteoclast beta3 integrins are critical for bone metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:14205–10.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Reynolds LE, Wyder L, Lively JC, Taverna D, Robinson SD, Huang X, et al. Enhanced pathological angiogenesis in mice lacking beta3 integrin or beta3 and beta5 integrins. Nat Med 2002;8:27–34.PubMedCrossRef Reynolds LE, Wyder L, Lively JC, Taverna D, Robinson SD, Huang X, et al. Enhanced pathological angiogenesis in mice lacking beta3 integrin or beta3 and beta5 integrins. Nat Med 2002;8:27–34.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson JP. Cell adhesion molecules in the development and progression of malignant melanoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1999;18:345–57.PubMedCrossRef Johnson JP. Cell adhesion molecules in the development and progression of malignant melanoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1999;18:345–57.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Roesler J, Srivatsan E, Moatamed F, Peters J, Livingston EH. Tumor suppressor activity of neural cell adhesion molecule in colon carcinoma. Am J Surg 1997;174:251–7.PubMedCrossRef Roesler J, Srivatsan E, Moatamed F, Peters J, Livingston EH. Tumor suppressor activity of neural cell adhesion molecule in colon carcinoma. Am J Surg 1997;174:251–7.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Cavallaro U, Christofori G. Cell adhesion and signalling by cadherins and Ig-CAMs in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:118–32.PubMed Cavallaro U, Christofori G. Cell adhesion and signalling by cadherins and Ig-CAMs in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:118–32.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Perl AK, Dahl U, Wilgenbus P, Cremer H, Semb H, Christofori G. Reduced expression of neural cell adhesion molecule induces metastatic dissemination of pancreatic beta tumor cells. Nat Med 1999;5:286–91.PubMedCrossRef Perl AK, Dahl U, Wilgenbus P, Cremer H, Semb H, Christofori G. Reduced expression of neural cell adhesion molecule induces metastatic dissemination of pancreatic beta tumor cells. Nat Med 1999;5:286–91.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Crnic I, Strittmatter K, Cavallaro U, Kopfstein L, Jussila L, Alitalo K, et al. Loss of neural cell adhesion molecule induces tumor metastasis by up-regulating lymphangiogenesis. Cancer Res 2004;64:8630–8.PubMedCrossRef Crnic I, Strittmatter K, Cavallaro U, Kopfstein L, Jussila L, Alitalo K, et al. Loss of neural cell adhesion molecule induces tumor metastasis by up-regulating lymphangiogenesis. Cancer Res 2004;64:8630–8.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Shih LM, Hsu MY, Palazzo JP, Herlyn M. The cell-cell adhesion receptor Mel-CAM acts as a tumor suppressor in breast carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1997;151:745–51.PubMed Shih LM, Hsu MY, Palazzo JP, Herlyn M. The cell-cell adhesion receptor Mel-CAM acts as a tumor suppressor in breast carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1997;151:745–51.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Luo W, Wood CG, Earley K, Hung MC, Lin SH. Suppression of tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells by an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (C-CAM1): the adhesion and growth suppression are mediated by different domains. Oncogene 1997;14:1697–704.PubMedCrossRef Luo W, Wood CG, Earley K, Hung MC, Lin SH. Suppression of tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells by an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (C-CAM1): the adhesion and growth suppression are mediated by different domains. Oncogene 1997;14:1697–704.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Plunkett TA, Ellis PA. CEACAM1: a marker with a difference or more of the same? J Clin Oncol 2002;20:4273–5.PubMed Plunkett TA, Ellis PA. CEACAM1: a marker with a difference or more of the same? J Clin Oncol 2002;20:4273–5.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Obrink B. CEA adhesion molecules: multifunctional proteins with signal-regulatory properties. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1997;9:616–26.PubMedCrossRef Obrink B. CEA adhesion molecules: multifunctional proteins with signal-regulatory properties. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1997;9:616–26.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Wagener C, Ergun S. Angiogenic properties of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1. Exp Cell Res 2000;261:19–24.PubMedCrossRef Wagener C, Ergun S. Angiogenic properties of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1. Exp Cell Res 2000;261:19–24.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Koch AE, Halloran MM, Haskell CJ, Shah MR, Polverini PJ. Angiogenesis mediated by soluble forms of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Nature 1995;376:517–9.PubMedCrossRef Koch AE, Halloran MM, Haskell CJ, Shah MR, Polverini PJ. Angiogenesis mediated by soluble forms of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Nature 1995;376:517–9.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirshner J, Chen CJ, Liu P, Huang J, Shively JE. CEACAM1-4S, a cell-cell adhesion molecule, mediates apoptosis and reverts mammary carcinoma cells to a normal morphogenic phenotype in a 3D culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:521–6.PubMedCrossRef Kirshner J, Chen CJ, Liu P, Huang J, Shively JE. CEACAM1-4S, a cell-cell adhesion molecule, mediates apoptosis and reverts mammary carcinoma cells to a normal morphogenic phenotype in a 3D culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:521–6.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Meier F, Busch S, Gast D, Goppert A, Altevogt P, Maczey E, et al. The adhesion molecule L1 (CD171) promotes melanoma progression. Int J Cancer 2006;119:549–55.PubMedCrossRef Meier F, Busch S, Gast D, Goppert A, Altevogt P, Maczey E, et al. The adhesion molecule L1 (CD171) promotes melanoma progression. Int J Cancer 2006;119:549–55.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Fogel M, Gutwein P, Mechtersheimer S, Riedle S, Stoeck A, Smirnov A, et al. L1 expression as a predictor of progression and survival in patients with uterine and ovarian carcinomas. Lancet 2003;362:869–75.PubMedCrossRef Fogel M, Gutwein P, Mechtersheimer S, Riedle S, Stoeck A, Smirnov A, et al. L1 expression as a predictor of progression and survival in patients with uterine and ovarian carcinomas. Lancet 2003;362:869–75.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Kopfstein L, Christofori G. Metastasis: cell-autonomous mechanisms versus contributions by the tumor microenvironment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006;63:449–68.PubMedCrossRef Kopfstein L, Christofori G. Metastasis: cell-autonomous mechanisms versus contributions by the tumor microenvironment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006;63:449–68.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Calvo A, Xiao N, Kang J, Best CJ, Leiva I, Emmert-Buck MR, et al. Alterations in gene expression profiles during prostate cancer progression: functional correlations to tumorigenicity and down-regulation of selenoprotein-P in mouse and human tumors. Cancer Res 2002;62:5325–35.PubMed Calvo A, Xiao N, Kang J, Best CJ, Leiva I, Emmert-Buck MR, et al. Alterations in gene expression profiles during prostate cancer progression: functional correlations to tumorigenicity and down-regulation of selenoprotein-P in mouse and human tumors. Cancer Res 2002;62:5325–35.PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Thies A, Schachner M, Moll I, Berger J, Schulze HJ, Brunner G, et al. Overexpression of the cell adhesion molecule L1 is associated with metastasis in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2002;38:1708–16.PubMedCrossRef Thies A, Schachner M, Moll I, Berger J, Schulze HJ, Brunner G, et al. Overexpression of the cell adhesion molecule L1 is associated with metastasis in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2002;38:1708–16.