Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Gynäkologe 2/2017

02.02.2017 | Kontrazeption | Leitthema

Adipositas – Bedeutung bei verschiedenen gynäkologisch-endokrinologischen Fragestellungen

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. J. Neulen

Erschienen in: Die Gynäkologie | Ausgabe 2/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Innerhalb der vergangenen 2 Dekaden hat sich die Adipositasinzidenz von etwa 15 auf über 25 % erhöht. Besonders dramatische Folgen hat die Adipositas bei Frauen mit männlichem Fettverteilungsmuster, denn viszerales Fettgewebe übt erhebliche Einflüsse auf Glukose- und Fettstoffwechsel aus. Neben kardiovaskulären Risiken kann Adipositas auch eine ungünstige epigenetische Prägung des Feten verursachen und Probleme mit der Kontrazeption wie der Fertilität bedingen sowie – u. a. durch permanent erhöhte Insulinkonzentrationen – das Wachstum maligner Neoplasien fördern. Im Beitrag werden ätiologische Zusammenhänge, pathophysiologische Kausalketten und epidemiologische Entwicklungen dargelegt. Diskutiert werden mögliche therapeutische Ansätze und Interventionsoptionen, etwa bestimmte Komponenten bei der Auswahl einer Kontrazeption oder einer Hormonsubstitution.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez-Campoy JM, St Jeor ST, Castorino K, Ebrahim A, Hurley D, Jovanovic L, Mechanick JI, Petak SM, Yu YH, Harris KA, Kris-Etherton P, Kushner R, Molini-Blandford M, Nguyen QT, Plodkowski R, Sarwer DB, Thomas KT, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology and the Obesity Society (2013) Clinical practice guidelines for healthy eating for the prevention and treatment of metabolic and endocrine diseases in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/the American College of Endocrinology and the Obesity Society. Endocr Pract 19(Suppl 3):1–82CrossRefPubMed Gonzalez-Campoy JM, St Jeor ST, Castorino K, Ebrahim A, Hurley D, Jovanovic L, Mechanick JI, Petak SM, Yu YH, Harris KA, Kris-Etherton P, Kushner R, Molini-Blandford M, Nguyen QT, Plodkowski R, Sarwer DB, Thomas KT, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology and the Obesity Society (2013) Clinical practice guidelines for healthy eating for the prevention and treatment of metabolic and endocrine diseases in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/the American College of Endocrinology and the Obesity Society. Endocr Pract 19(Suppl 3):1–82CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat An R, Xiang X (2016) Age-period-cohort analyses of obesity prevalence in US adults. Public Health 141:163–169CrossRefPubMed An R, Xiang X (2016) Age-period-cohort analyses of obesity prevalence in US adults. Public Health 141:163–169CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI (2013) Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 309:71–82CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI (2013) Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 309:71–82CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Rocha PM, Barata JT, Minderico CS, Silva AM, Teixeira PJ, Sardinha LB (2011) Visceral abdominal and subfascial femoral adipose tissue have opposite associations with liver fat in overweight and obese premenopausal caucasian women. J Lipids 2011:154672CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rocha PM, Barata JT, Minderico CS, Silva AM, Teixeira PJ, Sardinha LB (2011) Visceral abdominal and subfascial femoral adipose tissue have opposite associations with liver fat in overweight and obese premenopausal caucasian women. J Lipids 2011:154672CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III) (2001) Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (ncep). JAMA 285:2486–2497CrossRef Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III) (2001) Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (ncep). JAMA 285:2486–2497CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanley AJ, McKeown-Eyssen G, Harris SB, Hegele RA, Wolever TM, Kwan J, Zinman B (2002) Cross-sectional and prospective associations between abdominal adiposity and proinsulin concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:77–83CrossRefPubMed Hanley AJ, McKeown-Eyssen G, Harris SB, Hegele RA, Wolever TM, Kwan J, Zinman B (2002) Cross-sectional and prospective associations between abdominal adiposity and proinsulin concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:77–83CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Simon C, Brandenberger G (2002) Ultradian oscillations of insulin secretion in humans. Diabetes 51(Suppl 1):S258–S261CrossRefPubMed Simon C, Brandenberger G (2002) Ultradian oscillations of insulin secretion in humans. Diabetes 51(Suppl 1):S258–S261CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen C, Smothers J, Lange A, Nestler JE, Strauss JF, Wickham EP (2010) Sex hormone-binding globulin genetic variation: associations with type 2 diabetes mellitus