nach oben

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Erschienen in:

13.05.2017 | Original Article

Disentangling the Interplay Among Cognitive Biases: Evidence of Combined Effects of Attention, Interpretation and Autobiographical Memory in Depression

verfasst von: Alvaro Sanchez, Almudena Duque, Nuria Romero, Carmelo Vazquez

Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Ausgabe 6/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Previous research has found that cognitive biases in attention, interpretation, and memory play an important role in depression. However, there is little knowledge of the interplay between these biases in clinical depression. The present study was aimed to model different pathways of relation among attention, interpretation and autobiographical memory biases, and to examine their contribution to account for depression status outcomes. Cognitive biases were evaluated in a sample comprising 22 currently-depressed and 36 never-depressed individuals representing a broad range of depression severity levels. Cognitive biases were assessed by three separate tasks using different types of stimuli. Our main finding was a significant indirect effect model in which attention bias to negative faces was linked to greater negative memory bias via its association with negative interpretation bias. Within this model, the specific pathway between attention bias to negative faces and negative interpretation bias accounted both for significant variance in depression severity as well as for depression diagnostic status. These findings increase our understanding of the complex interplay between cognitive mechanisms involved in clinical depression and highlight hypothetical pathways relevant for future interventions.

We explored this possibility in our study by testing an integrative model comprising the pathway attention to happy faces ⟶ attention to sad faces ⟶ interpretation ⟶ memory. These exploratory analyses supported an indirect effect in which attention bias to positive information influenced negative memory bias by its influence on attention bias to negative information and the influence of attention bias to negative information in negative interpretation bias. Moreover this integrative explanatory model also contributed significantly to the prediction of depression status outcomes in the study. This set of explanatory analyses is available upon request.

Armstrong, T., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 704–723. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897.CrossRefPubMed

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). BDI-II. Beck Depression Inventory-second edition. Manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.

Blaut, A., Paulewicz, B., Szastok, M., Prochwicz, K., & Koster E.H.W. (2013). Are attentional bias and memory bias for negative words causally related?. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 293–299. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.01.002.CrossRefPubMed

Calvo, M. G., & Avero, P. (2005). Time course of attentional bias to emotional scene in anxiety: Gaze direction and duration. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 433–451. doi:10.1080/02699930441000157.CrossRefPubMed

Chun, M. M., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2007). Interactions between attention and memory. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17, 177–184. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2007.03.005.CrossRefPubMed

Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Alford, B. A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. New York: Wiley.

De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H.W. (2010). Understanding vulnerability for depression from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: A reappraisal of attentional factors and a new conceptual framework. Cognitive, Affective, and. Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 50–70. doi:10.3758/CABN.10.1.50.CrossRef

Duque, A., & Vazquez, C. (2015). Double attention bias for positive and negative emotional faces in clinical depression: Evidence from an eye-tracking study. Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 46, 107–114. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.09.005.CrossRef

Ellis, A. J., Wells, T. T., Vanderlind, W. M., & Beevers, C. G. (2014). The role of controlled attention on recall in major depression. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 520–529. doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.832153.CrossRef

Everaert, J., Duyck, W., & Koster, E. H. W. (2014). Attention, interpretation, and memory biases in subclinical depression: A proof-of-principle test of the combined cognitive biases hypothesis. Emotion, 14, 331–340. doi:10.1037/a0035250.CrossRefPubMed

Everaert, J., Duyck, W., & Koster, E. H. W. (2015). Emotionally biased cognitive processes: The weakest link predicts prospective changes in depressive symptom severity. PloS ONE, 10, e0124457. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124457.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Everaert, J., Koster, E. H. W., & Derakshan, N. (2012). The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 414–424. doi:10.1016/j,cpr.2012.04.003.CrossRef

Everaert, J., Tierens, M., Uzieblo, K., & Koster, E. H. W. (2013). The indirect effect of attention bias on memory via interpretation bias: evidence for the combined cognitive bias hypothesis in subclinical depression. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 1450–1459. doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.787972.CrossRefPubMed

First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1996). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Clinician Version (SCID-CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

Gotlib, I. H., Kasch, K. L., Traill, S. K., Joormann, J., Arnow, B. A., & Johnson, S. L. (2004). Coherence and specificity of information processing biases in depression and social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 386–398. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.113.3.386.CrossRefPubMed

Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf.

Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. doi:10.1111/jedm.12050.

Hertel, P. T., & El-Messidi, L. (2006). Am I blue? Depressed mood and the consequences of self-focus for the interpretation and recall of ambiguous words. Behavior Therapy, 37, 259–268. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.01.003.CrossRefPubMed

Hirsch, C. R., Clark, D. M., & Mathews, A. (2006). Imagery and interpretations in social phobia: support for the combined cognitive biases hypothesis. Behavior Therapy, 37, 223–236. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.001.CrossRefPubMed

Hutchinson, J. B., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2012). Memory-guided attention: Control from multiple memory systems. Trends in Cognitive Science, 16, 576–579. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.10.003.CrossRef

Ingram, R. E. (1984). Toward an information processing analysis of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 443–477. doi:10.1007/BF01173284.CrossRef

Isaacowitz, D. M. (2005). The gaze of the optimist. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 407–415. doi:10.1177/0146167204271599.CrossRef

Joormann, J., & D’Avanzato, C. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Examining the role of cognitive processes. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 913–939. doi:10.1080/02699931003784939.CrossRef

Joormann, J., & Vanderlind, W. M. (2014). Emotion regulation in depression: The role of biased cognition and reduced cognitive control. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 402–421. doi:10.1177/2167702614536163.CrossRef

Joormann, J., Waugh, C. E., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015). Cognitive Bias Modification for interpretation in major depression: Effects on memory and stress reactivity. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 126–139. doi:10.1177/2167702614560748.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kellough, J. L., Beevers, C. G., Ellis, A. J., & Wells, T. T. (2008). Time course of selective attention in clinically depressed young adults: an eye tracking study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1238–1243. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.07.004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Koster, E. H. W., De Lissnyder, E., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R. (2011). Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 138–145. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.005.CrossRefPubMed

Koster, E.H.W., De Raedt, R., Leyman, L., & De Lissnyder, E. (2010). Mood-congruent attention and memory bias in dysphoria: Exploring the coherence among information-processing biases. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 219–225. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.11.004.CrossRefPubMed

Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (1998). The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces - KDEF, CD ROM from Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology section, Karolinska Institute, ISBN 91-630-7164-9.

Manera, V., Samson, A. C., Pehrs, C., Lee, I. A., & Gross, J. J. (2014). The eyes have it: the role of attention in cognitive reappraisal of social stimuli. Emotion, 14, 833–839. doi:10.1037/a0037350.CrossRefPubMed

Matt, G. E., Vazquez, C., & Campbell, W. K. (1992). Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 227–255. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(92)90116-P.CrossRef

Peckham, A. D., McHugh, R. K., & Otto, M. W. (2010). A meta-analysis of the magnitude of biased attention in depression. Depression and anxiety, 27, 1135–1142. doi:10.1002/da.20755.CrossRefPubMed

Romero, N., Sanchez, A., & Vazquez, C. (2014). Memory biases in remitted depression: The role of negative cognitions at explicit and automatic processing levels. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45, 128–135. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.09.008.CrossRefPubMed

Romero, N., Vazquez, C., & Sanchez, A. (2014). Rumination and specificity of autobiographical memory in dysphoria. Memory, 22, 646–654. doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.811254.CrossRefPubMed

Rude, S. S., Wenzlaff, R. M., Gibbs, B., Vane, J., & Whitney, T. (2002). Negative processing biases predict subsequent depressive symptoms. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 423–440. doi:10.1080/02699930143000554.CrossRef