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Shtutman M, Levina E, Ohouo P, Baig M, Roninson IB. Cell adhesion molecule L1 disrupts E-cadherin-containing adherens junctions and increases scattering and motility of MCF7 breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2006;66:11370–80.PubMedCrossRef Shtutman M, Levina E, Ohouo P, Baig M, Roninson IB. Cell adhesion molecule L1 disrupts E-cadherin-containing adherens junctions and increases scattering and motility of MCF7 breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2006;66:11370–80.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Mechtersheimer S, Gutwein P, Agmon-Levin N, Stoeck A, Oleszewski M, Riedle S, et al. Ectodomain shedding of L1 adhesion molecule promotes cell migration by autocrine binding to integrins. J Cell Biol 2001;155:661–73.PubMedCrossRef Mechtersheimer S, Gutwein P, Agmon-Levin N, Stoeck A, Oleszewski M, Riedle S, et al. Ectodomain shedding of L1 adhesion molecule promotes cell migration by autocrine binding to integrins. J Cell Biol 2001;155:661–73.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Thelen K, Kedar V, Panicker AK, Schmid RS, Midkiff BR, Maness PF. The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 potentiates integrin-dependent cell migration to extracellular matrix proteins. J Neurosci 2002;22:4918–31.PubMed Thelen K, Kedar V, Panicker AK, Schmid RS, Midkiff BR, Maness PF. The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 potentiates integrin-dependent cell migration to extracellular matrix proteins. J Neurosci 2002;22:4918–31.PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Voura EB, Ramjeesingh RA, Montgomery AM, Siu CH. Involvement of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) and cell adhesion molecule L1 in transendothelial migration of melanoma cells. Mol Biol Cell 2001;12:2699–710.PubMed Voura EB, Ramjeesingh RA, Montgomery AM, Siu CH. Involvement of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) and cell adhesion molecule L1 in transendothelial migration of melanoma cells. Mol Biol Cell 2001;12:2699–710.PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Conacci-Sorrell ME, Ben-Yedidia T, Shtutman M, Feinstein E, Einat P, Ben-Ze’ev A. Nr-CAM is a target gene of the beta-catenin/LEF-1 pathway in melanoma and colon cancer and its expression enhances motility and confers tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2002;16:2058–72.PubMedCrossRef Conacci-Sorrell ME, Ben-Yedidia T, Shtutman M, Feinstein E, Einat P, Ben-Ze’ev A. Nr-CAM is a target gene of the beta-catenin/LEF-1 pathway in melanoma and colon cancer and its expression enhances motility and confers tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2002;16:2058–72.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Gavert N, Conacci-Sorrell M, Gast D, Schneider A, Altevogt P, Brabletz T, et al. L1, a novel target of beta-catenin signaling, transforms cells and is expressed at the invasive front of colon cancers. J Cell Biol 2005;168:633–42.PubMedCrossRef Gavert N, Conacci-Sorrell M, Gast D, Schneider A, Altevogt P, Brabletz T, et al. L1, a novel target of beta-catenin signaling, transforms cells and is expressed at the invasive front of colon cancers. J Cell Biol 2005;168:633–42.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Silletti S, Yebra M, Perez B, Cirulli V, McMahon M, Montgomery AM. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent gene expression contributes to L1 cell adhesion molecule-dependent motility and invasion. J Biol Chem 2004;279:28880–8.PubMedCrossRef Silletti S, Yebra M, Perez B, Cirulli V, McMahon M, Montgomery AM. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent gene expression contributes to L1 cell adhesion molecule-dependent motility and invasion. J Biol Chem 2004;279:28880–8.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Primiano T, Baig M, Maliyekkel A, Chang BD, Fellars S, Sadhu J, et al. Identification of potential anticancer drug targets through the selection of growth-inhibitory genetic suppressor elements. Cancer Cell 2003;4:41–53.PubMedCrossRef Primiano T, Baig M, Maliyekkel A, Chang BD, Fellars S, Sadhu J, et al. Identification of potential anticancer drug targets through the selection of growth-inhibitory genetic suppressor elements. Cancer Cell 2003;4:41–53.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Arlt MJ, Novak-Hofer I, Gast D, Gschwend V, Moldenhauer G, Grunberg J, et al. Efficient inhibition of intra-peritoneal tumor growth and dissemination of human ovarian carcinoma cells in nude mice by anti-L1-cell adhesion molecule monoclonal antibody treatment. Cancer Res 2006;66:936–43.PubMedCrossRef Arlt MJ, Novak-Hofer I, Gast D, Gschwend V, Moldenhauer G, Grunberg J, et al. Efficient inhibition of intra-peritoneal tumor growth and dissemination of human ovarian carcinoma cells in nude mice by anti-L1-cell adhesion molecule monoclonal antibody treatment. Cancer Res 2006;66:936–43.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Huszar M, Moldenhauer G, Gschwend V, Ben-Arie A, Altevogt P, Fogel M. Expression profile analysis in multiple human tumors identifies L1 (CD171) as a molecular marker for differential diagnosis and targeted therapy. Hum Pathol 2006;37:1000–8.PubMedCrossRef Huszar M, Moldenhauer G, Gschwend V, Ben-Arie A, Altevogt P, Fogel M. Expression profile analysis in multiple human tumors identifies L1 (CD171) as a molecular marker for differential diagnosis and targeted therapy. Hum Pathol 2006;37:1000–8.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Barcellos-Hoff MH, Aggeler J, Ram TG, Bissell MJ. Functional differentiation and alveolar morphogenesis of primary mammary cultures on reconstituted basement membrane. Development 1989;105:223–35.PubMed Barcellos-Hoff MH, Aggeler J, Ram TG, Bissell MJ. Functional differentiation and alveolar morphogenesis of primary mammary cultures on reconstituted basement membrane. Development 1989;105:223–35.PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Lemaitre V, D’Armiento J. Matrix metalloproteinases in development and disease. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2006;78:1–10.PubMedCrossRef Lemaitre V, D’Armiento J. Matrix metalloproteinases in development and disease. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2006;78:1–10.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Chakraborti S, Mandal M, Das S, Mandal A, Chakraborti T. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases: an overview. Mol Cell Biochem 2003;253:269–85.PubMedCrossRef Chakraborti S, Mandal M, Das S, Mandal A, Chakraborti T. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases: an overview. Mol Cell Biochem 2003;253:269–85.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang C, Werb Z. The many faces of metalloproteases: cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Cell Biol 2001;11:S37–43.PubMed Chang C, Werb Z. The many faces of metalloproteases: cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Cell Biol 2001;11:S37–43.PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Brew K, Dinakarpandian D, Nagase H. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: evolution, structure and function. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1477:267–83.PubMed Brew K, Dinakarpandian D, Nagase H. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: evolution, structure and function. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1477:267–83.PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006;25:9–34.PubMedCrossRef Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006;25:9–34.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Sternlicht MD, Lochter A, Sympson CJ, Huey B, Rougier JP, Gray JW, et al. The stromal proteinase MMP3/stromelysin-1 promotes mammary carcinogenesis. Cell 1999;98:137–46.PubMedCrossRef Sternlicht MD, Lochter A, Sympson CJ, Huey B, Rougier JP, Gray JW, et al. The stromal proteinase MMP3/stromelysin-1 promotes mammary carcinogenesis. Cell 1999;98:137–46.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Sternlicht MD, Bissell MJ, Werb Z. The matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin-1 acts as a natural mammary tumor promoter. Oncogene 2000;19:1102–13.PubMedCrossRef Sternlicht MD, Bissell MJ, Werb Z. The matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin-1 acts as a natural mammary tumor promoter. Oncogene 2000;19:1102–13.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Rudolph-Owen LA, Chan R, Muller WJ, Matrisian LM. The matrix metalloproteinase matrilysin influences early-stage mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 1998;58:5500–6.PubMed Rudolph-Owen LA, Chan R, Muller WJ, Matrisian LM. The matrix metalloproteinase matrilysin influences early-stage mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 1998;58:5500–6.PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Hulboy DL, Gautam S, Fingleton B, Matrisian LM. The influence of matrix metalloproteinase-7 on early mammary tumorigenesis in the multiple intestinal neoplasia mouse. Oncol Rep 2004;12:13–7.PubMed Hulboy DL, Gautam S, Fingleton B, Matrisian LM. The influence of matrix metalloproteinase-7 on early mammary tumorigenesis in the multiple intestinal neoplasia mouse. Oncol Rep 2004;12:13–7.PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Ha HY, Moon HB, Nam MS, Lee JW, Ryoo ZY, Lee TH, et al. Overexpression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene induces mammary gland abnormalities and adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice. Cancer Res 2001;61:984–90.PubMed Ha HY, Moon HB, Nam MS, Lee JW, Ryoo ZY, Lee TH, et al. Overexpression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene induces mammary gland abnormalities and adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice. Cancer Res 2001;61:984–90.PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Soulie P, Carrozzino F, Pepper MS, Strongin AY, Poupon MF, Montesano R. Membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase confers tumorigenicity on nonmalignant epithelial cells. Oncogene 2005;24:1689–97.PubMedCrossRef Soulie P, Carrozzino F, Pepper MS, Strongin AY, Poupon MF, Montesano R. Membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase confers tumorigenicity on nonmalignant epithelial cells. Oncogene 2005;24:1689–97.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Cockett MI, Murphy G, Birch ML, O’Connell JP, Crabbe T, Millican AT, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases and metastatic cancer. Biochem Soc Symp 1998;63:295–313.PubMed Cockett MI, Murphy G, Birch ML, O’Connell JP, Crabbe T, Millican AT, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases and metastatic cancer. Biochem Soc Symp 1998;63:295–313.PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Llorens A, Vinyals A, Alia P, Lopez-Barcons L, Gonzalez-Garrigues M, Fabra A. Metastatic ability of MXT mouse mammary subpopulations correlates with clonal expression and/or membrane-association of gelatinase A. Mol Carcinog 1997;19:54–66.PubMedCrossRef Llorens A, Vinyals A, Alia P, Lopez-Barcons L, Gonzalez-Garrigues M, Fabra A. Metastatic ability of MXT mouse mammary subpopulations correlates with clonal expression and/or membrane-association of gelatinase A. Mol Carcinog 1997;19:54–66.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Kupferman ME, Fini ME, Muller WJ, Weber R, Cheng Y, Muschel RJ. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 promoter activity is induced coincident with invasion during tumor progression. Am J Pathol 2000;157:1777–83.PubMed Kupferman ME, Fini ME, Muller WJ, Weber R, Cheng Y, Muschel RJ. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 promoter activity is induced coincident with invasion during tumor progression. Am J Pathol 2000;157:1777–83.PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Itoh T, Tanioka M, Yoshida H, Yoshioka T, Nishimoto H, Itohara S. Reduced angiogenesis and tumor progression in gelatinase A-deficient mice. Cancer Res 1998;58:1048–51.PubMed Itoh T, Tanioka M, Yoshida H, Yoshioka T, Nishimoto H, Itohara S. Reduced angiogenesis and tumor progression in gelatinase A-deficient mice. Cancer Res 1998;58:1048–51.PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Itoh T, Tanioka M, Matsuda H, Nishimoto H, Yoshioka T, Suzuki R, et al. Experimental metastasis is suppressed in MMP-9-deficient mice. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999;17:177–81.PubMedCrossRef Itoh T, Tanioka M, Matsuda H, Nishimoto H, Yoshioka T, Suzuki R, et al. Experimental metastasis is suppressed in MMP-9-deficient mice. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999;17:177–81.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Hua J, Muschel RJ. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression by a ribozyme blocks metastasis in a rat sarcoma model system. Cancer Res 1996;56:5279–84.PubMed Hua J, Muschel RJ. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression by a ribozyme blocks metastasis in a rat sarcoma model system. Cancer Res 1996;56:5279–84.PubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Sehgal G, Hua J, Bernhard EJ, Sehgal I, Thompson TC, Muschel RJ. Requirement for matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) expression in metastasis by murine prostate carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1998;152:591–6.PubMed Sehgal G, Hua J, Bernhard EJ, Sehgal I, Thompson TC, Muschel RJ. Requirement for matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) expression in metastasis by murine prostate carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1998;152:591–6.PubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofmann UB, Eggert AA, Blass K, Brocker EB, Becker JC. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the microenvironment of spontaneous and experimental melanoma metastases reflects the requirements for tumor formation. Cancer Res 2003;63:8221–5.PubMed Hofmann UB, Eggert AA, Blass K, Brocker EB, Becker JC. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the microenvironment of spontaneous and experimental melanoma metastases reflects the requirements for tumor formation. Cancer Res 2003;63:8221–5.PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalberg K, Eriksson E, Enberg U, Kjellman M, Backdahl M. Gelatinase A, membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer mRNA expression: correlation with invasive growth of breast cancer. World J Surg 2000;24:334–40.PubMedCrossRef Dalberg K, Eriksson E, Enberg U, Kjellman M, Backdahl M. Gelatinase A, membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer mRNA expression: correlation with invasive growth of breast cancer. World J Surg 2000;24:334–40.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Brummer O, Athar S, Riethdorf L, Loning T, Herbst H. Matrix-metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 3 and their tissue inhibitors 1 and 2 in benign and malignant breast lesions: an in situ hybridization study. Virchows Arch 1999;435:566–73.PubMedCrossRef Brummer O, Athar S, Riethdorf L, Loning T, Herbst H. Matrix-metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 3 and their tissue inhibitors 1 and 2 in benign and malignant breast lesions: an in situ hybridization study. Virchows Arch 1999;435:566–73.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen WT, Wang JY. Specialized surface protrusions of invasive cells, invadopodia and lamellipodia, have differential MT1-MMP, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 localization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;878:361–71.PubMedCrossRef Chen WT, Wang JY. Specialized surface protrusions of invasive cells, invadopodia and lamellipodia, have differential MT1-MMP, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 localization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;878:361–71.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Bourguignon LY, Gunja-Smith Z, Iida N, Zhu HB, Young LJ, Muller WJ, et al. CD44v(3,8-10) is involved in cytoskeleton-mediated tumor cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) association in metastatic breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 1998;176:206–15.PubMedCrossRef Bourguignon LY, Gunja-Smith Z, Iida N, Zhu HB, Young LJ, Muller WJ, et al. CD44v(3,8-10) is involved in cytoskeleton-mediated tumor cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) association in metastatic breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 1998;176:206–15.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Lynch CC, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor–host cell communication. Differentiation 2002;70:561–73.PubMedCrossRef Lynch CC, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor–host cell communication. Differentiation 2002;70:561–73.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Basset P, Bellocq JP, Wolf C, Stoll I, Hutin P, Limacher JM, et al. A novel metalloproteinase gene specifically expressed in stromal cells of breast carcinomas. Nature 1990;348:699–704.PubMedCrossRef Basset P, Bellocq JP, Wolf C, Stoll I, Hutin P, Limacher JM, et al. A novel metalloproteinase gene specifically expressed in stromal cells of breast carcinomas. Nature 1990;348:699–704.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Heppner KJ, Matrisian LM, Jensen RA, Rodgers WH. Expression of most matrix metalloproteinase family members in breast cancer represents a tumor-induced host response. Am J Pathol 1996;149:273–82.PubMed Heppner KJ, Matrisian LM, Jensen RA, Rodgers WH. Expression of most matrix metalloproteinase family members in breast cancer represents a tumor-induced host response. Am J Pathol 1996;149:273–82.PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Stuelten CH, DaCosta Byfield S, Arany PR, Karpova TS, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Roberts AB. Breast cancer cells induce stromal fibroblasts to express MMP-9 via secretion of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta. J Cell Sci 2005;118:2143–53.PubMedCrossRef Stuelten CH, DaCosta Byfield S, Arany PR, Karpova TS, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Roberts AB. Breast cancer cells induce stromal fibroblasts to express MMP-9 via secretion of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta. J Cell Sci 2005;118:2143–53.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Boire A, Covic L, Agarwal A, Jacques S, Sherifi S, Kuliopulos A. PAR1 is a matrix metalloprotease-1 receptor that promotes invasion and tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells. Cell 2005;120:303–13.PubMedCrossRef Boire A, Covic L, Agarwal A, Jacques S, Sherifi S, Kuliopulos A. PAR1 is a matrix metalloprotease-1 receptor that promotes invasion and tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells. Cell 2005;120:303–13.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Benaud C, Dickson RB, Thompson EW. Roles of the matrix metalloproteinases in mammary gland development and cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998;50:97–116.PubMedCrossRef Benaud C, Dickson RB, Thompson EW. Roles of the matrix metalloproteinases in mammary gland development and cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998;50:97–116.PubMedCrossRef
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Duffy MJ, Maguire TM, Hill A, McDermott E, O’Higgins N. Metalloproteinases: role in breast carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2000;2:252–7.PubMedCrossRef Duffy MJ, Maguire TM, Hill A, McDermott E, O’Higgins N. Metalloproteinases: role in breast carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2000;2:252–7.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Stetler-Stevenson WG. Matrix metalloproteinases in angiogenesis: a moving target for therapeutic intervention. J Clin Invest 1999;103:1237–41.PubMedCrossRef Stetler-Stevenson WG. Matrix metalloproteinases in angiogenesis: a moving target for therapeutic intervention. J Clin Invest 1999;103:1237–41.PubMedCrossRef
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu J, Rodriguez D, Petitclerc E, Kim JJ, Hangai M, Moon YS, et al. Proteolytic exposure of a cryptic site within collagen type IV is required for angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. J Cell Biol 2001;154:1069–79.PubMedCrossRef Xu J, Rodriguez D, Petitclerc E, Kim JJ, Hangai M, Moon YS, et al. Proteolytic exposure of a cryptic site within collagen type IV is required for angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. J Cell Biol 2001;154:1069–79.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergers G, Brekken R, McMahon G, Vu TH, Itoh T, Tamaki K, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 triggers the angiogenic switch during carcinogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2000;2:737–44.PubMedCrossRef Bergers G, Brekken R, McMahon G, Vu TH, Itoh T, Tamaki K, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 triggers the angiogenic switch during carcinogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2000;2:737–44.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Dong Z, Kumar R, Yang X, Fidler IJ. Macrophage-derived metalloelastase is responsible for the generation of angiostatin in Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 1997;88:801–10.PubMedCrossRef Dong Z, Kumar R, Yang X, Fidler IJ. Macrophage-derived metalloelastase is responsible for the generation of angiostatin in Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 1997;88:801–10.PubMedCrossRef
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferreras M, Felbor U, Lenhard T, Olsen BR, Delaisse J. Generation and degradation of human endostatin proteins by various proteinases. FEBS Lett 2000;486:247–51.PubMedCrossRef Ferreras M, Felbor U, Lenhard T, Olsen BR, Delaisse J. Generation and degradation of human endostatin proteins by various proteinases. FEBS Lett 2000;486:247–51.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Stamenkovic I. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor invasion and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2000;10:415–33.PubMedCrossRef Stamenkovic I. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor invasion and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2000;10:415–33.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Egeblad M, Werb Z. New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:161–74.PubMedCrossRef Egeblad M, Werb Z. New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:161–74.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Folgueras AR, Pendas AM, Sanchez LM, Lopez-Otin C. Matrix metalloproteinases in cancer: from new functions to improved inhibition strategies. Int J Dev Biol 2004;48:411–24.PubMedCrossRef Folgueras AR, Pendas AM, Sanchez LM, Lopez-Otin C. Matrix metalloproteinases in cancer: from new functions to improved inhibition strategies. Int J Dev Biol 2004;48:411–24.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Overall CM, Kleifeld O. Towards third generation matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors for cancer therapy. Br J Cancer 2006;94:941–6.PubMedCrossRef Overall CM, Kleifeld O. Towards third generation matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors for cancer therapy. Br J Cancer 2006;94:941–6.PubMedCrossRef
140.
Zurück zum Zitat White JM. ADAMs: modulators of cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2003;15:598–606.PubMedCrossRef White JM. ADAMs: modulators of cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2003;15:598–606.PubMedCrossRef
141.
Zurück zum Zitat DeClerck YA. Interactions between tumour cells and stromal cells and proteolytic modification of the extracellular matrix by metalloproteinases in cancer. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:1258–68.PubMedCrossRef DeClerck YA. Interactions between tumour cells and stromal cells and proteolytic modification of the extracellular matrix by metalloproteinases in cancer. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:1258–68.PubMedCrossRef
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Tousseyn T, Jorissen E, Reiss K, Hartmann D. (Make) stick and cut loose-disintegrin metalloproteases in development and disease. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2006;78:24–46.PubMedCrossRef Tousseyn T, Jorissen E, Reiss K, Hartmann D. (Make) stick and cut loose-disintegrin metalloproteases in development and disease. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2006;78:24–46.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Lendeckel U, Kohl J, Arndt M, Carl-McGrath S, Donat H, Rocken C. Increased expression of ADAM family members in human breast cancer and breast cancer cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005;131:41–8.PubMedCrossRef Lendeckel U, Kohl J, Arndt M, Carl-McGrath S, Donat H, Rocken C. Increased expression of ADAM family members in human breast cancer and breast cancer cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005;131:41–8.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Shea C, McKie N, Buggy Y, Duggan C, Hill AD, McDermott E, et al. Expression of ADAM-9 mRNA and protein in human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2003;105:754–61.PubMedCrossRef O’Shea C, McKie N, Buggy Y, Duggan C, Hill AD, McDermott E, et al. Expression of ADAM-9 mRNA and protein in human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2003;105:754–61.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Borrell-Pages M, Rojo F, Albanell J, Baselga J, Arribas J. TACE is required for the activation of the EGFR by TGF-alpha in tumors. EMBO J 2003;22:1114–24.PubMedCrossRef Borrell-Pages M, Rojo F, Albanell J, Baselga J, Arribas J. TACE is required for the activation of the EGFR by TGF-alpha in tumors. EMBO J 2003;22:1114–24.PubMedCrossRef
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Kveiborg M, Frohlich C, Albrechtsen R, Tischler V, Dietrich N, Holck P, et al. A role for ADAM12 in breast tumor progression and stromal cell apoptosis. Cancer Res 2005;65:4754–61.PubMedCrossRef Kveiborg M, Frohlich C, Albrechtsen R, Tischler V, Dietrich N, Holck P, et al. A role for ADAM12 in breast tumor progression and stromal cell apoptosis. Cancer Res 2005;65:4754–61.PubMedCrossRef
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Roy R, Wewer UM, Zurakowski D, Pories SE, Moses MA. ADAM 12 cleaves extracellular matrix proteins and correlates with cancer status and stage. J Biol Chem 2004;279:51323–30.PubMedCrossRef Roy R, Wewer UM, Zurakowski D, Pories SE, Moses MA. ADAM 12 cleaves extracellular matrix proteins and correlates with cancer status and stage. J Biol Chem 2004;279:51323–30.PubMedCrossRef
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Duffy MJ, Maguire TM, McDermott EW, O’Higgins N. Urokinase plasminogen activator: a prognostic marker in multiple types of cancer. J Surg Oncol 1999;71:130–5.PubMedCrossRef Duffy MJ, Maguire TM, McDermott EW, O’Higgins N. Urokinase plasminogen activator: a prognostic marker in multiple types of cancer. J Surg Oncol 1999;71:130–5.PubMedCrossRef
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Fisher JL, Field CL, Zhou H, Harris TL, Henderson MA, Choong PF. Urokinase plasminogen activator system gene expression is increased in human breast carcinoma and its bone metastases—a comparison of normal breast tissue, non-invasive and invasive carcinoma and osseous metastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000;61:1–12.PubMedCrossRef Fisher JL, Field CL, Zhou H, Harris TL, Henderson MA, Choong PF. Urokinase plasminogen activator system gene expression is increased in human breast carcinoma and its bone metastases—a comparison of normal breast tissue, non-invasive and invasive carcinoma and osseous metastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000;61:1–12.PubMedCrossRef
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Stephens RW, Brunner N, Janicke F, Schmitt M. The urokinase plasminogen activator system as a target for prognostic studies in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998;52:99–111.PubMedCrossRef Stephens RW, Brunner N, Janicke F, Schmitt M. The urokinase plasminogen activator system as a target for prognostic studies in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998;52:99–111.PubMedCrossRef
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Duffy MJ. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator: a potent marker of metastatic potential in human cancers. Biochem Soc Trans 2002;30:207–10.PubMedCrossRef Duffy MJ. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator: a potent marker of metastatic potential in human cancers. Biochem Soc Trans 2002;30:207–10.PubMedCrossRef
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Han B, Nakamura M, Mori I, Nakamura Y, Kakudo K. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator system and breast cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2005;14:105–12.PubMed Han B, Nakamura M, Mori I, Nakamura Y, Kakudo K. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator system and breast cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2005;14:105–12.PubMed
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Pyke C, Graem N, Ralfkiaer E, Ronne E, Hoyer-Hansen G, Brunner N, et al. Receptor for urokinase is present in tumor-associated macrophages in ductal breast carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993;53:1911–5.PubMed Pyke C, Graem N, Ralfkiaer E, Ronne E, Hoyer-Hansen G, Brunner N, et al. Receptor for urokinase is present in tumor-associated macrophages in ductal breast carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993;53:1911–5.PubMed
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Umeda T, Eguchi Y, Okino K, Kodama M, Hattori T. Cellular localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, its inhibitors, and their mRNAs in breast cancer tissues. J Pathol 1997;183:388–97.PubMedCrossRef Umeda T, Eguchi Y, Okino K, Kodama M, Hattori T. Cellular localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, its inhibitors, and their mRNAs in breast cancer tissues. J Pathol 1997;183:388–97.PubMedCrossRef
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen BS, Sehested M, Duun S, Rank F, Timshel S, Rygaard J, et al. Urokinase plasminogen activator is localized in stromal cells in ductal breast cancer. Lab Invest 2001;81:1485–501.PubMed Nielsen BS, Sehested M, Duun S, Rank F, Timshel S, Rygaard J, et al. Urokinase plasminogen activator is localized in stromal cells in ductal breast cancer. Lab Invest 2001;81:1485–501.PubMed
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Hildenbrand R, Arens N. Protein and mRNA expression of uPAR and PAI-1 in myoepithelial cells of early breast cancer lesions and normal breast tissue. Br J Cancer 2004;91:564–71.PubMedCrossRef Hildenbrand R, Arens N. Protein and mRNA expression of uPAR and PAI-1 in myoepithelial cells of early breast cancer lesions and normal breast tissue. Br J Cancer 2004;91:564–71.PubMedCrossRef
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Elenbaas B, Weinberg RA. Heterotypic signaling between epithelial tumor cells and fibroblasts in carcinoma formation. Exp Cell Res 2001;264:169–84.PubMedCrossRef Elenbaas B, Weinberg RA. Heterotypic signaling between epithelial tumor cells and fibroblasts in carcinoma formation. Exp Cell Res 2001;264:169–84.PubMedCrossRef
