Skip to main content
Erschienen in: NeuroMolecular Medicine 2/2008

01.06.2008 | Original Paper

Exercising Our Brains: How Physical Activity Impacts Synaptic Plasticity in the Dentate Gyrus

verfasst von: Brian R. Christie, Brennan D. Eadie, Timal S. Kannangara, Julie M. Robillard, James Shin, Andrea K. Titterness

Erschienen in: NeuroMolecular Medicine | Ausgabe 2/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Exercise that engages the cardiovascular system has a myriad of effects on the body; however, we usually do not give much consideration to the benefits it may have for our minds. An increasing body of evidence suggests that exercise can have some remarkable effects on the brain. In this article, we will introduce how exercise can impact the capacity for neurons in the brain to communicate with one another. To properly convey this information, we will first briefly introduce the field of synaptic plasticity and then examine how the introduction of exercise to the experimental setting can actually alter the basic properties of synaptic plasticity in the brain. Next, we will examine some of the candidate physiological processes that might underlay these alterations. Finally, we will close by noting that, taken together, this data points toward our brains being dynamic systems that are in a continual state of flux and that physical exercise may help us to maximize the performance of both our body and our minds.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Abraham, W. C., Logan, B., Greenwood, J. M., & Dragunow, M. (2002). Induction and experience-dependent consolidation of stable long-term potentiation lasting months in the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 9626–9634.PubMed Abraham, W. C., Logan, B., Greenwood, J. M., & Dragunow, M. (2002). Induction and experience-dependent consolidation of stable long-term potentiation lasting months in the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 9626–9634.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Adlard, P. A., & Cotman, C. W. (2004). Voluntary exercise protects against stress-induced decreases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein expression. Neuroscience, 124, 985–992.PubMed Adlard, P. A., & Cotman, C. W. (2004). Voluntary exercise protects against stress-induced decreases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein expression. Neuroscience, 124, 985–992.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Alfarez, D. N., Joels, M., & Krugers, H. J. (2003). Chronic unpredictable stress impairs long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal CA1 area and dentate gyrus in vitro. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 1928–1934.PubMed Alfarez, D. N., Joels, M., & Krugers, H. J. (2003). Chronic unpredictable stress impairs long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal CA1 area and dentate gyrus in vitro. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 1928–1934.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Avital, A., Segal, M., & Richter-Levin, G. (2006). Contrasting roles of corticosteroid receptors in hippocampal plasticity. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 9130–9134.PubMed Avital, A., Segal, M., & Richter-Levin, G. (2006). Contrasting roles of corticosteroid receptors in hippocampal plasticity. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 9130–9134.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A., & Greenough, W. T. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87, 5568–5572.PubMed Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A., & Greenough, W. T. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87, 5568–5572.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bliss, T., Collingridge, G., & Morris, R. (2007). Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus. In P. Andersen, R. Morris, D. Amaral, T. Bliss, & J. O'Keefe (Eds.), The hippocampus book (pp. 343–474). New York: Oxford University Press. Bliss, T., Collingridge, G., & Morris, R. (2007). Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus. In P. Andersen, R. Morris, D. Amaral, T. Bliss, & J. O'Keefe (Eds.), The hippocampus book (pp. 343–474). New York: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Bliss, T. V., & Gardner-Medwin, A. R. (1973). Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the unanaestetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. Journal of Physiology, 232, 357–374.PubMed Bliss, T. V., & Gardner-Medwin, A. R. (1973). Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the unanaestetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. Journal of Physiology, 232, 357–374.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bliss, T. V., & Lomo, T. (1973). Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. Journal of Physiology, 232, 331–356.PubMed Bliss, T. V., & Lomo, T. (1973). Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. Journal of Physiology, 232, 331–356.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Caldeira, M. V., Melo, C. V., Pereira, D. B., et al. (2007). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the expression and synaptic delivery of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor subunits in hippocampal neurons. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 12619–12628.PubMed Caldeira, M. V., Melo, C. V., Pereira, D. B., et al. (2007). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the expression and synaptic delivery of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor subunits in hippocampal neurons. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 12619–12628.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Carro, E., Trejo, J. L., Busiguina, S., & Torres-Aleman, I. (2001). Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates the protective effects of physical exercise against brain insults of different etiology and anatomy. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 5678–5684.PubMed Carro, E., Trejo, J. L., Busiguina, S., & Torres-Aleman, I. (2001). Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates the protective effects of physical exercise against brain insults of different etiology and anatomy. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 5678–5684.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chao, H. M., Choo, P. H., & McEwen, B. S. (1989). Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in rat brain. Neuroendocrinology, 50, 365–371.PubMed Chao, H. M., Choo, P. H., & McEwen, B. S. (1989). Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in rat brain. Neuroendocrinology, 50, 365–371.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chao, H. M., Sakai, R. R., Ma, L. Y., & McEwen, B. S. (1998). Adrenal steroid regulation of neurotrophic factor expression in the rat hippocampus. Endocrinology, 139, 3112–3118.PubMed Chao, H. M., Sakai, R. R., Ma, L. Y., & McEwen, B. S. (1998). Adrenal steroid regulation of neurotrophic factor expression in the rat hippocampus. Endocrinology, 139, 3112–3118.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chaudhury, D., Wang, L. M., & Colwell, C. S. (2005). Circadian regulation of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 20, 225–236.PubMed Chaudhury, D., Wang, L. M., & Colwell, C. S. (2005). Circadian regulation of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 20, 225–236.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M. J., Ivy, A. S., & Russo-Neustadt, A. A. (2006). Nitric oxide synthesis is required for exercise-induced increases in hippocampal BDNF and phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase expression. Brain Research Bulletin, 68, 257–268.PubMed Chen, M. J., Ivy, A. S., & Russo-Neustadt, A. A. (2006). Nitric oxide synthesis is required for exercise-induced increases in hippocampal BDNF and phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase expression. Brain Research Bulletin, 68, 257–268.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Christie, B. R., & Abraham, W. C. (1992a). Priming of associative long-term depression in the dentate gyrus by theta frequency synaptic activity. Neuron, 9, 79–84.PubMed Christie, B. R., & Abraham, W. C. (1992a). Priming of associative long-term depression in the dentate gyrus by theta frequency synaptic activity. Neuron, 9, 79–84.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Christie, B. R., & Abraham, W. C. (1992b). NMDA-dependent heterosynaptic long-term depression in the dentate gyrus of anaesthetized rats. Synapse, 10, 1–6.PubMed Christie, B. R., & Abraham, W. C. (1992b). NMDA-dependent heterosynaptic long-term depression in the dentate gyrus of anaesthetized rats. Synapse, 10, 1–6.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Christie, B. R., Kerr, D. S., & Abraham, W. C. (1994). Flip side of synaptic plasticity: Long-term depression mechanisms in the hippocampus. Hippocampus, 4, 127–135.PubMed Christie, B. R., Kerr, D. S., & Abraham, W. C. (1994). Flip side of synaptic plasticity: Long-term depression mechanisms in the hippocampus. Hippocampus, 4, 127–135.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Christie, B. R., Swann, S. E., Fox, C. J., et al. (2005). Voluntary exercise rescues deficits in spatial memory and long-term potentiation in prenatal ethanol-exposed male rats. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 1719–1726.PubMedCrossRef Christie, B. R., Swann, S. E., Fox, C. J., et al. (2005). Voluntary exercise rescues deficits in spatial memory and long-term potentiation in prenatal ethanol-exposed male rats. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 1719–1726.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Claflin, D. I., Hennessy, M. B., & Jensen, S. J. (2005). Sex-specific effects of corticosterone on hippocampally mediated learning in young rats. Physiology & Behaviour, 85, 159–166. Claflin, D. I., Hennessy, M. B., & Jensen, S. J. (2005). Sex-specific effects of corticosterone on hippocampally mediated learning in young rats. Physiology & Behaviour, 85, 159–166.
Zurück zum Zitat Conrad, C. D., Jackson, J. L., Wieczorek, L., et al. (2004). Acute stress impairs spatial memory in male but not female rats: influence of estrous cycle. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 78, 569–579. Conrad, C. D., Jackson, J. L., Wieczorek, L., et al. (2004). Acute stress impairs spatial memory in male but not female rats: influence of estrous cycle. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 78, 569–579.
Zurück zum Zitat De Kloet, E. R., Vreugdenhil, E., Oitzl, M. S., & Joels, M. (1998). Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocrine Reviews, 19, 269–301.PubMed De Kloet, E. R., Vreugdenhil, E., Oitzl, M. S., & Joels, M. (1998). Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocrine Reviews, 19, 269–301.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dechant, G., & Barde, Y. A. (2002). The neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR): novel functions and implications for diseases of the nervous system. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 1131–1136.PubMed Dechant, G., & Barde, Y. A. (2002). The neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR): novel functions and implications for diseases of the nervous system. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 1131–1136.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dey, S., Singh, R. H., & Dey, P. K. (1992). Exercise training: significance of regional alterations in serotonin metabolism of rat brain in relation to antidepressant effect of exercise. Physiology & Behaviour, 52, 1095–1099. Dey, S., Singh, R. H., & Dey, P. K. (1992). Exercise training: significance of regional alterations in serotonin metabolism of rat brain in relation to antidepressant effect of exercise. Physiology & Behaviour, 52, 1095–1099.
Zurück zum Zitat Dougherty, K. D., & Milner, T. A. (1999). p75NTR immunoreactivity in the rat dentate gyrus is mostly within presynaptic profiles but is also found in some astrocytic and postsynaptic profiles. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 407, 77–91.PubMed Dougherty, K. D., & Milner, T. A. (1999). p75NTR immunoreactivity in the rat dentate gyrus is mostly within presynaptic profiles but is also found in some astrocytic and postsynaptic profiles. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 407, 77–91.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Douglas, R. M., & Goddard, G. V. (1975). Long-term potentiation of the perforant path-granule cell synapse in the rat hippocampus. Brain Research, 86, 205–215.PubMed Douglas, R. M., & Goddard, G. V. (1975). Long-term potentiation of the perforant path-granule cell synapse in the rat hippocampus. Brain Research, 86, 205–215.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Droste, S. K., Gesing, A., Ulbricht, S., Muller, M. B., Linthorst, A. C., & Reul, J. M. (2003). Effects of long-term voluntary exercise on the mouse hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis. Endocrinology, 144, 3012–3023.PubMed Droste, S. K., Gesing, A., Ulbricht, S., Muller, M. B., Linthorst, A. C., & Reul, J. M. (2003). Effects of long-term voluntary exercise on the mouse hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis. Endocrinology, 144, 3012–3023.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dudek, S. M., & Bear, M. F. (1992). Homosynaptic long-term depression in area CA1 of hippocampus and effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89, 4363–4367.PubMed Dudek, S. M., & Bear, M. F. (1992). Homosynaptic long-term depression in area CA1 of hippocampus and effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89, 4363–4367.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dugich-Djordjevic, M. M., Tocco, G., Lapchak, P. A., et al. (1992). Regionally specific and rapid increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA in the adult rat brain following seizures induced by systemic administration of kainic acid. Neuroscience, 47, 303–315.PubMed Dugich-Djordjevic, M. M., Tocco, G., Lapchak, P. A., et al. (1992). Regionally specific and rapid increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA in the adult rat brain following seizures induced by systemic administration of kainic acid. Neuroscience, 47, 303–315.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Eadie, B. D., Redila, V. A., & Christie, B. R. (2005). Voluntary exercise alters the cytoarchitecture of the adult dentate gyrus by increasing cellular proliferation, dendritic complexity, and spine density. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 486, 39–47.PubMed Eadie, B. D., Redila, V. A., & Christie, B. R. (2005). Voluntary exercise alters the cytoarchitecture of the adult dentate gyrus by increasing cellular proliferation, dendritic complexity, and spine density. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 486, 39–47.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Engesser-Cesar, C., Ichiyama, R. M., Nefas, A. L., et al. (2007). Wheel running following spinal cord injury improves locomotor recovery and stimulates serotonergic fiber growth. European Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 1931–1939.PubMed Engesser-Cesar, C., Ichiyama, R. M., Nefas, A. L., et al. (2007). Wheel running following spinal cord injury improves locomotor recovery and stimulates serotonergic fiber growth. European Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 1931–1939.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Farmer, J., Zhao, X., van Praag, H., Wodtke, K., Gage, F. H., & Christie, B. R. (2004). Effects of voluntary exercise on synaptic plasticity and gene expression in the dentate gyrus of adult male Sprague–Dawley rats in vivo. Neuroscience, 124, 71–79.PubMed Farmer, J., Zhao, X., van Praag, H., Wodtke, K., Gage, F. H., & Christie, B. R. (2004). Effects of voluntary exercise on synaptic plasticity and gene expression in the dentate gyrus of adult male Sprague–Dawley rats in vivo. Neuroscience, 124, 71–79.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fediuc, S., Campbell, J. E., & Riddell, M. C. (2006). Effect of voluntary wheel running on circadian corticosterone release and on HPA axis responsiveness to restraint stress in Sprague–Dawley rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, 100, 1867–1875.PubMed Fediuc, S., Campbell, J. E., & Riddell, M. C. (2006). Effect of voluntary wheel running on circadian corticosterone release and on HPA axis responsiveness to restraint stress in Sprague–Dawley rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, 100, 1867–1875.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ferreira, A., Chin, L. S., Li, L., Lanier, L. M., Kosik, K. S., & Greengard, P. (1998). Distinct roles of synapsin I and synapsin II during neuronal development. Molecular Medicine, 4, 22–28.PubMed Ferreira, A., Chin, L. S., Li, L., Lanier, L. M., Kosik, K. S., & Greengard, P. (1998). Distinct roles of synapsin I and synapsin II during neuronal development. Molecular Medicine, 4, 22–28.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Figurov, A., Pozzo-Miller, L. D., Olafsson, P., Wang, T., & Lu, B. (1996). Regulation of synaptic responses to high-frequency stimulation and LTP by neurotrophins in the hippocampus. Nature, 381, 706–709.PubMed Figurov, A., Pozzo-Miller, L. D., Olafsson, P., Wang, T., & Lu, B. (1996). Regulation of synaptic responses to high-frequency stimulation and LTP by neurotrophins in the hippocampus. Nature, 381, 706–709.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fox, C. J., Russell, K., Titterness, A. K., Wang, Y. T., & Christie, B. R. (2007). Tyrosine phosphorylation of the GluR2 subunit is required for long-term depression of synaptic efficacy in young animals in vivo. Hippocampus, 17, 600–605.PubMed Fox, C. J., Russell, K., Titterness, A. K., Wang, Y. T., & Christie, B. R. (2007). Tyrosine phosphorylation of the GluR2 subunit is required for long-term depression of synaptic efficacy in young animals in vivo. Hippocampus, 17, 600–605.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Foy, M. R., Stanton, M. E., Levine, S., & Thompson, R. F. (1987). Behavioral stress impairs long-term potentiation in rodent hippocampus. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 48, 138–149.PubMed Foy, M. R., Stanton, M. E., Levine, S., & Thompson, R. F. (1987). Behavioral stress impairs long-term potentiation in rodent hippocampus. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 48, 138–149.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fukazawa, Y., Saitoh, Y., Ozawa, F., Ohta, Y., Mizuno, K., & Inokuchi, K. (2003). Hippocampal LTP is accompanied by enhanced F-actin content within the dendritic spine that is essential for late LTP maintenance in vivo. Neuron, 38, 447–460.PubMed Fukazawa, Y., Saitoh, Y., Ozawa, F., Ohta, Y., Mizuno, K., & Inokuchi, K. (2003). Hippocampal LTP is accompanied by enhanced F-actin content within the dendritic spine that is essential for late LTP maintenance in vivo. Neuron, 38, 447–460.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gerin, C., Legrand, A., & Privat, A. (1994). Study of 5-HT release with a chronically implanted microdialysis probe in the ventral horn of the spinal cord of unrestrained rats during exercise on a treadmill. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 52, 129–141.PubMed Gerin, C., Legrand, A., & Privat, A. (1994). Study of 5-HT release with a chronically implanted microdialysis probe in the ventral horn of the spinal cord of unrestrained rats during exercise on a treadmill. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 52, 129–141.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Glazner, G. W., & Mattson, M. P. (2000). Differential effects of BDNF, ADNF9, and TNFalpha on levels of NMDA receptor subunits, calcium homeostasis, and neuronal vulnerability to excitotoxicity. Experimental Neurology, 161, 442–452.PubMed Glazner, G. W., & Mattson, M. P. (2000). Differential effects of BDNF, ADNF9, and TNFalpha on levels of NMDA receptor subunits, calcium homeostasis, and neuronal vulnerability to excitotoxicity. Experimental Neurology, 161, 442–452.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gomez-Merino, D., Bequet, F., Berthelot, M., Chennaoui, M., & Guezennec, C. Y. (2001). Site-dependent effects of an acute intensive exercise on extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in rat brain. Neuroscience Letters, 301, 143–146.PubMed Gomez-Merino, D., Bequet, F., Berthelot, M., Chennaoui, M., & Guezennec, C. Y. (2001). Site-dependent effects of an acute intensive exercise on extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in rat brain. Neuroscience Letters, 301, 143–146.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gomez-Pinilla, F., Dao, L., & So, V. (1997). Physical exercise induces FGF-2 and its mRNA in the hippocampus. Brain Research, 764, 1–8.PubMed Gomez-Pinilla, F., Dao, L., & So, V. (1997). Physical exercise induces FGF-2 and its mRNA in the hippocampus. Brain Research, 764, 1–8.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hebb, C. O., & Konzett, H. (1949). The effect of certain analgesic drugs on synaptic transmission as observed in the perfused superior cervical ganglion of the cat. Quaterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences, 35, 213–217. Hebb, C. O., & Konzett, H. (1949). The effect of certain analgesic drugs on synaptic transmission as observed in the perfused superior cervical ganglion of the cat. Quaterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences, 35, 213–217.
Zurück zum Zitat Herman, J. P., Patel, P. D., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (1989). Localization and regulation of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor messenger RNAs in the hippocampal formation of the rat. Molecular Endocrinology, 3, 1886–1894.PubMed Herman, J. P., Patel, P. D., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (1989). Localization and regulation of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor messenger RNAs in the hippocampal formation of the rat. Molecular Endocrinology, 3, 1886–1894.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Herman, J. P., Prewitt, C. M., & Cullinan, W. E. (1996). Neuronal circuit regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical stress axis. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 10, 371–394.PubMed Herman, J. P., Prewitt, C. M., & Cullinan, W. E. (1996). Neuronal circuit regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical stress axis. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 10, 371–394.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hopper, R. A., & Garthwaite, J. (2006). Tonic and phasic nitric oxide signals in hippocampal long-term potentiation. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 11513–11521.PubMed Hopper, R. A., & Garthwaite, J. (2006). Tonic and phasic nitric oxide signals in hippocampal long-term potentiation. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 11513–11521.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ikegaya, Y., Ishizaka, Y., & Matsuki, N. (2002). BDNF attenuates hippocampal LTD via activation of phospholipase C: Implications for a vertical shift in the frequency-response curve of synaptic plasticity. European Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 145–148.PubMed Ikegaya, Y., Ishizaka, Y., & Matsuki, N. (2002). BDNF attenuates hippocampal LTD via activation of phospholipase C: Implications for a vertical shift in the frequency-response curve of synaptic plasticity. European Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 145–148.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A., Black, J. E., & Greenough, W. T. (1992). Exercise and the brain: Angiogenesis in the adult rat cerebellum after vigorous physical activity and motor skill learning. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism, 12, 110–119.PubMed Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A., Black, J. E., & Greenough, W. T. (1992). Exercise and the brain: Angiogenesis in the adult rat cerebellum after vigorous physical activity and motor skill learning. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism, 12, 110–119.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ivy, A. S., Rodriguez, F. G., Garcia, C., Chen, M. J., & Russo-Neustadt, A. A. (2003). Noradrenergic and serotonergic blockade inhibits BDNF mRNA activation following exercise and antidepressant. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 75, 81–88. Ivy, A. S., Rodriguez, F. G., Garcia, C., Chen, M. J., & Russo-Neustadt, A. A. (2003). Noradrenergic and serotonergic blockade inhibits BDNF mRNA activation following exercise and antidepressant. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 75, 81–88.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobsen, J. P., & Mork, A. (2006). Chronic corticosterone decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein in the hippocampus, but not in the frontal cortex, of the rat. Brain Research, 1110, 221–225.PubMed Jacobsen, J. P., & Mork, A. (2006). Chronic corticosterone decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein in the hippocampus, but not in the frontal cortex, of the rat. Brain Research, 1110, 221–225.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobson, L., & Sapolsky, R. (1991). The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis. Endocrine Reviews, 12, 118–134.PubMed Jacobson, L., & Sapolsky, R. (1991). The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis. Endocrine Reviews, 12, 118–134.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kim, J. J., Foy, M. R., & Thompson, R. F. (1996). Behavioral stress modifies hippocampal plasticity through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 4750–4753.PubMed Kim, J. J., Foy, M. R., & Thompson, R. F. (1996). Behavioral stress modifies hippocampal plasticity through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 4750–4753.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kitraki, E., Kremmyda, O., Youlatos, D., Alexis, M. N., & Kittas, C. (2004). Gender-dependent alterations in corticosteroid receptor status and spatial performance following 21 days of restraint stress. Neuroscience, 125, 47–55.PubMed Kitraki, E., Kremmyda, O., Youlatos, D., Alexis, M. N., & Kittas, C. (2004). Gender-dependent alterations in corticosteroid receptor status and spatial performance following 21 days of restraint stress. Neuroscience, 125, 47–55.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kohr, G., Jensen, V., Koester, H. J., et al. (2003). Intracellular domains of NMDA receptor subtypes are determinants for long-term potentiation induction. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 10791–10799.PubMed Kohr, G., Jensen, V., Koester, H. J., et al. (2003). Intracellular domains of NMDA receptor subtypes are determinants for long-term potentiation induction. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 10791–10799.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Korte, M., Carroll, P., Wolf, E., Brem, G., Thoenen, H., & Bonhoeffer, T. (1995). Hippocampal long-term potentiation is impaired in mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 8856–8860.PubMed Korte, M., Carroll, P., Wolf, E., Brem, G., Thoenen, H., & Bonhoeffer, T. (1995). Hippocampal long-term potentiation is impaired in mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 8856–8860.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Korte, M., Griesbeck, O., Gravel, C., et al. (1996). Virus-mediated gene transfer into hippocampal CA1 region restores long-term potentiation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor mutant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 12547–12552.PubMed Korte, M., Griesbeck, O., Gravel, C., et al. (1996). Virus-mediated gene transfer into hippocampal CA1 region restores long-term potentiation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor mutant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 12547–12552.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Korz, V., & Frey, J. U. (2003). Stress-related modulation of hippocampal long-term potentiation in rats: Involvement of adrenal steroid receptors. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 7281–7287.PubMed Korz, V., & Frey, J. U. (2003). Stress-related modulation of hippocampal long-term potentiation in rats: Involvement of adrenal steroid receptors. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 7281–7287.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kovalchuk, Y., Hanse, E., Kafitz, K. W., & Konnerth, A. (2002). Postsynaptic induction of BDNF-mediated long-term potentiation. Science, 295, 1729–1734.PubMed Kovalchuk, Y., Hanse, E., Kafitz, K. W., & Konnerth, A. (2002). Postsynaptic induction of BDNF-mediated long-term potentiation. Science, 295, 1729–1734.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kozorovitskiy, Y., & Gould, E. (2004). Dominance hierarchy influences adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6755–6759.PubMed Kozorovitskiy, Y., & Gould, E. (2004). Dominance hierarchy influences adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6755–6759.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kramar, E. A., Lin, B., Rex, C. S., Gall, C. M., & Lynch, G. (2006). Integrin-driven actin polymerization consolidates long-term potentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 5579–5584.PubMed Kramar, E. A., Lin, B., Rex, C. S., Gall, C. M., & Lynch, G. (2006). Integrin-driven actin polymerization consolidates long-term potentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 5579–5584.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lahteinen, S., Pitkanen, A., Saarelainen, T., Nissinen, J., Koponen, E., & Castren, E. (2002). Decreased BDNF signalling in transgenic mice reduces epileptogenesis. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 721–734.PubMed Lahteinen, S., Pitkanen, A., Saarelainen, T., Nissinen, J., Koponen, E., & Castren, E. (2002). Decreased BDNF signalling in transgenic mice reduces epileptogenesis. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 721–734.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Larmet, Y., Reibel, S., Carnahan, J., Nawa, H., Marescaux, C., & Depaulis, A. (1995). Protective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on the development of hippocampal kindling in the rat. Neuroreport, 6, 1937–1941.PubMed Larmet, Y., Reibel, S., Carnahan, J., Nawa, H., Marescaux, C., & Depaulis, A. (1995). Protective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on the development of hippocampal kindling in the rat. Neuroreport, 6, 1937–1941.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, R., Kermani, P., Teng, K. K., & Hempstead, B. L. (2001). Regulation of cell survival by secreted proneurotrophins. Science, 294, 1945–1948.PubMed Lee, R., Kermani, P., Teng, K. K., & Hempstead, B. L. (2001). Regulation of cell survival by secreted proneurotrophins. Science, 294, 1945–1948.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, H. K., Min, S. S., Gallagher, M., & Kirkwood, A. (2005). NMDA receptor-independent long-term depression correlates with successful aging in rats. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1657–1659.PubMed Lee, H. K., Min, S. S., Gallagher, M., & Kirkwood, A. (2005). NMDA receptor-independent long-term depression correlates with successful aging in rats. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1657–1659.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lessmann, V., Gottmann, K., & Malcangio, M. (2003). Neurotrophin secretion: Current facts and future prospects. Progress in Neurobiology, 69, 341–374.PubMed Lessmann, V., Gottmann, K., & Malcangio, M. (2003). Neurotrophin secretion: Current facts and future prospects. Progress in Neurobiology, 69, 341–374.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lin, S. Y., Wu, K., Levine, E. S., Mount, H. T., Suen, P. C., & Black, I. B. (1998). BDNF acutely increases tyrosine phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor subunit 2B in cortical and hippocampal postsynaptic densities. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research, 55, 20–27.PubMed Lin, S. Y., Wu, K., Levine, E. S., Mount, H. T., Suen, P. C., & Black, I. B. (1998). BDNF acutely increases tyrosine phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor subunit 2B in cortical and hippocampal postsynaptic densities. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research, 55, 20–27.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Liu, L., Wong, T. P., Pozza, M. F., et al. (2004). Role of NMDA receptor subtypes in governing the direction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Science, 304, 1021–1024.PubMed Liu, L., Wong, T. P., Pozza, M. F., et al. (2004). Role of NMDA receptor subtypes in governing the direction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Science, 304, 1021–1024.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Llorens-Martin, M., Torres-Aleman, I., & Trejo, J. L. (2006). Pronounced individual variation in the response to the stimulatory action of exercise on immature hippocampal neurons. Hippocampus, 16, 480–490.PubMed Llorens-Martin, M., Torres-Aleman, I., & Trejo, J. L. (2006). Pronounced individual variation in the response to the stimulatory action of exercise on immature hippocampal neurons. Hippocampus, 16, 480–490.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Malek, Z. S., Sage, D., Pevet, P., & Raison, S. (2007). Daily rhythm of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 messenger ribonucleic acid within raphe neurons is induced by corticoid daily surge and modulated by enhanced locomotor activity. Endocrinology, 148, 5165–5172.PubMed Malek, Z. S., Sage, D., Pevet, P., & Raison, S. (2007). Daily rhythm of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 messenger ribonucleic acid within raphe neurons is induced by corticoid daily surge and modulated by enhanced locomotor activity. Endocrinology, 148, 5165–5172.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Marin, H., & Menza, M. A. (2005). The management of fatigue in depressed patients. Essential Psychopharmacology, 6, 185–192.PubMed Marin, H., & Menza, M. A. (2005). The management of fatigue in depressed patients. Essential Psychopharmacology, 6, 185–192.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mattson, M. P., Maudsley, S., & Martin, B. (2004). BDNF and 5-HT: A dynamic duo in age-related neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. Trends in Neurosciences, 27, 589–594.PubMed Mattson, M. P., Maudsley, S., & Martin, B. (2004). BDNF and 5-HT: A dynamic duo in age-related neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. Trends in Neurosciences, 27, 589–594.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat McCloskey, D. P., Adamo, D. S., & Anderson, B. J. (2001). Exercise increases metabolic capacity in the motor cortex and striatum, but not in the hippocampus. Brain Research, 891, 168–175.PubMed McCloskey, D. P., Adamo, D. S., & Anderson, B. J. (2001). Exercise increases metabolic capacity in the motor cortex and striatum, but not in the hippocampus. Brain Research, 891, 168–175.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat McNaughton, B. L., Douglas, R. M., & Goddard, G. V. (1978). Synaptic enhancement in fascia dentata: Cooperativity among coactive afferents. Brain Research, 157, 277–293.PubMed McNaughton, B. L., Douglas, R. M., & Goddard, G. V. (1978). Synaptic enhancement in fascia dentata: Cooperativity among coactive afferents. Brain Research, 157, 277–293.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Meeusen, R., Thorre, K., Chaouloff, F., et al. (1996). Effects of tryptophan and/or acute running on extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the hippocampus of food-deprived rats. Brain Research, 740, 245–252.PubMed Meeusen, R., Thorre, K., Chaouloff, F., et al. (1996). Effects of tryptophan and/or acute running on extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the hippocampus of food-deprived rats. Brain Research, 740, 245–252.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mowla, S. J., Farhadi, H. F., Pareek, S., et al. (2001). Biosynthesis and post-translational processing of the precursor to brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 12660–12666.PubMed Mowla, S. J., Farhadi, H. F., Pareek, S., et al. (2001). Biosynthesis and post-translational processing of the precursor to brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 12660–12666.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mowla, S. J., Pareek, S., Farhadi, H. F., et al. (1999). Differential sorting of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampal neurons. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 2069–2080.PubMed Mowla, S. J., Pareek, S., Farhadi, H. F., et al. (1999). Differential sorting of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampal neurons. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 2069–2080.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Neeper, S. A., Gomez-Pinilla, F., Choi, J., & Cotman, C. (1995). Exercise and brain neurotrophins. Nature, 373, 109.PubMed Neeper, S. A., Gomez-Pinilla, F., Choi, J., & Cotman, C. (1995). Exercise and brain neurotrophins. Nature, 373, 109.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Neeper, S. A., Gomez-Pinilla, F., Choi, J., & Cotman, C. W. (1996). Physical activity increases mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in rat brain. Brain Research, 726, 49–56.PubMed Neeper, S. A., Gomez-Pinilla, F., Choi, J., & Cotman, C. W. (1996). Physical activity increases mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in rat brain. Brain Research, 726, 49–56.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Oberlander, T. F., Warburton, W., Misri, S., Aghajanian, J., & Hertzman, C. (2006). Neonatal outcomes after prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and maternal depression using population-based linked health data. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 898–906.PubMed Oberlander, T. F., Warburton, W., Misri, S., Aghajanian, J., & Hertzman, C. (2006). Neonatal outcomes after prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and maternal depression using population-based linked health data. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 898–906.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Owens, M. J. (2004). Selectivity of antidepressants: From the monoamine hypothesis of depression to the SSRI revolution and beyond. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(Suppl 4), 5–10.PubMed Owens, M. J. (2004). Selectivity of antidepressants: From the monoamine hypothesis of depression to the SSRI revolution and beyond. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(Suppl 4), 5–10.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Patterson, S. L., Abel, T., Deuel, T. A., Martin, K. C., Rose, J. C., & Kandel, E. R. (1996). Recombinant BDNF rescues deficits in basal synaptic transmission and hippocampal LTP in BDNF knockout mice. Neuron, 16, 1137–1145.PubMed Patterson, S. L., Abel, T., Deuel, T. A., Martin, K. C., Rose, J. C., & Kandel, E. R. (1996). Recombinant BDNF rescues deficits in basal synaptic transmission and hippocampal LTP in BDNF knockout mice. Neuron, 16, 1137–1145.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Pavlides, C., Ogawa, S., Kimura, A., & McEwen, B. S. (1996). Role of adrenal steroid mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in long-term potentiation in the CA1 field of hippocampal slices. Brain Research, 738, 229–235.PubMed Pavlides, C., Ogawa, S., Kimura, A., & McEwen, B. S. (1996). Role of adrenal steroid mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in long-term potentiation in the CA1 field of hippocampal slices. Brain Research, 738, 229–235.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Peris, J., Anderson, K. J., Vickroy, T. W., King, M. A., Hunter, B. E., & Walker, D. W. (1997). Neurochemical basis of disruption of hippocampal long-term potentiation by chronic alcohol exposure. Frontiers in Bioscience, 2, d309–d316.PubMed Peris, J., Anderson, K. J., Vickroy, T. W., King, M. A., Hunter, B. E., & Walker, D. W. (1997). Neurochemical basis of disruption of hippocampal long-term potentiation by chronic alcohol exposure. Frontiers in Bioscience, 2, d309–d316.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Pozzo-Miller, L. D., Gottschalk, W., Zhang, L., et al. (1999). Impairments in high-frequency transmission, synaptic vesicle docking, and synaptic protein distribution in the hippocampus of BDNF knockout mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 4972–4983.PubMed Pozzo-Miller, L. D., Gottschalk, W., Zhang, L., et al. (1999). Impairments in high-frequency transmission, synaptic vesicle docking, and synaptic protein distribution in the hippocampus of BDNF knockout mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 4972–4983.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Radecki, D. T., Brown, L. M., Martinez, J., & Teyler, T. J. (2005). BDNF protects against stress-induced impairments in spatial learning and memory and LTP. Hippocampus, 15, 246–253.PubMed Radecki, D. T., Brown, L. M., Martinez, J., & Teyler, T. J. (2005). BDNF protects against stress-induced impairments in spatial learning and memory and LTP. Hippocampus, 15, 246–253.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Redila, V. A., & Christie, B. R. (2006). Exercise-induced changes in dendritic structure and complexity in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus. Neuroscience, 137, 1299–1307.PubMed Redila, V. A., & Christie, B. R. (2006). Exercise-induced changes in dendritic structure and complexity in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus. Neuroscience, 137, 1299–1307.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Reibel, S., Larmet, Y., Le, B. T., Carnahan, J., Marescaux, C., & Depaulis, A. (2000). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor delays hippocampal kindling in the rat. Neuroscience, 100, 777–788.PubMed Reibel, S., Larmet, Y., Le, B. T., Carnahan, J., Marescaux, C., & Depaulis, A. (2000). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor delays hippocampal kindling in the rat. Neuroscience, 100, 777–788.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Remondes, M., & Schuman, E. M. (2004). Role for a cortical input to hippocampal area CA1 in the consolidation of a long-term memory. Nature, 431, 699–703.PubMed Remondes, M., & Schuman, E. M. (2004). Role for a cortical input to hippocampal area CA1 in the consolidation of a long-term memory. Nature, 431, 699–703.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rex, C. S., Lin, C. Y., Kramar, E. A., Chen, L. Y., Gall, C. M., & Lynch, G. (2007). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes long-term potentiation-related cytoskeletal changes in adult hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 3017–3029.PubMed Rex, C. S., Lin, C. Y., Kramar, E. A., Chen, L. Y., Gall, C. M., & Lynch, G. (2007). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes long-term potentiation-related cytoskeletal changes in adult hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 3017–3029.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Schaaf, M. J., de Jong, J., de Kloet, E. R., & Vreugdenhil, E. (1998). Downregulation of BDNF mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus by corticosterone. Brain Research, 813, 112–120.PubMed Schaaf, M. J., de Jong, J., de Kloet, E. R., & Vreugdenhil, E. (1998). Downregulation of BDNF mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus by corticosterone. Brain Research, 813, 112–120.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Schaaf, M. J., Duurland, R., de Kloet, E. R., & Vreugdenhil, E. (2000). Circadian variation in BDNF mRNA expression in the rat hippocampus. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research, 75, 342–344.PubMed Schaaf, M. J., Duurland, R., de Kloet, E. R., & Vreugdenhil, E. (2000). Circadian variation in BDNF mRNA expression in the rat hippocampus. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research, 75, 342–344.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Schaaf, M. J., Hoetelmans, R. W., de Kloet, E. R., & Vreugdenhil, E. (1997). Corticosterone regulates expression of BDNF and TrkB but not NT-3 and TrkC mRNA in the rat hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 48, 334–341.PubMed Schaaf, M. J., Hoetelmans, R. W., de Kloet, E. R., & Vreugdenhil, E. (1997). Corticosterone regulates expression of BDNF and TrkB but not NT-3 and TrkC mRNA in the rat hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 48, 334–341.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Shors, T. J., & Thompson, R. F. (1992). Acute stress impairs (or induces) synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) but does not affect paired-pulse facilitation in the stratum radiatum of rat hippocampus. Synapse, 11, 262–265.PubMed Shors, T. J., & Thompson, R. F. (1992). Acute stress impairs (or induces) synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) but does not affect paired-pulse facilitation in the stratum radiatum of rat hippocampus. Synapse, 11, 262–265.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sjosten, N., & Kivela, S. L. (2006). The effects of physical exercise on depressive symptoms among the aged: A systematic review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 410–418.PubMed Sjosten, N., & Kivela, S. L. (2006). The effects of physical exercise on depressive symptoms among the aged: A systematic review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 410–418.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, M. A., Makino, S., Kvetnansky, R., & Post, R. M. (1995). Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 1768–1777.PubMed Smith, M. A., Makino, S., Kvetnansky, R., & Post, R. M. (1995). Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 1768–1777.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Spencer, R. L., Kim, P. J., Kalman, B. A., & Cole, M. A. (1998). Evidence for mineralocorticoid receptor facilitation of glucocorticoid receptor-dependent regulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity. Endocrinology, 139, 2718–2726.PubMed Spencer, R. L., Kim, P. J., Kalman, B. A., & Cole, M. A. (1998). Evidence for mineralocorticoid receptor facilitation of glucocorticoid receptor-dependent regulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity. Endocrinology, 139, 2718–2726.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Spier, S. A., Delp, M. D., Meininger, C. J., Donato, A. J., Ramsey, M. W., & Muller-Delp, J. M. (2004). Effects of ageing and exercise training on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and structure of rat skeletal muscle arterioles. Journal of Physiology, 556, 947–958.PubMed Spier, S. A., Delp, M. D., Meininger, C. J., Donato, A. J., Ramsey, M. W., & Muller-Delp, J. M. (2004). Effects of ageing and exercise training on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and structure of rat skeletal muscle arterioles. Journal of Physiology, 556, 947–958.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Stranahan, A. M., Khalil, D., & Gould, E. (2007). Running induces widespread structural alterations in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Hippocampus, 17, 1017–1022.PubMed Stranahan, A. M., Khalil, D., & Gould, E. (2007). Running induces widespread structural alterations in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Hippocampus, 17, 1017–1022.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Struder, H. K., & Weicker, H. (2001). Physiology and pathophysiology of the serotonergic system and its implications on mental and physical performance. Part II. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 22, 482–497.PubMed Struder, H. K., & Weicker, H. (2001). Physiology and pathophysiology of the serotonergic system and its implications on mental and physical performance. Part II. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 22, 482–497.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Stummer, W., Weber, K., Tranmer, B., Baethmann, A., & Kempski, O. (1994). Reduced mortality and brain damage after locomotor activity in gerbil forebrain ischemia. Stroke, 25, 1862–1869.PubMed Stummer, W., Weber, K., Tranmer, B., Baethmann, A., & Kempski, O. (1994). Reduced mortality and brain damage after locomotor activity in gerbil forebrain ischemia. Stroke, 25, 1862–1869.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Swain, R. A., Harris, A. B., Wiener, E. C., et al. (2003). Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat. Neuroscience, 117, 1037–1046.PubMed Swain, R. A., Harris, A. B., Wiener, E. C., et al. (2003). Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat. Neuroscience, 117, 1037–1046.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Thiele, C., Hannah, M. J., Fahrenholz, F., & Huttner, W. B. (2000). Cholesterol binds to synaptophysin and is required for biogenesis of synaptic vesicles. Nature Cell Biology, 2, 42–49.PubMed Thiele, C., Hannah, M. J., Fahrenholz, F., & Huttner, W. B. (2000). Cholesterol binds to synaptophysin and is required for biogenesis of synaptic vesicles. Nature Cell Biology, 2, 42–49.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Thinschmidt, J. S., Walker, D. W., & King, M. A. (2003). Chronic ethanol treatment reduces the magnitude of hippocampal LTD in the adult rat. Synapse, 48, 189–197.PubMed Thinschmidt, J. S., Walker, D. W., & King, M. A. (2003). Chronic ethanol treatment reduces the magnitude of hippocampal LTD in the adult rat. Synapse, 48, 189–197.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Trejo, J. L., Carro, E., & Torres-Aleman, I. (2001). Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 1628–1634.PubMed Trejo, J. L., Carro, E., & Torres-Aleman, I. (2001). Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 1628–1634.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tyler, W. J., & Pozzo-Miller, L. D. (2001). BDNF enhances quantal neurotransmitter release and increases the number of docked vesicles at the active zones of hippocampal excitatory synapses. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 4249–4258.PubMed Tyler, W. J., & Pozzo-Miller, L. D. (2001). BDNF enhances quantal neurotransmitter release and increases the number of docked vesicles at the active zones of hippocampal excitatory synapses. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 4249–4258.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Van Eekelen, J. A., & De Kloet, E. R. (1992). Co-localization of brain corticosteroid receptors in the rat hippocampus. Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 26, 250–258.PubMed Van Eekelen, J. A., & De Kloet, E. R. (1992). Co-localization of brain corticosteroid receptors in the rat hippocampus. Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 26, 250–258.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Van Eekelen, J. A., Jiang, W., De Kloet, E. R., & Bohn, M. C. (1988). Distribution of the mineralocorticoid and the glucocorticoid receptor mRNAs in the rat hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 21, 88–94.PubMed Van Eekelen, J. A., Jiang, W., De Kloet, E. R., & Bohn, M. C. (1988). Distribution of the mineralocorticoid and the glucocorticoid receptor mRNAs in the rat hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 21, 88–94.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat van Praag, H., Christie, B. R., Sejnowski, T. J., & Gage, F. H. (1999). Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 13427–13431.PubMed van Praag, H., Christie, B. R., Sejnowski, T. J., & Gage, F. H. (1999). Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 13427–13431.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat van Praag, H., Schinder, A. F., Christie, B. R., Toni, N., Palmer, T. D., & Gage, F. H. (2002). Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature, 415, 1030–1034.PubMed van Praag, H., Schinder, A. F., Christie, B. R., Toni, N., Palmer, T. D., & Gage, F. H. (2002). Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature, 415, 1030–1034.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat van Praag, H., Shubert, T., Zhao, C., & Gage, F. H. (2005). Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 8680–8685.PubMed van Praag, H., Shubert, T., Zhao, C., & Gage, F. H. (2005). Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 8680–8685.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vasuta, C., Caunt, C., & James, R., et al. (2007). Effects of exercise on NMDA receptor subunit contributions to bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the mouse dentate gyrus. Hippocampus, 17, 1201–1208.PubMed Vasuta, C., Caunt, C., & James, R., et al. (2007). Effects of exercise on NMDA receptor subunit contributions to bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the mouse dentate gyrus. Hippocampus, 17, 1201–1208.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vaynman, S. S., Ying, Z., Yin, D., & Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2006). Exercise differentially regulates synaptic proteins associated to the function of BDNF. Brain Research, 1070, 124–130.PubMed Vaynman, S. S., Ying, Z., Yin, D., & Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2006). Exercise differentially regulates synaptic proteins associated to the function of BDNF. Brain Research, 1070, 124–130.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wadley, V. G., McClure, L. A., Howard, V. J., et al. (2007). Cognitive status, stroke symptom reports, and modifiable risk factors among individuals with no diagnosis of stroke or transient ischemic attack in the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study. Stroke, 38, 1143–1147.PubMed Wadley, V. G., McClure, L. A., Howard, V. J., et al. (2007). Cognitive status, stroke symptom reports, and modifiable risk factors among individuals with no diagnosis of stroke or transient ischemic attack in the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study. Stroke, 38, 1143–1147.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson, W. M., & Marsden, C. A. (1996). In vivo measurement of extracellular serotonin in the ventral hippocampus during treadmill running. Behavioural Pharmacology, 7, 101–104.PubMed Wilson, W. M., & Marsden, C. A. (1996). In vivo measurement of extracellular serotonin in the ventral hippocampus during treadmill running. Behavioural Pharmacology, 7, 101–104.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Woo, N. H., Teng, H. K., Siao, C. J., et al. (2005). Activation of p75NTR by proBDNF facilitates hippocampal long-term depression. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1069–1077.PubMed Woo, N. H., Teng, H. K., Siao, C. J., et al. (2005). Activation of p75NTR by proBDNF facilitates hippocampal long-term depression. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1069–1077.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Xiong, W., Wei, H., Xiang, X., et al. (2004). The effect of acute stress on LTP and LTD induction in the hippocampal CA1 region of anesthetized rats at three different ages. Brain Research, 1005, 187–192.PubMed Xiong, W., Wei, H., Xiang, X., et al. (2004). The effect of acute stress on LTP and LTD induction in the hippocampal CA1 region of anesthetized rats at three different ages. Brain Research, 1005, 187–192.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wu, K., Xu, J. L., Suen, P. C., et al. (1996). Functional TrkB neurotrophin receptors are intrinsic components of the adult brain postsynaptic density. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research, 43, 286–290.PubMed Wu, K., Xu, J. L., Suen, P. C., et al. (1996). Functional TrkB neurotrophin receptors are intrinsic components of the adult brain postsynaptic density. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research, 43, 286–290.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Xiong, W., Yang, Y., Cao, J., et al. (2003). The stress experience dependent long-term depression disassociated with stress effect on spatial memory task. Neuroscience Research, 46, 415–421.PubMed Xiong, W., Yang, Y., Cao, J., et al. (2003). The stress experience dependent long-term depression disassociated with stress effect on spatial memory task. Neuroscience Research, 46, 415–421.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Xu, L., Anwyl, R., & Rowan, M. J. (1997). Behavioural stress facilitates the induction of long-term depression in the hippocampus. Nature, 387, 497–500.PubMed Xu, L., Anwyl, R., & Rowan, M. J. (1997). Behavioural stress facilitates the induction of long-term depression in the hippocampus. Nature, 387, 497–500.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Xu, L., Holscher, C., Anwyl, R., & Rowan, M. J. (1998). Glucocorticoid receptor and protein/RNA synthesis-dependent mechanisms underlie the control of synaptic plasticity by stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 3204–3208.PubMed Xu, L., Holscher, C., Anwyl, R., & Rowan, M. J. (1998). Glucocorticoid receptor and protein/RNA synthesis-dependent mechanisms underlie the control of synaptic plasticity by stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 3204–3208.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Xu, B., Michalski, B., Racine, R. J., & Fahnestock, M. (2004). The effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) administration on kindling induction, Trk expression and seizure-related morphological changes. Neuroscience, 126, 521–531.PubMed Xu, B., Michalski, B., Racine, R. J., & Fahnestock, M. (2004). The effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) administration on kindling induction, Trk expression and seizure-related morphological changes. Neuroscience, 126, 521–531.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yancey, S. L., & Overton, J. M. (1993). Cardiovascular responses to voluntary and treadmill exercise in rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, 75, 1334–1340.PubMed Yancey, S. L., & Overton, J. M. (1993). Cardiovascular responses to voluntary and treadmill exercise in rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, 75, 1334–1340.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou, J., Zhang, F., & Zhang, Y. (2000). Corticosterone inhibits generation of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slice: Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Brain Research, 885, 182–191.PubMed Zhou, J., Zhang, F., & Zhang, Y. (2000). Corticosterone inhibits generation of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slice: Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Brain Research, 885, 182–191.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu, W. J., & Roper, S. N. (2001). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances fast excitatory synaptic transmission in human epileptic dentate gyrus. Annals of Neurology, 50, 188–194.PubMed Zhu, W. J., & Roper, S. N. (2001). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances fast excitatory synaptic transmission in human epileptic dentate gyrus. Annals of Neurology, 50, 188–194.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Exercising Our Brains: How Physical Activity Impacts Synaptic Plasticity in the Dentate Gyrus
verfasst von
Brian R. Christie
Brennan D. Eadie
Timal S. Kannangara
Julie M. Robillard
James Shin
Andrea K. Titterness
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2008
Verlag
Humana Press Inc
Erschienen in
NeuroMolecular Medicine / Ausgabe 2/2008
Print ISSN: 1535-1084
Elektronische ISSN: 1559-1174
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-008-8033-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2008

NeuroMolecular Medicine 2/2008 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Frühe Alzheimertherapie lohnt sich

25.04.2024 AAN-Jahrestagung 2024 Nachrichten

Ist die Tau-Last noch gering, scheint der Vorteil von Lecanemab besonders groß zu sein. Und beginnen Erkrankte verzögert mit der Behandlung, erreichen sie nicht mehr die kognitive Leistung wie bei einem früheren Start. Darauf deuten neue Analysen der Phase-3-Studie Clarity AD.

Viel Bewegung in der Parkinsonforschung

25.04.2024 Parkinson-Krankheit Nachrichten

Neue arznei- und zellbasierte Ansätze, Frühdiagnose mit Bewegungssensoren, Rückenmarkstimulation gegen Gehblockaden – in der Parkinsonforschung tut sich einiges. Auf dem Deutschen Parkinsonkongress ging es auch viel um technische Innovationen.

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.