and polycystic ovary syndrome. Minerva Endocrinol 35:271–280PubMedPubMedCentral Chen C, Smothers J, Lange A, Nestler JE, Strauss JF, Wickham EP (2010) Sex hormone-binding globulin genetic variation: associations with type 2 diabetes mellitus and polycystic ovary syndrome. Minerva Endocrinol 35:271–280PubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Maturana MA, Moreira RM, Spritzer PM (2011) Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is related to androgenicity and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 70:395–399CrossRefPubMed Maturana MA, Moreira RM, Spritzer PM (2011) Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is related to androgenicity and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 70:395–399CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Westergren HU, Svedlund S, Momo RA, Blomster JI, Wåhlander K, Rehnström E, Greasley PJ, Fritsche-Danielson R, Oscarsson J, Gan LM (2016) Insulin resistance, endothelial function, angiogenic factors and clinical outcome in non-diabetic patients with chest pain without myocardial perfusion defects. Cardiovasc Diabetol 15:36CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Westergren HU, Svedlund S, Momo RA, Blomster JI, Wåhlander K, Rehnström E, Greasley PJ, Fritsche-Danielson R, Oscarsson J, Gan LM (2016) Insulin resistance, endothelial function, angiogenic factors and clinical outcome in non-diabetic patients with chest pain without myocardial perfusion defects. Cardiovasc Diabetol 15:36CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Ma Y, Hébert JR, Balasubramanian R, Wedick NM, Howard BV, Rosal MC, Liu S, Bird CE, Olendzki BC, Ockene JK, Wactawski-Wende J, Phillips LS, Lamonte MJ, Schneider KL, Garcia L, Ockene IS, Merriam PA, Sepavich DM, Mackey RH, Johnson KC, Manson JE (2013) All-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality rates in postmenopausal white, black, Hispanic, and Asian women with and without diabetes in the United States: the Women’s Health Initiative, 1993–2009. Am J Epidemiol 178:1533–1541CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ma Y, Hébert JR, Balasubramanian R, Wedick NM, Howard BV, Rosal MC, Liu S, Bird CE, Olendzki BC, Ockene JK, Wactawski-Wende J, Phillips LS, Lamonte MJ, Schneider KL, Garcia L, Ockene IS, Merriam PA, Sepavich DM, Mackey RH, Johnson KC, Manson JE (2013) All-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality rates in postmenopausal white, black, Hispanic, and Asian women with and without diabetes in the United States: the Women’s Health Initiative, 1993–2009. Am J Epidemiol 178:1533–1541CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Prentice RL, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Patterson R, Kuller LH, Ockene JK, Margolis KL, Limacher MC, Manson JE, Parker LM, Paskett E, Phillips L, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Shikany JM, Stefanick ML, Thomson CA, Van Horn L, Vitolins MZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace RB, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Whitlock E, Yano K, Adams-Campbell L, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Ford L, Gass M, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Henderson MM (2006) Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 295:629–642CrossRefPubMed Prentice RL, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Patterson R, Kuller LH, Ockene JK, Margolis KL, Limacher MC, Manson JE, Parker LM, Paskett E, Phillips L, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Shikany JM, Stefanick ML, Thomson CA, Van Horn L, Vitolins MZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace RB, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Whitlock E, Yano K, Adams-Campbell L, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Ford L, Gass M, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Henderson MM (2006) Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 295:629–642CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Beresford AA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, Lasser NL, Snetselaar LG, Black HR, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Bowen D, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Gass M, Harrigan RC, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Barbara V, Howard BV, Hsia JJ, Hubbell FA, Jackson DR, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lewis CE, Manson JE, Margolis KL, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Ockene JK, Parker LM, Perri MG, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn LL, Vitolins MZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace RB, Whitlock E (2006) Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 295:643–654CrossRefPubMed Beresford AA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, Lasser NL, Snetselaar LG, Black HR, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Bowen D, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Gass M, Harrigan RC, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Barbara V, Howard BV, Hsia JJ, Hubbell FA, Jackson DR, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lewis CE, Manson JE, Margolis KL, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Ockene JK, Parker LM, Perri MG, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn LL, Vitolins MZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace RB, Whitlock E (2006) Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 295:643–654CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Margolis KL, Mysiw WJ, Ockene JK, Parker LM, Perri MG, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Schatz IJ, Snetselaar LG, Stevens VJ, Tinker LF, Trevisan M, Vitolins MZ, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Gass M, Granek I, Greenland P, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM (2006) Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 295:655–666CrossRefPubMed Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Margolis KL, Mysiw WJ, Ockene JK, Parker LM, Perri MG, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Schatz IJ, Snetselaar LG, Stevens VJ, Tinker LF, Trevisan M, Vitolins MZ, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Gass M, Granek I, Greenland P, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM (2006) Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 295:655–666CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Duleba AJ, Spaczynski RZ, Olive DL (1998) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I stimulate the proliferation of human ovarian theca-interstitial cells. Fertil Steril 69:335–340CrossRefPubMed Duleba AJ, Spaczynski RZ, Olive DL (1998) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I stimulate the proliferation of human ovarian theca-interstitial cells. Fertil Steril 69:335–340CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Pagán YL, Srouji SS, Jimenez Y, Emerson A, Gill S, Hall JE (2006) Inverse relationship between luteinizing hormone and body mass index in polycystic ovarian syndrome: investigation of hypothalamic and pituitary contributions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1309–1316CrossRefPubMed Pagán YL, Srouji SS, Jimenez Y, Emerson A, Gill S, Hall JE (2006) Inverse relationship between luteinizing hormone and body mass index in polycystic ovarian syndrome: investigation of hypothalamic and pituitary contributions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1309–1316CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Arroyo A, Laughlin GA, Morales AJ, Yen SS (1997) Inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3728–3733PubMed Arroyo A, Laughlin GA, Morales AJ, Yen SS (1997) Inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3728–3733PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Iatrakis G, Zervoudis S, Saviolakis A, Troulos M, Antoniou E, Sarantaki A, Lykeridou K, Kourounis G (2006) Women younger than 50 years with endometrial cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 27:399–400PubMed Iatrakis G, Zervoudis S, Saviolakis A, Troulos M, Antoniou E, Sarantaki A, Lykeridou K, Kourounis G (2006) Women younger than 50 years with endometrial cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 27:399–400PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group (2004) Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 19:41–47CrossRef Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group (2004) Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 19:41–47CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Cobin RH, Futterweit W, Glueck JS, Legro RS, Carmina E, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), American College of Endocrinology (ACE), Androgen Excess and PCOS Society (AES) (2015) American association of clinical endocrinologists, American college of endocrinology, and androgen excess and PCOS society disease state clinical review: guide to the best practices in the evaluation and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome – part 1. Endocr Pract 21:1291–1130CrossRefPubMed Cobin RH, Futterweit W, Glueck JS, Legro RS, Carmina E, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), American College of Endocrinology (ACE), Androgen Excess and PCOS Society (AES) (2015) American association of clinical endocrinologists, American college of endocrinology, and androgen excess and PCOS society disease state clinical review: guide to the best practices in the evaluation and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome – part 1. Endocr Pract 21:1291–1130CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Lopez LM, Bernholc A, Chen M, Grey TW, Otterness C, Westhoff C, Edelman A, Helmerhorst FM (2016) Hormonal contraceptives for contraception in overweight or obese women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016(8):CD008452 Lopez LM, Bernholc A, Chen M, Grey TW, Otterness C, Westhoff C, Edelman A, Helmerhorst FM (2016) Hormonal contraceptives for contraception in overweight or obese women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016(8):CD008452