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Sieuwerts AM, Klijn JG, Henzen-Logmans SC, Foekens JA. Cytokine-regulated urokinase-type-plasminogen-activator (uPA) production by human breast fibroblasts in vitro. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999;55:9–20.PubMedCrossRef Sieuwerts AM, Klijn JG, Henzen-Logmans SC, Foekens JA. Cytokine-regulated urokinase-type-plasminogen-activator (uPA) production by human breast fibroblasts in vitro. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999;55:9–20.PubMedCrossRef
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Frandsen TL, Holst-Hansen C, Nielsen BS, Christensen IJ, Nyengaard JR, Carmeliet P, et al. Direct evidence of the importance of stromal urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in the growth of an experimental human breast cancer using a combined uPA gene-disrupted and immunodeficient xenograft model. Cancer Res 2001;61:532–7.PubMed Frandsen TL, Holst-Hansen C, Nielsen BS, Christensen IJ, Nyengaard JR, Carmeliet P, et al. Direct evidence of the importance of stromal urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in the growth of an experimental human breast cancer using a combined uPA gene-disrupted and immunodeficient xenograft model. Cancer Res 2001;61:532–7.PubMed
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Almholt K, Lund LR, Rygaard J, Nielsen BS, Dano K, Romer J, et al. Reduced metastasis of transgenic mammary cancer in urokinase-deficient mice. Int J Cancer 2005;113:525–32.PubMedCrossRef Almholt K, Lund LR, Rygaard J, Nielsen BS, Dano K, Romer J, et al. Reduced metastasis of transgenic mammary cancer in urokinase-deficient mice. Int J Cancer 2005;113:525–32.PubMedCrossRef
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Guo Y, Higazi AA, Arakelian A, Sachais BS, Cines D, Goldfarb RH, et al. A peptide derived from the nonreceptor binding region of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) inhibits tumor progression and angiogenesis and induces tumor cell death in vivo. FASEB J 2000;14:1400–10.PubMedCrossRef Guo Y, Higazi AA, Arakelian A, Sachais BS, Cines D, Goldfarb RH, et al. A peptide derived from the nonreceptor binding region of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) inhibits tumor progression and angiogenesis and induces tumor cell death in vivo. FASEB J 2000;14:1400–10.PubMedCrossRef
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Rabbani SA, Gladu J. Urokinase receptor antibody can reduce tumor volume and detect the presence of occult tumor metastases in vivo. Cancer Res 2002;62:2390–7.PubMed Rabbani SA, Gladu J. Urokinase receptor antibody can reduce tumor volume and detect the presence of occult tumor metastases in vivo. Cancer Res 2002;62:2390–7.PubMed
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Decock J, Paridaens R, Cufer T. Proteases and metastasis: clinical relevance nowadays? Curr Opin Oncol 2005;17:545–50.PubMedCrossRef Decock J, Paridaens R, Cufer T. Proteases and metastasis: clinical relevance nowadays? Curr Opin Oncol 2005;17:545–50.PubMedCrossRef
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Foekens JA, Look MP, Bolt-de Vries J, Meijer-van Gelder ME, van Putten WL, Klijn JG. Cathepsin-D in primary breast cancer: prognostic evaluation involving 2810 patients. Br J Cancer 1999;79:300–7.PubMedCrossRef Foekens JA, Look MP, Bolt-de Vries J, Meijer-van Gelder ME, van Putten WL, Klijn JG. Cathepsin-D in primary breast cancer: prognostic evaluation involving 2810 patients. Br J Cancer 1999;79:300–7.PubMedCrossRef
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Westley BR, May FE. Prognostic value of cathepsin D in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1999;79:189–90.PubMed Westley BR, May FE. Prognostic value of cathepsin D in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1999;79:189–90.PubMed
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Lah TT, Cercek M, Blejec A, Kos J, Gorodetsky E, Somers R, et al. Cathepsin B, a prognostic indicator in lymph node-negative breast carcinoma patients: comparison with cathepsin D, cathepsin L, and other clinical indicators. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:578–84.PubMed Lah TT, Cercek M, Blejec A, Kos J, Gorodetsky E, Somers R, et al. Cathepsin B, a prognostic indicator in lymph node-negative breast carcinoma patients: comparison with cathepsin D, cathepsin L, and other clinical indicators. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:578–84.PubMed
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Rochefort H, Garcia M, Glondu M, Laurent V, Liaudet E, Rey JM, et al. Cathepsin D in breast cancer: mechanisms and clinical applications, a 1999 overview. Clin Chim Acta 2000;291:157–70.PubMedCrossRef Rochefort H, Garcia M, Glondu M, Laurent V, Liaudet E, Rey JM, et al. Cathepsin D in breast cancer: mechanisms and clinical applications, a 1999 overview. Clin Chim Acta 2000;291:157–70.PubMedCrossRef
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Levicar N, Kos J, Blejec A, Golouh R, Vrhovec I, Frkovic-Grazio S, et al. Comparison of potential biological markers cathepsin B, cathepsin L, stefin A and stefin B with urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and clinicopathological data of breast carcinoma patients. Cancer Detect Prev 2002;26:42–9.PubMedCrossRef Levicar N, Kos J, Blejec A, Golouh R, Vrhovec I, Frkovic-Grazio S, et al. Comparison of potential biological markers cathepsin B, cathepsin L, stefin A and stefin B with urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and clinicopathological data of breast carcinoma patients. Cancer Detect Prev 2002;26:42–9.PubMedCrossRef
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Fusek M, Vetvicka V. Mitogenic function of human procathepsin D: the role of the propeptide. Biochem J 1994;303(Pt 3):775–80.PubMed Fusek M, Vetvicka V. Mitogenic function of human procathepsin D: the role of the propeptide. Biochem J 1994;303(Pt 3):775–80.PubMed
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J, Fusek M. Anti-human procathepsin D activation peptide antibodies inhibit breast cancer development. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999;57:261–9.PubMedCrossRef Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J, Fusek M. Anti-human procathepsin D activation peptide antibodies inhibit breast cancer development. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999;57:261–9.PubMedCrossRef
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Glondu M, Liaudet-Coopman E, Derocq D, Platet N, Rochefort H, Garcia M. Down-regulation of cathepsin-D expression by antisense gene transfer inhibits tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis of human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2002;21:5127–34.PubMedCrossRef Glondu M, Liaudet-Coopman E, Derocq D, Platet N, Rochefort H, Garcia M. Down-regulation of cathepsin-D expression by antisense gene transfer inhibits tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis of human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2002;21:5127–34.PubMedCrossRef
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Premzl A, Puizdar V, Zavasnik-Bergant V, Kopitar-Jerala N, Lah TT, Katunuma N, et al. Invasion of ras-transformed breast epithelial cells depends on the proteolytic activity of cysteine and aspartic proteinases. Biol Chem 2001;382:853–7.PubMedCrossRef Premzl A, Puizdar V, Zavasnik-Bergant V, Kopitar-Jerala N, Lah TT, Katunuma N, et al. Invasion of ras-transformed breast epithelial cells depends on the proteolytic activity of cysteine and aspartic proteinases. Biol Chem 2001;382:853–7.PubMedCrossRef
173.
Zurück zum Zitat Berchem G, Glondu M, Gleizes M, Brouillet JP, Vignon F, Garcia M, et al. Cathepsin-D affects multiple tumor progression steps in vivo: proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Oncogene 2002;21:5951–55.PubMedCrossRef Berchem G, Glondu M, Gleizes M, Brouillet JP, Vignon F, Garcia M, et al. Cathepsin-D affects multiple tumor progression steps in vivo: proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Oncogene 2002;21:5951–55.PubMedCrossRef
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Gocheva V, Zeng W, Ke D, Klimstra D, Reinheckel T, Peters C, et al. Distinct roles for cysteine cathepsin genes in multistage tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2006;20:543–56.PubMedCrossRef Gocheva V, Zeng W, Ke D, Klimstra D, Reinheckel T, Peters C, et al. Distinct roles for cysteine cathepsin genes in multistage tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2006;20:543–56.PubMedCrossRef
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Liaudet-Coopman E, Beaujouin M, Derocq D, Garcia M, Glondu-Lassis M, Laurent-Matha V, et al. Cathepsin D: newly discovered functions of a long-standing aspartic protease in cancer and apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2006;237:167–79.PubMedCrossRef Liaudet-Coopman E, Beaujouin M, Derocq D, Garcia M, Glondu-Lassis M, Laurent-Matha V, et al. Cathepsin D: newly discovered functions of a long-standing aspartic protease in cancer and apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2006;237:167–79.PubMedCrossRef
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Benes P, Vashishta A, Saraswat-Ohri S, Fusek M, Pospisilova S, Tichy B, et al. Effect of procathepsin D activation peptide on gene expression of breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2006;239:46–54.PubMedCrossRef Benes P, Vashishta A, Saraswat-Ohri S, Fusek M, Pospisilova S, Tichy B, et al. Effect of procathepsin D activation peptide on gene expression of breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2006;239:46–54.PubMedCrossRef
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Nomura T, Katunuma N. Involvement of cathepsins in the invasion, metastasis and proliferation of cancer cells. J Med Invest 2005;52:1–9.PubMedCrossRef Nomura T, Katunuma N. Involvement of cathepsins in the invasion, metastasis and proliferation of cancer cells. J Med Invest 2005;52:1–9.PubMedCrossRef
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Rich JN, Shi Q, Hjelmeland M, Cummings TJ, Kuan CT, Bigner DD, et al. Bone-related genes expressed in advanced malignancies induce invasion and metastasis in a genetically defined human cancer model. J Biol Chem 2003;278:15951–7.PubMedCrossRef Rich JN, Shi Q, Hjelmeland M, Cummings TJ, Kuan CT, Bigner DD, et al. Bone-related genes expressed in advanced malignancies induce invasion and metastasis in a genetically defined human cancer model. J Biol Chem 2003;278:15951–7.PubMedCrossRef
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Ausprunk DH, Knighton DR, Folkman J. Differentiation of vascular endothelium in the chick chorioallantois: a structural and autoradiographic study. Dev Biol 1974;38:237–48.PubMedCrossRef Ausprunk DH, Knighton DR, Folkman J. Differentiation of vascular endothelium in the chick chorioallantois: a structural and autoradiographic study. Dev Biol 1974;38:237–48.PubMedCrossRef
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Ribatti D, Vacca A. Models for studying angiogenesis in vivo. Int J Biol Markers 1999;14:207–13.PubMed Ribatti D, Vacca A. Models for studying angiogenesis in vivo. Int J Biol Markers 1999;14:207–13.PubMed
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Chambers AF, MacDonald IC, Schmidt EE, Koop S, Morris VL, Khokha R, et al. Steps in tumor metastasis: new concepts from intravital videomicroscopy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1995;14:279–301.PubMedCrossRef Chambers AF, MacDonald IC, Schmidt EE, Koop S, Morris VL, Khokha R, et al. Steps in tumor metastasis: new concepts from intravital videomicroscopy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1995;14:279–301.PubMedCrossRef
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Vajkoczy P, Ullrich A, Menger MD. Intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy to study tumor angiogenesis and microcirculation. Neoplasia 2000;2:53–61.PubMedCrossRef Vajkoczy P, Ullrich A, Menger MD. Intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy to study tumor angiogenesis and microcirculation. Neoplasia 2000;2:53–61.PubMedCrossRef
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson SC. The colony forming efficiency of single cells and cell aggregates from a spontaneous mouse mammary tumour using the lung colony assay. Br J Cancer 1974;30:332–6.PubMed Thompson SC. The colony forming efficiency of single cells and cell aggregates from a spontaneous mouse mammary tumour using the lung colony assay. Br J Cancer 1974;30:332–6.PubMed
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Francis JL, Amirkhosravi A. Effect of antihemostatic agents on experimental tumor dissemination. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002;28:29–38.PubMedCrossRef Francis JL, Amirkhosravi A. Effect of antihemostatic agents on experimental tumor dissemination. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002;28:29–38.PubMedCrossRef
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Amirkhosravi A, Mousa SA, Amaya M, Blaydes S, Desai H, Meyer T, et al. Inhibition of tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation and lung metastasis by the oral GpIIb/IIIa antagonist XV454. Thromb Haemost 2003;90:549–54.PubMed Amirkhosravi A, Mousa SA, Amaya M, Blaydes S, Desai H, Meyer T, et al. Inhibition of tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation and lung metastasis by the oral GpIIb/IIIa antagonist XV454. Thromb Haemost 2003;90:549–54.PubMed
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Amirkhosravi A, Mousa SA, Amaya M, Francis JL. Antimetastatic effect of tinzaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin. J Thromb Haemost 2003;1:1972–6.PubMedCrossRef Amirkhosravi A, Mousa SA, Amaya M, Francis JL. Antimetastatic effect of tinzaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin. J Thromb Haemost 2003;1:1972–6.PubMedCrossRef
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Gasic GJ. Role of plasma, platelets, and endothelial cells in tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1984;3:99–114.PubMedCrossRef Gasic GJ. Role of plasma, platelets, and endothelial cells in tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1984;3:99–114.PubMedCrossRef
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Glinskii OV, Huxley VH, Glinsky GV, Pienta KJ, Raz A, Glinsky VV. Mechanical entrapment is insufficient and intercellular adhesion is essential for metastatic cell arrest in distant organs. Neoplasia 2005;7:522–7.PubMedCrossRef Glinskii OV, Huxley VH, Glinsky GV, Pienta KJ, Raz A, Glinsky VV. Mechanical entrapment is insufficient and intercellular adhesion is essential for metastatic cell arrest in distant organs. Neoplasia 2005;7:522–7.PubMedCrossRef
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev 2003;17:545–80.PubMedCrossRef Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev 2003;17:545–80.PubMedCrossRef
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Weissleder R. Scaling down imaging: molecular mapping of cancer in mice. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:11–8.PubMedCrossRef Weissleder R. Scaling down imaging: molecular mapping of cancer in mice. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:11–8.PubMedCrossRef
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Bremer C, Tung CH, Weissleder R. In vivo molecular target assessment of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Nat Med 2001;7:743–8.PubMedCrossRef Bremer C, Tung CH, Weissleder R. In vivo molecular target assessment of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Nat Med 2001;7:743–8.PubMedCrossRef
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Bremer C, Bredow S, Mahmood U, Weissleder R, Tung CH. Optical imaging of matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity in tumors: feasibility study in a mouse model. Radiology 2001;221:523–9.PubMedCrossRef Bremer C, Bredow S, Mahmood U, Weissleder R, Tung CH. Optical imaging of matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity in tumors: feasibility study in a mouse model. Radiology 2001;221:523–9.PubMedCrossRef
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Bremer C, Tung CH, Bogdanov A, Jr., Weissleder R. Imaging of differential protease expression in breast cancers for detection of aggressive tumor phenotypes. Radiology 2002;222:814–8.PubMedCrossRef Bremer C, Tung CH, Bogdanov A, Jr., Weissleder R. Imaging of differential protease expression in breast cancers for detection of aggressive tumor phenotypes. Radiology 2002;222:814–8.PubMedCrossRef
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Bogdanov AA, Jr., Lin CP, Simonova M, Matuszewski L, Weissleder R. Cellular activation of the self-quenched fluorescent reporter probe in tumor microenvironment. Neoplasia 2002;4:228–36.PubMedCrossRef Bogdanov AA, Jr., Lin CP, Simonova M, Matuszewski L, Weissleder R. Cellular activation of the self-quenched fluorescent reporter probe in tumor microenvironment. Neoplasia 2002;4:228–36.PubMedCrossRef
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Weissleder R, Tung CH, Mahmood U, Bogdanov A, Jr. In vivo imaging of tumors with protease-activated near-infrared fluorescent probes. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:375–8.PubMedCrossRef Weissleder R, Tung CH, Mahmood U, Bogdanov A, Jr. In vivo imaging of tumors with protease-activated near-infrared fluorescent probes. Nat Biotechnol 1999;17:375–8.PubMedCrossRef
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang M, Li L, Jiang P, Moossa AR, Penman S, Hoffman RM. Dual-color fluorescence imaging distinguishes tumor cells from induced host angiogenic vessels and stromal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:14259–62.PubMedCrossRef Yang M, Li L, Jiang P, Moossa AR, Penman S, Hoffman RM. Dual-color fluorescence imaging distinguishes tumor cells from induced host angiogenic vessels and stromal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:14259–62.PubMedCrossRef
197.
