Introduction
Methods
Participants
Latent classes of bedwetting
Difficult temperament
Psychological problems
Confounders
Statistical modelling
Results
Complete data (n = 5849) | Partially missing data (n = 8761) | At least one bedwetting measure (n = 10,810) | |
---|---|---|---|
Risk factors | |||
Toddler temperament traits | |||
Activity | 23.1 (4.5) | 23.13 (4.5) | 23.2 (4.5) |
Adaptability | 12.7 (4.1) | 12.77 (4.2) | 12.8 (4.2) |
Intensity | 21.4 (4.6) | 21.44 (4.6) | 21.4 (4.6) |
Mood | 17.9 (5.6) | 18.03 (5.7) | 18.1 (5.7) |
Persistence | 16.3 (4.9) | 16.31 (4.9) | 16.3 (4.9) |
EAS subscales | |||
Emotionality | 14.2 (3.4) | 14.23 (3.4) | 14.2 (3.4) |
Activity level | 10.9 (2.5) | 10.89 (2.5) | 10.9 (2.5) |
Sociability | 10.3 (2.7) | 10.27 (2.7) | 10.3 (2.7) |
Shyness | 12.5 (4.1) | 12.48 (4.1) | 12.5 (4.1) |
Rutter subscales | |||
Emotional difficulties | 2.5 (1.7) | 2.53 (1.7) | 2.6 (1.7) |
Conduct difficulties | 3.5 (2.3) | 3.59 (2.3) | 3.6 (2.4) |
Hyperactivity | 2.6 (1.8) | 2.62 (1.8) | 2.6 (1.8) |
Prosocial | 6.7 (3.6) | 6.67 (3.6) | 6.7 (3.6) |
Confounders | |||
Gender (male) | 2959 (50.6 %) | 4508 (51.5 %) | 5580 (51.6 %) |
Maturational level—total score | 37.72 (5.5) | 37.73 (5.6) | 37.74 (5.7) |
Socioeconomic variables | |||
Manual social class | 705 (12.8 %) | 1238 (15.4 %) | 1661 (17.3 %) |
Early parenthood <20 years | 213 (3.64 %) | 419 (4.8 %) | 648 (6.0 %) |
Housing inadequacy | 408 (7.1 %) | 748 (8.6 %) | 982 (9.3 %) |
Low maternal education | 580 (10.0 %) | 995 (11.6 %) | 1342 (12.9 %) |
Financial difficulties | 803 (13.9 %) | 1297 (15.1 %) | 1653 (16.0 %) |
Family size ≥3 | 251 (4.3 %) | 424 (4.9 %) | 600 (5.8 %) |
Poor social network | 716 (12.3 %) | 1129 (13.0 %) | 1433 (13.6 %) |
Maternal depression | |||
21 months | 5.11 (4.5) | 5.27 (4.6) | 5.34 (4.7) |
33 months | 5.37 (4.6) | 5.57 (4.7) | 5.65 (4.8) |
Association between the risk factors and bedwetting latent classes
Infrequent delayed | Infrequent persistent | Frequent delayed | Frequent persistent | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(a) Temperament traits at 24 months (TTS) | ||||
Activity | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8243 | 1.13 (1.03,1.24), p = 0.013
| 1.10 (1.00, 1.21), p = 0.044
| 1.27 (1.03, 1.57), p = 0.027
| 1.15 (0.99, 1.32), p = 0.062 |
Adjusted | ||||
6978 | 1.10 (0.99, 1.22), p = 0.068 | 1.05 (0.95, 1.17), p = 0.321 | 1.25 (1.01, 1.56), p = 0.041
| 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) p = 0.282 |
Adaptability | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8211 | 1.24 (1.13, 1.36), p < 0.001
| 1.19 (1.10, 1.30), p < 0.001
| 1.25 (1.03, 1.51), p = 0.021
| 1.33 (1.14, 1.55), p < 0.001
|
Adjusted | ||||
6957 | 1.18 (1.06, 1.31), p = 0.002
| 1.17 (1.07, 1.30), p < 0.001
| 1.14 (0.91, 1.41), p = 0.247 | 1.25 (1.05, 1.47), p = 0.010
|
Intensity | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8238 | 1.17 (1.06, 1.29), p = 0.002
| 1.16 (1.05, 1.28), p = 0.002
| 1.09 (0.91, 1.30), p = 0.366 | 1.18 (1.02, 1.37), p = 0.002
|
Adjusted | ||||
6975 | 1.13 (1.01, 1.25), p = 0.029
| 1.17 (1.05, 1.30), p = 0.004
| 1.01 (0.83, 1.23), p = 0.915 | 1.21 (1.03, 1.42), p = 0.021
|
Mood | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8238 | 1.16 (1.06, 1.28), p < 0.001
| 1.15 (1.05, 1.26), p = 0.002
| 1.13 (0.92, 1.39), p = 0.252 | 1.27 (1.10, 1.47), p < 0.001
|
Adjusted | ||||
6981 | 1.14 (1.03, 1.27), p = 0.012
| 1.15 (1.04, 1.28), p = 0.007
| 0.99 (0.76, 1.28), p = 0.936 | 1.23 (1.05, 1.46), p = 0.012
|
Persistence | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8238 | 1.16 (1.05, 1.28), p = 0.003
| 1.19 (1.08, 1.32), p < 0.001
| 1.20 (0.99, 1.46), p = 0.062 | 1.25 (1.11, 1.41), p < 0.001
|
Adjusted | ||||
6977 | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22), p = 0.123 | 1.15 (1.03, 1.29), p = 0.015
| 1.06 (0.87, 1.31), p = 0.561 | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27), p = 0.070 |
(b) Temperament traits at 38 months (EAS) | ||||
