Introduction
Methods
Data Sources and Searches
Study Selection
Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
Outcomes of Interest
Definition of AP Severity, Complications and Pancreatic Intervention
Data Synthesis and Statistical Analysis
Results
Characteristics of Included Studies
Study | Year | Country | Follow-up design | Single or multicenter | Index hospitalization period of source cohort | Study AP populationa | Type of comparison | Follow-up time (months)b | Quality score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Braganza et al. | 1973 | UK | Prospective cohort | Single | NR | NR | None | > 3 | NOS, 6 |
Seligson et al. | 1982 | Sweden | Prospective cohort | Single | 1969–1978 | Severec | None | 59 (18–108) | NOS, 5 |
Mitchell et al. | 1983 | UK | Prospective cohort | Single | NR | All severity | Index admission versus follow-up; mild versus severe; biliary versus alcohol | Index admission, 2–12 | NOS, 6 |
Angelini et al. | 1984 | Italy | Prospective cohort | Single | NR | Severec | Biliary versus alcohol | 13–36 | NOS, 5 |
Arenas et al. | 1986 | Spain | Prospective cohort | Singe | NR | All severity | Index admission versus follow-up; biliary versus alcohol | Index admission, 1 | NOS, 4 |
Büchler et al. | 1987 | Germany | Prospective cohort | Single | 1981 to 1985 | All severity | Edematous versus necrotizing; biliary versus alcohol | 2–12, 13–40 | NOS, 6 |
Garnacho Montero et al. | 1989 | Spain | Prospective cohort | Single | NR | All severity; biliary and alcohol | Index admission versus follow-up; biliary versus alcohol | Index admission, 3–12 | NOS, 6 |
Airely et al. | 1991 | UK | Prospective RCT | Single | NR | Mildc | Index admission versus follow-up; placebo versus PERT | Index admission, 1.5 | Jadad, 3 |
Glasbrenner et al. | 1992 | Germany | Prospective cohort | Single | NR | Mildc | Index admission versus follow-up; biliary versus alcohol | Index admission, 1.5 | NOS, 5 |
Bozkurt et al. | 1995 | Germany | Prospective cohort | Single | NR | IPN | None | 3–12, 18 | NOS, 5 |
Seidensticker et al. | 1995 | Germany | Prospective cohort | Single | 1976 to 1992 | All severity | Biliary versus alcohol | < 12, 12–60, > 60 | NOS, 5 |
Malecka-Panas et al. (a) | 1996 | Poland | Prospective cohort | Single | NR | Severec; alcohol | None | 48–84 | NOS, 4 |
Malecka-Panas et al. (b) | 1996 | Poland | Prospective cohort | Single | NR | All severity; biliary | None | 6–12; 36–60 | NOS, 4 |
John et al. | 1997 | South Africa | Prospective consecutive cohort | Single | NR | All severity | None | 9 (2–16) | NOS, 4 |
Tsiotos et al. | 1998 | USA | Prospective cohort | Single | 1983 to 1995 | IPN | None | 48 (3–132) | NOS, 5 |
Appelros et al. | 2001 | Sweden | Prospective cohort | Single | 1985 and 1994 | Severec | None | 84 (24–144) | NOS, 4 |
Ibars et al. | 2002 | Spain | Prospective cohort | Single | July 1994 to December 1995 | All severity; biliary | Mild versus severe | 6–12 | NOS, 6 |
Boreham et al. | 2003 | UK | Prospective cohort | Single | December 2000 to November 2001 | All severity | Index admission versus follow-up; mild versus severe | Index admission, 3 | NOS, 7 |
Napolitano et al. | 2003 | Italy | Prospective cohort | Single | NR | Mildc; biliary | None | 48 | NOS, 7 |
Sabater et al. | 2004 | Spain | Prospective cohort | Single | 1994 to 1998 | Severe (included a proportion of IPN)c; biliary | Conservative versus necrosectomy | 12 | NOS, 8 |
Migliori et al. | 2004 | Italy | Prospective cohort | Single | NR | All severity; biliary and alcohol | Edematous versus necrotizing; biliary versus alcohol | 18 | NOS, 6 |
Bavare et al. | 2004 | India | Prospective consecutive cohort | Single | January 2001 to June 2003 | IPN | Index admission versus follow-up | Index admission, 6–12, 13–18 | NOS, 5 |
Symersky et al. | 2006 | Netherlands | Prospective cohort | Single | 1990 to 1996 | All severity; nonalcoholic | Mild versus severe | 55 (12–90) | NOS, 4 |
Reszetow et al. | 2007 | Poland | Prospective consecutive cohort | Single | January 1993 to December 1999 | IPN; biliary and alcohol | Biliary versus alcohol; female versus male | 61 (24–96) | NOS, 5 |
Reddy et al. | 2007 | India | Prospective consecutive cohort | Single | 1996 to 1998 | IPN | Biliary versus alcohol; female versus male | 22 (15–36) | NOS, 5 |
Pelli et al. | 2009 | Finland | Prospective cohort | Single | January 2001 to February 2004 | All severity, alcoholic | Index admission versus follow-up; mild versus severe | Index admission, 24 | NOS, 5 |
Pezzilli et al. | 2009 | Italy | Prospective consecutive cohort | Single | January 2006 to December 2006 | All severity | Mild versus severe; biliary versus alcohol; female versus male | Index admission | NOS, 3 |
Gupta et al. | 2009 | India | Prospective cohort | Single | July 2005 to December 2006 (and prior to 2005) | Severe (included a proportion of IPN)c | Conservative versus necrosectomy | 31 (7–118) | NOS, 4 |
Uomo et al. | 2010 | Italy | Prospective consecutive cohort | Single | January 1994 to December 2006 | Severec | None | 180 (156–203) | NOS, 6 |
Andersson et al. | 2010 | Sweden | Prospective cohort | Single | 2001–2005 | All severity | Mild versus severe | 42 (36–53) | NOS, 8 |
Xu et al. | 2012 | China | Prospective consecutive cohort | Single | 2003 to 2008 | All severity | Mild versus severe | 29 | NOS, 7 |
Garip et al. | 2013 | Turkey | Prospective consecutive cohort | Single | March 2003 to October 2007 | All severity | Mild versus severe; edematous versus necrotizing | 32 (6–48) | NOS, 6 |
Kahl et al. | 2014 | Germany | Prospective RCT | Multicenter | NR | All severity | Placebo versus PERT | Index admission | Jadad, 4 |
Vujasinovic et al. | 2014 | Slovenia | Prospective cohort | Multicenter | NR | All severity | Mild versus severe (mild versus moderate versus severed); biliary versus alcohol; female versus male | 32 | NOS, 5 |
Winter Gasparoto et al. | 2015 | Brazil | Prospective consecutive cohort | Single | January 2002 to April 2012 | Severec | None | 35 (12–90) | NOS, 4 |
Chandrasekaran et al. | 2015 | India | Prospective cohort | Single | July 2009 to December 2010 | Severe (included a proportion of IPN)c | Conservative versus necrosectomy | 26 ± 18 | NOS, 8 |
Ermolov et al. | 2016 | Russia | Prospective cohort | Single | 2003 to 2012 | Severe (included a proportion of IPN)c | Conservative versus necrosectomy | 102 ± 36 | NOS, 6 |
Nikkola et al. | 2017 | Finland | Prospective cohort | Single | January 2001 to February 2005 | All severity; alcoholic | Mild versus severed | 126 (37–155) | NOS, 5 |
Koziel et al. | 2017 | Poland | Prospective cohort | Single | 2011 and 2012 | Mild and severe | Mild versus severe (mild versus moderate to severed); biliary versus alcohol | 14 ± 4 | NOS, 8 |
Tu et al. | 2017 | China | Prospective cohort | Single | January 2016 to April 2016 | All severity (included a proportion of IPN) | Mild versus moderate versus severed | 43 ± 4 | NOS, 5 |
van Brunschot et al. | 2018 | Netherland | Prospective RCT | Multicenter | September 2011 to January 2015 | Infected pancreatic necrosis | Endoscopic versus surgical step up approach | 6 | Jadad, 5 |
Characteristics of Included Patients
Study | Patients enrolled (analyzed for EPI) | Age, yeara | Male, n (%) | Biliary | Alcoholic | Others | First AP episode | Severity criteria | Severity status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Braganza et al. | 12 (12) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Seligson et al. | 10 (10) | 54 ± 12 | 8 (80) | 2 | 7 | 1 | NR | Necrotizing AP | 10 severe |
Mitchell et al. | 30 (30) | 22–89 | 15 (50) | 13 | 6 | 11 | NR | Clinical complication | 25 mild, 5 severe |
Angelini et al. | 27 (20)b | NR | 24 (89)b | 14b | 10b | 3b | NR | Necrotizing AP | 27 severe |
Arenas et al. | 26 (26) | 24–82 | 9 (35) | 16 | 4 | 7 | NR | NR | NR |
Büchler et al. | 79 (79) | 46 | 48 (61) | 28 | 37 | 14 | Partiallyc | Necrotizing AP | 27 edematous, 32 minor necrotizing, 20 major necrotizing |
Garnacho Montero et al. | 19 (19) | 23–75 | 9 (47) | 11 | 8 | 0 | NR | NR | NR |
Airey et al. | 59 (41) | 62 (30–82) | 19 (46) | 30 | 6 | 5 | All | Local or systemic complication | 41 mild, 0 severe |
Glasbrenner et al. | 29 (29) | 37 (22–68) | 17 (59) | 15 | 14 | 0 | All | Pancreatic necrosis and CRP > 120 mg/l | Mean ranson score 1.6 |
Bozkurt et al. | 89 (53)b | 21–83b | 59 (66)b | 21b | 56b | 12b | All | IPN | 53 IPN |
Seidensticker et al. | 38 (38) | 41 ± 14 | 25 (66) | 8 | 16 | 14 | All | Ranson score > 3 | 21 ranson score ≤ 3, 4 ranson score > 3 |
Malecka-Panas et al. (a) | 47 (47) | 44 ± 10 | 33 (70) | 47 | 0 | 0 | All | Imrie criteria 3–4 | 47 severe |
Malecka-Panas et al. (b) | 30 (30) | 53 ± 17 | 8 (27) | 30 | 0 | 0 | Partially (70%) | Imrie criteria ≥ 3 | NR |
John et al. | 50 (50) | 39 | 38 (76) | 5 | 42 | 3 | NR | OAC | NR |
Tsiotos et al. | 72 (44) | 58 (20–93) | 33 (75) | 17 | 5 | 22 | NR | IPN | 44 IPN |
Appelros et al. | 79 (26) | 60 (27–92)b | 52 (66)b | 19b | 30b | 30b | Partially (87%) | OAC | 79 severeb |
Ibars et al. | 63 (61) | 62 ± 14b | 17 (27)b | 63b | 0b | 0b | All | OAC and area of necrosis | 45 mild, 18 severe; 6 necrosis 30–50%, 3 necrosis ≥ 50%b |
Boreham et al. | 23 (23) | 55 (21–77) | 13 (57) | 15 | 5 | 3 | All | OAC | 16 mild, 7 severe |
Napolitano et al. | 35 (35) | NR | NR | 35 | 0 | 0 | NR | NR | NR |
Sabater et al. | 39 (27) | No surgery: 61 ± 14; necrosectomy: 64 ± 11 | 12 (44.4) | 27 | 0 | 0 | NR | OAC; IPN | 27 severe (11 necrosis ≥ 50%); 12 IPN, 15 sterile necrosis |
Migliori et al. | 75 (75) | 46 (17–80) | 57 (76) | 39 | 36 | 0 | All | Necrotizing AP | 42 edematous, 33 necrotizing |
Bavare et al. | 18 (18) | 36 (25–47) | 18 (100) | 4 | 10 | 4 | All | IPN | 18 IPN |
Symersky et al. | 34 (34) | 53 ± 3 | 16 (47) | 26 | 0 | 8 | All | OAC | 22 mild, 12 severe |
Reszetow et al. | 28 (28) | 48 ± 10 | 20 (71) | 10 | 18 | 0 | All | IPN | 28 IPN (26 APACHE II > 8) |
Reddy et al. | 10 (10) | 35 (22–47) | 8 (80) | 4 | 6 | 0 | NR | IPN | IPN (5 necrosis < 50%, 4 necrosis ≥ 50%, 1 unspecified) |
Pelli et al. | 54 (54) | 49 (25–71) | 47 (87) | 54 | 0 | 0 | All | OAC | 41 mild, 13 severe |
Pezzilli et al. | 75 (75) | 62 (20–94) | 37 (49) | 61 | 1 | 13 | All | OAC | 60 mild, 15 severe |
Gupta et al. | 30 (30) | 38 ± 2 | 24 (80) | 12 | 13 | 5 | All | OAC; IPN | 22 IPN, 8 sterile necrosis |
Uomo et al. | 65 (40) | 48±18 | 17 (42.5) | 28 | 0 | 12 | NR | NR | 25 necrosis < 50%, 15 necrosis ≥ 50% |
Andersson et al. | 40 (40) | 61 (48–68) | 16 (40) | 20 | 10 | 10 | NR | OAC | 26 mild (3 APACHE II ≥ 8), 14 severe (9 APACHE II ≥ 8) |
Xu et al. | 65 (65) | 59 (27–82) | 33 (51) | 50 | 7 | 8 | All | OAC | Mild 27, severe 38 |
Garip et al. | 109 (109) | 57 ± 16 | 58 (53) | 72 | 9 | 28 | NR | APACHE II ≥ 8 | 39 severe (APACHE II ≥ 8), 70 mild (APACHE II < 8); necrosis 30 |
Kahl et al. | 56 (55) | 51 (23–81) | 34 (62) | NR | NR | NR | NR | APACHE II ≥ 4; CRP > 120 mg/L | Placebo: APACHE II 5.1 ± 3.2, CRP 172 ± 108 mg/l; PERT: APACHE II 5.3 ± 2.9, CRP 176 ± 79 mg/l |
Vujasinovic et al. | 100 (100) | 58 ± 12 | 65 (65) | 36 | 42 | 22 | Partially (75%) | RAC | 67 mild, 15 moderate, 18 severe |
Winter Gasparoto et al. | 16 (16) | 48 ± 13 | 9 (56) | 10 | 4 | 0 | Yes | APACHE II ≥ 8 or 12 CRP ≥ 150 mg/l | 4 APACHE II ≥ 8, 12 CRP ≥ 150 mg/l; 9 necrosis < 30%, 4 30–50%, 3 ≥ 50% |
Chandrasekaran et al. | 35 (35) | 37 ± 10 | 30 (86) | 11 | 19 | 5 | NR | OAC; IPN | 35 severe (1 necrosis < 30%, 7 30–50%, 27 ≥ 50%; 15 APACHE II < 8, 20 APACHE II > 8); 21 IPN, 14 sterile necrosis |
Ermolov et al. | 210 (80)b | 55 ± 13b | 144 (69)b | NR | NR | NR | NR | OAC; IPN | Severe 210b; 34 IPN |
Nikkola et al. | 77 (45) | 48 (25–71) | 69 (90) | 45 | 0 | 0 | All | RAC | 53 mild, 20 moderate, 4 severe |
Koziel et al. | 150 (150) | 53 ± 15 | 94 (63) | 64 | 46 | 40 | NR | RAC | 51 mild, 99 severe |
Tu et al. | 113 (113) | 47 ± 1 | 75 (66) | 65 | 3 | 45 | Partially (83%) | RAC; IPN | 10 mild, 12 moderate, 91 severe (73 IPN) |
van Brunschot et al. | 98 (83) | 62 ± 13 | 63 (64) | 56 (57) | 14 (14) | 28 (29) | NR | RAC | 55 moderate, 43 severe |
Pancreatic Function During Admission and Follow-Up
Study | Patients enrolled (analyzed for EPI) | Pre-existing DM (%) | Pancreatic intervention (%)a | EPI diagnostic criteria | EPI (%)b | Use of PERT | RAP (%) | New prediabetes and/or DM (%) | Pancreatic morphology changes (%) | Health status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Braganza et al. | 12 (12) | NR | 0 (0) | SCT < lower reference rangec | 1 (0.8) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Seligson et al. | 10 (10) | 1 (10) | NR | Lundh meal test < lower reference ranged | 7 (70) | 2 (20) | NR | 5 (50) | 6 (60) | NR |
Mitchell et al. | 30 (30) | NR | 0 (0) | NBT-PABA test with urinary PABA recovery < 57% | 7/15 (47); Index admission: 30 (100) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Angelini et al. | 27 (20) | NR | 27 (100)e | SCT < lower reference rangec | 8/20 (40) | NR | NR | 12 (44)e | 13 (48)e | NR |
Arenas et al. | 26 (26) | NR | NR | NBT-PABA test with urinary PABA recovery < 45% | 2/11 (18) Index admission: 12 (46) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Büchler et al. | 79 (79) | NR | 52 (65.8) | SCT < lower reference rangec; urine or serum fluorescein-dilaurate test < lower reference range (NR) | 42 (53) | NR | NR | 19 (24) | 34 (43) | NR |
Garnacho Montero et al. | 19 (19) | NR | NR | NBT-PABA test with urinary PABA recovery < 45% | 8 (42); Index admission: 19 (100) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Airey et al. | 59 (41) | NR | 0 (0) | NBT-PABA test with urinary PABA recovery < 55% | 29 (71); Index admission: 26 (63) | 20 (49)f | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Glasbrenner et al. | 29 (29) | NR | 0 (0) | Fluorescein dilaurate test with peak serum fluorescein < 4.5 µg/ml; fecal chymotrypsin < 3 U/g | Index admission: 23 (79) | 0 (0) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Bozkurt et al. | 89 (53) | NR | 42 (47)d | Lundh meal test < lower reference ranged | 45 (85) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Seidensticker et al. | 38 (38) | NR | 1 (3) | SCT < lower reference rangec | 5 (13) | NR | 0 (0) | NR | 7 (18) | NR |
Malecka-Panas et al. (a) | 47 (47) | NR | 0 (0) | SCT < lower reference rangec | 30 (64) | 6 (13) | NR | 14 (30) | 30 (64) | NR |
Malecka-Panas et al. (b) | 30 (30) | NR | NR | SCT < lower reference rangec | 19 (63) | NR | NR | NR | 4 (13) | NR |
John et al. | 50 (36) | NR | NR | Fecal chymotrypsin level < 3 U/g | 11 (31) | NR | NR | NR | 9 (18) | NR |
Tsiotos et al. | 72 (44) | NR | 44 (100) | FFE > 7 g/d with or without fecal weight > 20% | 11 (25) | 11 (25) | 2 (5) | 16 (36) | NR | ECOG score |
Appelros et al. | 79 (26) | 1 (1) | 31 (39) | Pathologic triolein breath test (1 point) with weight loss > 10% (1 point), low level of serum amylase (1 point), low fat diet to avoid diarrhea (1 point); ≥ 2 | 18 (69) | NR | 12 (34) | 19 (73) | NR | Working capacity |
Ibars et al. | 63 (61) | NR | 0 (0) | FFE > 7 g/d; SCT < lower reference rangec; urinary pancreolauryl test < 25%; fecal chymotrypsin < 3 U/g | 2 (3) | NR | NR | 13 (21) | NR | NR |
Boreham et al. | 23 (23) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | FE-1 < 200 µg/gg | 6 (26); Index admission: 8 (35) | NR | NR | 4 (17) | NR | NR |
Napolitano et al. | 35 (35) | NR | 0 (0) | FE-1 < 200 µg/g | 4 (11) | NR | NR | 2 (6) | NR | NR |
Sabater et al. | 39 (27) | NR | 12 (44) | FFE > 7 g/d for 3 days; fecal chymotrypsin < 6 U/g; SCT < lower reference rangec | 9 (33) | NR | NR | 13 (48) | NR | NR |
Migliori et al. | 75 (75) | NR | 0 (0) | SCT with bicarbonate < 15 mmol, lipase < 150 U × 103; chymotrypsin < 160 U × 102; AACT < 14% | 41 (55) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Bavare et al. | 18 (18) | NR | 18 (100) | FFE > 7 g/d with or without steatorrhea and use of PERT | 9 (50); index admission: 13 (72) | 2 (11) | 3 (17) | 13 (72) | 16 (89) | Back to work |
Symersky et al. | 34 (34) | NR | 6 (18) | FFE > 7 g/d for 2 days; NBT-PABA test with urinary PABA < 50% | 22 (65) | 10 (29) | 0 (0) | 12 (35) | NR | GIQLI |
Reszetow et al. | 28 (28) | 0 (0) | 28 (100) | FE-1 < 200 µg/gg | 4 (14) | NR | NR | 22 (79) | 12 (42) | Core FACIT scale |
Reddy et al. | 10 (10) | 0 (0) | 10 (100) | FFE > 7 g/d | 8 (80) | NR | NR | 5 (50) | 7 (70) | Back to work |
Pelli et al. | 54 (54) | 8 (15) | NR | FE-1 < 200 µg/g with or without plasma fat-soluble vitamin A < 1 µmol/l or vitamin E < 12 µmol/l | 5 (9); index admission 21 (39) | NR | 10 (19) | 17 (37) | 18 (51) | NR |
Pezzilli et al. | 75 (75) | 0 (0) | 5 (7) | FE-1 < 200 µg/gg | Index admission: 9 (12) | 0 (0) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Gupta et al. | 30 (30) | 0 (0) | 25 (83) | FFE > 7 g/d; urinary d-xylose excretion < 20% | 12 (40) | 4 (13) | 12 (40) | 12 (40) | 13 (43) | NR |
Uomo et al. | 65 (40) | 2 (5) | 19 (48) | Serum pancreoauryl test < 4.5 µg/ml; FE-1 < 200 µg/g | 9 (23) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (16) | 2 (5) | NR |
Andersson et al. | 40 (40) | 1 (2.5) | 4 (10) | FE-1 < 200 µg/g | 1 (3) | 3 (8) | NR | 22 (55) | NR | SF-36 |
Xu et al. | 65 (65) | 0 (0) | 5 (8) | FE-1 < 200 µg/gg | 38 (59) | 33 (51) | NR | NR | 20 (31) | NR |
Garip et al. | 109 (109) | 13 (12) | 5 (5) | FE-1 < 200 µg/gg | 15 (14) | NR | NR | 33 (30) | NR | NR |
Kahl et al. | 56 (56) | NR | NR | FE-1 < 200 µg/g | Index admission: 20 (36) | 26 (46)f | NR | NR | NR | FACT-Pa |
Vujasinovic et al. | 100 (100) | NR | NR | FE-1 < 200 µg/gg with measuring serum iron, magnesium, folic acid and vitamins A, D, E and B12 | 21 (21) | NR | 25 (25) | 14 (14) | NR | NR |
Winter Gasparoto et al. | 16 (16) | 0 (0) | 5 (31) | FFE with positive Sudan stain | 1 (6) | 1 (6) | NR | 12 (75) | 2 (13) | SF-36 |
Chandrasekaran et al. | 35 (35) | 0 (0) | 21 (60) | FFE > 7 g/d | 14 (40) | 21 (60) | 3 (8.6) | 17 (48.6) | NR | NR |
Ermolov et al. | 210 (80) | NR | 136 (65)e | FE-1 < 200 µg/gg | 28 (35) | NR | 58 (28) | 62 (30) | 12 (15) | GIQLI |
Nikkola et al. | 77 (45) | 5 (7)e | 0 (0) | FE-1 < 200 µg/g | 11 (24) | NR | 27 (35)e | 20 (26)e | 9 (12)e | NR |
Koziel et al. | 150 (150) | 17 (11) | 18 (12) | FE-1 < 200 µg/gg | 21 (14) | NR | 44 (29) | 18 (14) | 58 (39) | SF-36 |
Tu et al. | 113 (113) | 0 (0) | 73 (65) | FE-1 < 200 µg/gg | 40 (35) | NR | NR | 67 (59) | NR | NR |
van Brunschot et al. | 98 (83) | 18 (18) | 98 (100) | FE-1 < 200 µg/gg | 41 (49) | 29 (35) | NR | 19 (23) | NR | NR |
Results of the Meta-Analysis
Variable | No. of studies | No. of patients | No. of EPI | Effect estimate | Heterogeneity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pool prevalence, % (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P value | ||||
Overall during index admission | 10 | 370 | 183 | 62 (39–82) | 95 | < 0.0001 |
Index admission versus follow-upa | ||||||
Index admission | 8 | 240 | 154 | 71 (50–89) | 92 | < 0.0001 |
Follow-up | 8 | 210 | 69 | 33 (17–53) | 88 | < 0.0001 |
Mild versus severe (OAC) | ||||||
Mild | 3 | 101 | 34 | 46 (0–99) | 98 | < 0.0001 |
Severe | 3 | 27 | 13 | 66 (11–99) | 90 | < 0.0001 |
Biliary versus alcohol | ||||||
Biliary etiology | 5 | 116 | 51 | 72 (26–99) | 96 | < 0.0001 |
Alcohol etiology | 6 | 87 | 50 | 87 (71–97) | 26 | 0.248 |
Overall at follow-up | 39 | 1795 | 618 | 35 (27–43) | 91 | < 0.0001 |
Mild versus severe (OAC) | ||||||
Mild | 13 | 467 | 100 | 21 (11–33) | 89 | < 0.0001 |
Severe | 23 | 847 | 345 | 42 (33–52) | 86 | < 0.0001 |
Mild versus moderate to severe (RAC) | ||||||
Mild | 4 | 160 | 24 | 16 (10–23) | 23 | 0.275 |
Moderate | 2 | 27 | 7 | 27 (13–45) | 0 | 0.453 |
Severe | 3 | 208 | 58 | 30 (15–47) | 82 | 0.004 |
Biliary versus alcohol | ||||||
Biliary etiology | 15 | 335 | 72 | 22 (12–33) | 81 | < 0.0001 |
Alcohol etiology | 14 | 388 | 155 | 44 (27–60) | 91 | < 0.0001 |
Other etiologies | 3 | 72 | 13 | 19 (11–29) | 0 | 0.726 |
Female versus male | ||||||
Female | 3 | 45 | 6 | 23 (1–64) | 79 | 0.01 |
Male | 5 | 119 | 45 | 48 (26–71) | 82 | 0.0003 |
Edematous versus necrotizing versus IPN | ||||||
Edematous | 8 | 261 | 54 | 24 (14–36) | 77 | < 0.0001 |
Necrotizing | 15 | 538 | 244 | 47 (36–58) | 84 | < 0.0001 |
IPN | 11 | 398 | 188 | 48 (35–62) | 86 | < 0.0001 |
Necrosis < 50% versus necrosis ≥ 50% | ||||||
< 50% | 6 | 121 | 49 | 41 (17–68) | 86 | < 0.0001 |
≥ 50% | 6 | 81 | 45 | 58 (34–79) | 76 | 0.001 |
Head versus body and/or tail | ||||||
Head | 3 | 20 | 8 | 41 (22–62) | 0 | 0.661 |
Body/tail | 3 | 79 | 27 | 34 (11–61) | 70 | 0.036 |
Conservative versus necrosectomy | ||||||
Conservative | 4 | 74 | 16 | 23 (12–35) | 24 | 0.267 |
Necrosectomy | 9 | 183 | 73 | 48 (32–63) | 77 | < 0.0001 |
Recurrent AP | 13 | 937 | 188 | 24 (17–31) | 82 | < 0.0001 |
Prediabetic and/or DM versus EPIb | ||||||
Prediabetes and/or DM | 27 | 1454 | 494 | 38 (31–45) | 87 | < 0.0001 |
EPI | 27 | 1357 | 409 | 32 (24–40) | 90 | < 0.0001 |
Pancreatic morphologic changes | 18 | 810 | 272 | 36 (27–45) | 87 | < 0.0001 |