Zurück zum Zitat Laxman B, Hall DE, Bhojani MS, Hamstra DA, Chenevert TL, Ross BD, et al. Noninvasive real-time imaging of apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:16551–5.PubMedCrossRef Laxman B, Hall DE, Bhojani MS, Hamstra DA, Chenevert TL, Ross BD, et al. Noninvasive real-time imaging of apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:16551–5.PubMedCrossRef
198.
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhujwalla ZM, Artemov D, Ballesteros P, Cerdan S, Gillies RJ, Solaiyappan M. Combined vascular and extracellular pH imaging of solid tumors. NMR Biomed 2002;15:114–9.PubMedCrossRef Bhujwalla ZM, Artemov D, Ballesteros P, Cerdan S, Gillies RJ, Solaiyappan M. Combined vascular and extracellular pH imaging of solid tumors. NMR Biomed 2002;15:114–9.PubMedCrossRef
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Fukumura D, Xavier R, Sugiura T, Chen Y, Park EC, Lu N, et al. Tumor induction of VEGF promoter activity in stromal cells. Cell 1998;94:715–25.PubMedCrossRef Fukumura D, Xavier R, Sugiura T, Chen Y, Park EC, Lu N, et al. Tumor induction of VEGF promoter activity in stromal cells. Cell 1998;94:715–25.PubMedCrossRef
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Robey IF, Lien AD, Welsh SJ, Baggett BK, Gillies RJ. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and the glycolytic phenotype in tumors. Neoplasia 2005;7:324–30.PubMedCrossRef Robey IF, Lien AD, Welsh SJ, Baggett BK, Gillies RJ. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and the glycolytic phenotype in tumors. Neoplasia 2005;7:324–30.PubMedCrossRef
202.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller KD, Miller M, Mehrotra S, Agarwal B, Mock BH, Zheng QH, et al. A physiologic imaging pilot study of breast cancer treated with AZD2171. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:281–8.PubMedCrossRef Miller KD, Miller M, Mehrotra S, Agarwal B, Mock BH, Zheng QH, et al. A physiologic imaging pilot study of breast cancer treated with AZD2171. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:281–8.PubMedCrossRef
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Dadiani M, Kalchenko V, Yosepovich A, Margalit R, Hassid Y, Degani H, et al. Real-time Imaging of Lymphogenic Metastasis in Orthotopic Human Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66:8037–41.PubMedCrossRef Dadiani M, Kalchenko V, Yosepovich A, Margalit R, Hassid Y, Degani H, et al. Real-time Imaging of Lymphogenic Metastasis in Orthotopic Human Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66:8037–41.PubMedCrossRef
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Carlson AL, Hoffmeyer MR, Wall KM, Baugher PJ, Richards-Kortum R, Dharmawardhane SF. In situ analysis of breast cancer progression in murine models using a macroscopic fluorescence imaging system. Lasers Surg Med 2006. Carlson AL, Hoffmeyer MR, Wall KM, Baugher PJ, Richards-Kortum R, Dharmawardhane SF. In situ analysis of breast cancer progression in murine models using a macroscopic fluorescence imaging system. Lasers Surg Med 2006.
205.
Zurück zum Zitat Winnard PT, Jr., Kluth JB, Raman V. Noninvasive optical tracking of red fluorescent protein-expressing cancer cells in a model of metastatic breast cancer. Neoplasia 2006;8:796–806.PubMedCrossRef Winnard PT, Jr., Kluth JB, Raman V. Noninvasive optical tracking of red fluorescent protein-expressing cancer cells in a model of metastatic breast cancer. Neoplasia 2006;8:796–806.PubMedCrossRef
206.
Zurück zum Zitat Wetterwald A, van der Pluijm G, Que I, Sijmons B, Buijs J, Karperien M, et al. Optical imaging of cancer metastasis to bone marrow: a mouse model of minimal residual disease. Am J Pathol 2002;160:1143–53.PubMed Wetterwald A, van der Pluijm G, Que I, Sijmons B, Buijs J, Karperien M, et al. Optical imaging of cancer metastasis to bone marrow: a mouse model of minimal residual disease. Am J Pathol 2002;160:1143–53.PubMed
207.
Zurück zum Zitat Jenkins DE, Hornig YS, Oei Y, Dusich J, Purchio T. Bioluminescent human breast cancer cell lines that permit rapid and sensitive in vivo detection of mammary tumors and multiple metastases in immune deficient mice. Breast Cancer Res 2005;7:R444–54.PubMedCrossRef Jenkins DE, Hornig YS, Oei Y, Dusich J, Purchio T. Bioluminescent human breast cancer cell lines that permit rapid and sensitive in vivo detection of mammary tumors and multiple metastases in immune deficient mice. Breast Cancer Res 2005;7:R444–54.PubMedCrossRef
208.
Zurück zum Zitat Heyn C, Ronald JA, Ramadan SS, Snir JA, Barry AM, MacKenzie LT, et al. In vivo MRI of cancer cell fate at the single-cell level in a mouse model of breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Magn Reson Med 2006;56:1001–10.PubMedCrossRef Heyn C, Ronald JA, Ramadan SS, Snir JA, Barry AM, MacKenzie LT, et al. In vivo MRI of cancer cell fate at the single-cell level in a mouse model of breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Magn Reson Med 2006;56:1001–10.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Deciphering the molecular basis of breast cancer metastasis with mouse models
verfasst von
Ann E. Vernon
Suzanne J. Bakewell
Lewis A. Chodosh
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2007
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Ausgabe 3/2007
Print ISSN: 1389-9155
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2606
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-007-9041-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2007

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 3/2007 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Bei Herzinsuffizienz muss „Eisenmangel“ neu definiert werden!

16.05.2024 Herzinsuffizienz Nachrichten

Bei chronischer Herzinsuffizienz macht es einem internationalen Expertenteam zufolge wenig Sinn, die Diagnose „Eisenmangel“ am Serumferritin festzumachen. Das Team schlägt vor, sich lieber an die Transferrinsättigung zu halten.

Herzinfarkt mit 85 – trotzdem noch intensive Lipidsenkung?

16.05.2024 Hypercholesterinämie Nachrichten

Profitieren nach einem akuten Myokardinfarkt auch Betroffene über 80 Jahre noch von einer intensiven Lipidsenkung zur Sekundärprävention? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wurden jetzt Registerdaten aus Frankreich ausgewertet.

ADHS-Medikation erhöht das kardiovaskuläre Risiko

16.05.2024 Herzinsuffizienz Nachrichten

Erwachsene, die Medikamente gegen das Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätssyndrom einnehmen, laufen offenbar erhöhte Gefahr, an Herzschwäche zu erkranken oder einen Schlaganfall zu erleiden. Es scheint eine Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung zu bestehen.

Erstmanifestation eines Diabetes-Typ-1 bei Kindern: Ein Notfall!

16.05.2024 DDG-Jahrestagung 2024 Kongressbericht

Manifestiert sich ein Typ-1-Diabetes bei Kindern, ist das ein Notfall – ebenso wie eine diabetische Ketoazidose. Die Grundsäulen der Therapie bestehen aus Rehydratation, Insulin und Kaliumgabe. Insulin ist das Medikament der Wahl zur Behandlung der Ketoazidose.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.