Emotionality | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8123 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05), p = 0.136 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06), p = 0.036
| 1.04 (0.98, 1.10), p = 0.167 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04), p = 0.982 |
Adjusted | ||||
6786 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05), p = 0.414 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08), p = 0.013
| 1.01 (0.95, 1.07), p = 0.816 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07), p = 0.510 |
Activity level | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8123 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04), p = 0.851 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05), p = 0.250 | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09), p = 0.438 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09), p = 0.209 |
Adjusted | ||||
6834 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04), p = 0.983 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07), p = 0.119 | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10), p = 0.357 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10), p = 0.216 |
Sociability | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8123 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.07), p = 0.079 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.09), p = 0.015
| 1.09 (1.03, 1.16), p = 0.005
| 1.05 (1.00, 1.10), p = 0.064 |
Adjusted | ||||
6679 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06), p = 0.262 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08), p = 0.047
| 1.07 (1.00, 1.14), p = 0.059 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09), p = 0.197 |
Shyness | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8158 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02), p = 0.954 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05), p = 0.132 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.04), p = 0.860 | 0.98 (0.94, 1.01), p = 0.195 |
Adjusted | ||||
6814 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02), p = 0.595 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05), p = 0.113 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05), p = 0.939 | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02), p = 0.247 |
(c) Psychological problems at 42 months (revised Rutter scale) | ||||
Emotional difficulties | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8299 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.14), p = 0.529 | 1.17 (1.07, 1.28), p < 0.001
| 1.12 (0.95, 1.33), p = 0.174 | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27), p = 0.205 |
Adjusted | ||||
6878 | 1.01 (0.91, 1.13), p = 0.122 | 1.18 (1.07, 1.30), p < 0.001
| 1.11 (0.92, 1.34), p = 0.270 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.26), p = 0.436 |
Conduct difficulties | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8299 | 1.32 (1.21, 1.45), p < 0.001
| 1.30 (1.19, 1.41), p < 0.001
| 1.19 (1.00, 1.42), p = 0.057 | 1.43 (1.25, 1.63), p < 0.001
|
Adjusted | ||||
6878 | 1.28 (1.15, 1.42), p < 0.001
| 1.23 (1.12, 1.36), p < 0.001
| 1.09 (0.89, 1.34), p = 0.390 | 1.26 (1.07, 1.48), p = 0.006
|
Hyperactivity | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8299 | 1.21 (1.11, 1.33), p < 0.001
| 1.18 (1.08, 1.30), p < 0.001
| 1.29 (1.09, 1.54), p = 0.004
| 1.29 (1.11, 1.50), p < 0.001
|
Adjusted | ||||
6878 | 1.13 (1.02, 1.26), p = 0.025
| 1.15 (1.04, 1.28), p = 0.006
| 1.17 (0.98, 1.41), p = 0.086 | 1.20 (1.01, 1.43), p = 0.033
|
Low levels of prosocial behaviour | ||||
Unadjusted | ||||
8299 | 1.20 (1.09, 1.32), p < 0.001
| 1.21 (1.10, 1.33), p < 0.001
| 1.52 (1.26, 1.84), p < 0.001
| 1.32 (0.83, 2.10), p = 0.185 |
Adjusted | ||||
6878 | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26), p = 0.033
| 1.07 (0.96, 1.19), p = 0.227 | 1.22 (1.00, 1.49), p = 0.053 | 1.18 (1.01, 1.38), p = 0.035
|