Rusting, C. L., & DeHart, T. (2000). Retrieving positive memories to regulate negative mood: Consequences for mood-congruent memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 737–752.CrossRef

Salemink, E., Hertel, P., & Mackintosh, B. (2010). Interpretation training influences memory for prior interpretations. Emotion, 10, 903–907.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sanchez, A., Everaert, J., De Putter, L., Mueller, X., & Koster, E. H. W. (2015). Life is…great! Emotional attention during instructed and uninstructed ambiguity resolution in relation to depressive symptoms. Biological Psychology, 109, 67–72.CrossRefPubMed

Sanchez, A., Everaert, J., & Koster, E. H. W. (2016). Attention training through gaze-contingent feedback: Effects on reappraisal and negative emotions. Emotion.

Sanchez, A., & Vazquez, C. (2013). Prototypicality and intensity of emotional faces: normative data of 198 pictures from the Karolinska directed emotional faces (KDEF). Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16, 1–11.CrossRef

Sanchez, A., Vazquez, C., Marker, C., Lemoult, J., & Joormann, J. (2013). Attentional disengagement predicts stress recovery in depression: an eye-tracking study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 303–313. doi:10.1037/a0031529.CrossRefPubMed

Shane, M. S., & Peterson, J. B. (2007). An evaluation of early and late stage attentional processing of positive and negative information in dysphoria. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 789–815.CrossRef

Sheppes, G., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 379–405.CrossRefPubMed

Tran, T. B., Hertel, P. T., & Joormann, J. (2011). Cognitive bias modification: induced interpretive biases affect memory. Emotion, 11, 145–152.CrossRefPubMed

Vrijsen, J. N., Becker, E. S., Arias-Vasquez, A., van Dijk, M. K., Speckens, A., & van Oostrom, I. (2014b). What is the contribution of different cognitive biases and stressful childhood events to the presence and number of previous depressive episodes? Psychiatry Research, 217, 134–142.CrossRefPubMed

Vrijsen, J. N., van Oostrom, I., Isaac, L., Becker, E. S., & Speckens, A. (2014a). Coherence between attentional and memory biases in sad and formerly depressed individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38, 334–342.CrossRef

Wenzlaff, R. M., & Bates, D. E. (1998). Unmasking a cognitive vulnerability to depression: How lapses in mental control reveal depressive thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1559–1571.CrossRefPubMed

Williams, J. M., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester: Wiley.

Williams, J. M., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders (2nd edn.). Chichester: Wiley.

Williams, J. M. G. (2000). Autobiographical Memory Test. Unpublished Work.

Wisco, B. E. (2009). Depressive cognition: self-reference and depth of processing. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 382–392. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.03.003.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Disentangling the Interplay Among Cognitive Biases: Evidence of Combined Effects of Attention, Interpretation and Autobiographical Memory in Depression
verfasst von: Alvaro Sanchez
Almudena Duque
Nuria Romero
Carmelo Vazquez
Publikationsdatum: 13.05.2017
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Ausgabe 6/2017
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-017-9858-5

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

23.04.2024 Depression antepartal oder postpartal Nachrichten

Bislang gibt es kein Medikament zur Prävention von Wochenbettdepressionen. Das Injektionsanästhetikum Esketamin könnte womöglich diese Lücke füllen.

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Kombination aus Medikamenten und Psychotherapie gilt als effektivster Ansatz bei Depressionen. Das ist bei betagten Menschen nicht anders, trotz Besonderheiten.

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2017

Systematic Review of In-Session Affect Experience in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression

Insomnia Symptom Severity Modulates The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Attentional Biases to Emotional Information

Interactive Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury and Anxiety Sensitivity Cognitive Concerns on Post-traumatic Stress Among Active Duty Soldiers

An Eye-Tracking Examination of Emotion Regulation, Attentional Bias, and Pupillary Response to Threat Stimuli

Unique Correlates of Problem Solving Effectiveness in Individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder