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European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

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22.04.2016 | Editorial

Resilience, risk, mental health and well-being: associations and conceptual differences

verfasst von: Frauke Schultze-Lutter, Benno G. Schimmelmann, Stefanie J. Schmidt

Erschienen in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | Ausgabe 5/2016

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Resilience and well-being have become commonplace terms in a wide range of scientific as well as political mental health contexts and are now rapidly spreading within the child and adolescent psychiatric literature. For example, PubMed lists 751 articles published in European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry including either term, and after a slow steady increase between 1993 and 2014, the number of occurrences recently jumped from 63 in 2014 to 116 in 2015 (Fig. 1). However, while frequently debated, the number of papers directly addressing these two concepts (indicated by their appearance in title and/or abstract) is far lower, with only six papers [1‐6] carrying either term in their title (Fig. 1). This lack of research addressing resilience and well-being is accompanied by––or likely resulting in––a lack of common understanding of these terms. …

“…various psychological, social and behavioural factors can protect health and support positive mental health. Such protection facilitates resistance (resilience) to disease, minimizes and delays the emergence of disabilities and promotes more rapid recovery from illness.” [7, p. 27].

“Resilience. The capacity to cope with adversity and to avoid breakdown when confronted by stressors differs tremendously among individuals. Not all responses to stress are pathological and they may serve as coping mechanisms. Numerous researchers have studied healthy mechanisms of defence and coping. Rutter [12] conceived of resilience as a product of environment and constitution that is an interactive process. Protective factors can modify a person’s responses to an environmental hazard so that the outcome is not always detrimental and protective factors may only become detectable in the face of a stressor.” [8, p. 20].

“Protective factors refer to conditions that improve people’s resistance to risk factors and disorders. They have been defined as those factors that modify, ameliorate or alter a person’s response to some environmental hazard that predisposes to a maladaptive outcome (Rutter [23]). Mostly, individual protective factors are identical to features of positive mental health, such as self-esteem, emotional resilience, positive thinking, problem-solving and social skills, stress management skills and feelings of mastery.” [35, p. 20].

“Mental health is a fundamental element of the resilience, health assets, capabilities and positive adaptation that enable people both to cope with adversity and to reach their full potential and humanity.” [9, p. III].

“Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community.” [10].

“These outcomes are not just or necessarily a consequence of the absence of mental illness, but are associated with the presence of positive mental health, sometimes referred to as ‘wellbeing’.” [9, p. 10].

Aebi M, Kuhn C, Metzke CW, Stringaris A, Goodman R, Steinhausen HC (2012) The use of the development and well-being assessment (DAWBA) in clinical practice: a randomized trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 21(10):559–567. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0293-6 CrossRefPubMed

Barendregt CS, Van der Laan AM, Bongers IL, Van Nieuwenhuizen C (2015) Adolescents in secure residential care: the role of active and passive coping on general well-being and self-esteem. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 24(7):845–854. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0629-5 CrossRefPubMed

Flouri E, Midouhas E, Joshi H, Tzavidis N (2015) Emotional and behavioural resilience to multiple risk exposure in early life: the role of parenting. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 24(7):745–755. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0619-7 CrossRefPubMed

Flouri E, Tzavidis N, Kallis C (2010) Adverse life events, area socioeconomic disadvantage, and psychopathology and resilience in young children: the importance of risk factors’ accumulation and protective factors’ specificity. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19(6):535–546. doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0068-x CrossRefPubMed

Priebe G, Svedin CG (2012) Online or off-line victimisation and psychological well-being: a comparison of sexual-minority and heterosexual youth. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 21(10):569–582. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0294-5 CrossRefPubMed

Ravens-Sieberer U (2008) The contribution of the BELLA study in filling the gap of knowledge on mental health and well-being in children and adolescents in Germany. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 17(Suppl 1):5–9. doi:10.1007/s00787-008-1001-4 CrossRefPubMed

World Health Organization, WHO (2004) Promoting mental health. WHO, Geneva

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World Health Organization, WHO (2009) Mental health, resilience and inequalities. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/100821/E92227.pdf. Accessed 2 February 2016

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Aburn G, Gott M, Hoare K (2016) What is resilience? An integrative review of the empirical literature. J Adv Nurs. doi:10.1111/jan.12888 PubMed

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Rutter M (2013) Annual research review: resilience–clinical implications. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 54(4):474–487. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02615.x CrossRefPubMed

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Diener E (1984) Subjective well-being. Psychol Bull 95(3):542–575CrossRefPubMed

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Wang JL, Zhang DA, Zimmermann MA (2015) Resilience theory and its implications for Chinese adolescents. Psychol Rep 117:354–375. doi:10.2466/16.17.PRO.117c21z8 CrossRefPubMed

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22.

Ungar M (2015) Practitioner review: diagnosing childhood resilience––a systematic approach to the diagnosis of adaptation in adverse social and physical ecologies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 56:4–17. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12306 CrossRefPubMed

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Nietzsche F (1997) Twilight of the idols [first published in 1889]. Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis

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Rutten BPF, Hammels C, Geschwind N, Menne-Lothmann C, Pishva E, Schruers K, van den Hove D, Kenis G, van Os J, Wichers M (2013) Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. Acta Psychiatr Scand 128:3–20. doi:10.1111/acps.12095 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

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Haworth CMA, Carter K, Eley T, Plomin R (2015) Understanding the genetic and environmental specificity and overlap between well-being and internalizing symptoms in adolescence. Dev Sci. doi:10.1111/desc.12376 PubMed

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Titel: Resilience, risk, mental health and well-being: associations and conceptual differences
verfasst von: Frauke Schultze-Lutter
Benno G. Schimmelmann
Stefanie J. Schmidt
Publikationsdatum: 22.04.2016
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry / Ausgabe 5/2016
Print ISSN: 1018-8827
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-165X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0851-4

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Resilience, risk, mental health and well-being: associations and conceptual differences

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Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

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„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

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