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Franks S, Roberts R, Hardy K (2003) Gonadotrophin regimens and oocyte quality in women with polycystic ovaries. Reprod Biomed Online 6:181–184CrossRefPubMed Franks S, Roberts R, Hardy K (2003) Gonadotrophin regimens and oocyte quality in women with polycystic ovaries. Reprod Biomed Online 6:181–184CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel SS, Carr BR (2008) Oocyte quality in adult polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin Reprod Med 26:196–203CrossRefPubMed Patel SS, Carr BR (2008) Oocyte quality in adult polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin Reprod Med 26:196–203CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Moran LJ, Hutchison SK, Norman RJ, Teede HJ (2011) Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD007506 Moran LJ, Hutchison SK, Norman RJ, Teede HJ (2011) Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD007506
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Naderpoor N, Shorakae S, de Courten B, Misso ML, Moran LJ, Teede HJ (2015) Metformin and lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 21:560–574CrossRefPubMed Naderpoor N, Shorakae S, de Courten B, Misso ML, Moran LJ, Teede HJ (2015) Metformin and lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 21:560–574CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartling L, Dryden DM, Guthrie A, Muise M, Vandermeer B, Aktary WM, Pasichnyk D, Seida JC, Donovan L (2012) Screening and diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 210:1–327 Hartling L, Dryden DM, Guthrie A, Muise M, Vandermeer B, Aktary WM, Pasichnyk D, Seida JC, Donovan L (2012) Screening and diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 210:1–327
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith CJ, Ryckman KK (2015) Epigenetic and developmental influences on the risk of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 8:295–302PubMedPubMedCentral Smith CJ, Ryckman KK (2015) Epigenetic and developmental influences on the risk of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 8:295–302PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Puurunen J, Piltonen T, Morin-Papunen L, Perheentupa A, Järvelä I, Ruokonen A, Tapanainen JS (2011) Unfavorable hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory alterations persist after menopause in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1827–1834CrossRefPubMed Puurunen J, Piltonen T, Morin-Papunen L, Perheentupa A, Järvelä I, Ruokonen A, Tapanainen JS (2011) Unfavorable hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory alterations persist after menopause in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1827–1834CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Heine PA, Taylor JA, Iwamoto GA, Lubahn DB, Cooke PS (2000) Increased adipose tissue in male and female estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:12729–12734CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Heine PA, Taylor JA, Iwamoto GA, Lubahn DB, Cooke PS (2000) Increased adipose tissue in male and female estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:12729–12734CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Barros RP, Machado UF, Warner M, Gustafsson JA (2006) Muscle GLUT4 regulation by estrogen receptors ERbeta and ERalpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:1605–1608CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Barros RP, Machado UF, Warner M, Gustafsson JA (2006) Muscle GLUT4 regulation by estrogen receptors ERbeta and ERalpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:1605–1608CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Foryst-Ludwig A, Kintscher U (2010) Metabolic impact of estrogen signalling through ERalpha and ERbeta. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 122:74–81CrossRefPubMed Foryst-Ludwig A, Kintscher U (2010) Metabolic impact of estrogen signalling through ERalpha and ERbeta. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 122:74–81CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Tankó LB, Bruun JM, Alexandersen P, Bagger YZ, Richelsen B, Christiansen C, Larsen PJ (2004) Novel associations between bioavailable estradiol and adipokines in elderly women with different phenotypes of obesity: implications for atherogenesis. Circulation 110:2246–2252CrossRefPubMed Tankó LB, Bruun JM, Alexandersen P, Bagger YZ, Richelsen B, Christiansen C, Larsen PJ (2004) Novel associations between bioavailable estradiol and adipokines in elderly women with different phenotypes of obesity: implications for atherogenesis. Circulation 110:2246–2252CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Louet JF, LeMay C, Mauvais-Jarvis F (2004) Antidiabetic actions of estrogen: insight from human and genetic mouse models. Curr Atheroscler Rep 6:180–185CrossRefPubMed Louet JF, LeMay C, Mauvais-Jarvis F (2004) Antidiabetic actions of estrogen: insight from human and genetic mouse models. Curr Atheroscler Rep 6:180–185CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsia J, Langer RD, Manson JE, Kuller L, Johnson KC, Hendrix SL, Pettinger M, Heckbert SR, Greep N, Crawford S, Eaton CB, Kostis JB, Caralis P, Prentice R, Health Initiative Investigators (2006) Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women’s Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med 166:357–365CrossRefPubMed Hsia J, Langer RD, Manson JE, Kuller L, Johnson KC, Hendrix SL, Pettinger M, Heckbert SR, Greep N, Crawford S, Eaton CB, Kostis JB, Caralis P, Prentice R, Health Initiative Investigators (2006) Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women’s Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med 166:357–365CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee JY, Hyun HS, Park HG, Seo JH, Lee EY, Lee JS, Lee DY, Choi DS, Yoon BK (2015) Effects of hormone therapy on serum lipid levels in postmenopausal Korean women. J Menopausal Med 21:104–111CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lee JY, Hyun HS, Park HG, Seo JH, Lee EY, Lee JS, Lee DY, Choi DS, Yoon BK (2015) Effects of hormone therapy on serum lipid levels in postmenopausal Korean women. J Menopausal Med 21:104–111CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N, Fukaya T (2002) Different effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on size and oxidative susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein particles in postmenopausal women. Circulation 106:1771–1776CrossRefPubMed Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N, Fukaya T (2002) Different effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on size and oxidative susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein particles in postmenopausal women. Circulation 106:1771–1776CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Bitoska I, Krstevska B, Milenkovic T, Subeska-Stratrova S, Petrovski G, Mishevska SJ, Ahmeti I, Todorova B (2016) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on insulin resistance in postmenopausal diabetic women. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 4:83–88CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bitoska I, Krstevska B, Milenkovic T, Subeska-Stratrova S, Petrovski G, Mishevska SJ, Ahmeti I, Todorova B (2016) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on insulin resistance in postmenopausal diabetic women. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 4:83–88CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodrow GJ, L’Hommedieu GD, Gannon B, Sites CK (2006) Predictors of worsening insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:355–361CrossRefPubMed Goodrow GJ, L’Hommedieu GD, Gannon B, Sites CK (2006) Predictors of worsening insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:355–361CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Fournier A, Dossus L, Mesrine S, Vilier A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Chabbert-Buffet N (2014) Risks of endometrial cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies in the E3N cohort, 1992–2008. Am J Epidemiol 180:508–517CrossRefPubMed Fournier A, Dossus L, Mesrine S, Vilier A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Chabbert-Buffet N (2014) Risks of endometrial cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies in the E3N cohort, 1992–2008. Am J Epidemiol 180:508–517CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial (1996) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 275:370–375CrossRef The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial (1996) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 275:370–375CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaspard U (2009) Hyperinsulinaemia, a key factor of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 62:362–365CrossRefPubMed Gaspard U (2009) Hyperinsulinaemia, a key factor of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 62:362–365CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Adipositas – Bedeutung bei verschiedenen gynäkologisch-endokrinologischen Fragestellungen
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. J. Neulen
Publikationsdatum
02.02.2017
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Gynäkologie / Ausgabe 2/2017
Print ISSN: 2731-7102
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7110
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-016-4023-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2017

Der Gynäkologe 2/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Medizinrecht

Medizinrecht

Magazin

Magazin

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.