Background
The association between depressive symptoms and relative deprivation
The measurements of relative deprivation
The objective and subjective relative deprivation
Potential moderating effect of perceived social support
Methods
Sampling and procedure
Ethical approval
Measurements
Outcome (depression)
Indicator (relative deprivation)
Potential moderator (perceived social support)
Control variables
Analysis
Results
Description of demographic characteristics
Variable | Total (n = 914) M ± SD/f (%) | No Depression (n = 390) M ± SD/f (%) | Depression (n = 524) M ± SD/f (%) | t/χ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
RD in psychological strain | 25.86 ± 8.01 | 21.95 ± 7.01 | 28.78 ± 7.46 | −14.017*** |
Social support | 62.05 ± 9.90 | 66.98 ± 7.21 | 58.37 ± 10.04 | 14.386*** |
RD in income | 18.23 ± 3.28 | 17.43 ± 3.04 | 18.83 ± 3.34 | −6.508*** |
Ln (monthly-income) | 9.06 ± 0.50 | 9.16 ± 0.49 | 8.99 ± 0.49 | 5.084*** |
ISEI | 54.06 ± 14.28 | 54.27 ± 13.44 | 53.91 ± 14.88 | 0.384 |
Sex | 0.346 | |||
Female | 442(48.36) | 193(43.67) | 249(56.33) | |
Male | 472(51.64) | 197(41.74) | 275(58.26) | |
Age | 2.012 | |||
17–29 | 333(36.43) | 132(39.64) | 201(60.36) | |
30–39 | 414(45.30) | 185(44.69) | 229(55.31) | |
40–59 | 167(18.27) | 73(43.71) | 94(56.29) | |
Marital | 4.311 | |||
Single | 216(23.63) | 91(42.13) | 125(57.87) | |
Married | 625(68.38) | 276(44.16) | 349(55.84) | |
Others | 73(7.99) | 23(31.51) | 50(68.49) | |
Education | 4.815* | |||
College and below | 486(53.17) | 191(39.30) | 295(60.70) | |
Bachelor and above | 428(46.83) | 199(46.50) | 229(53.50) | |
Residence | 24.830*** | |||
Rural | 146(15.97) | 35(23.97) | 111(76.03) | |
Urban | 768(84.03) | 355(46.22) | 413(53.78) |
Correlation analysis
Variables | Depression | RD in psychological strain | Social support | RD in Income | Ln (monthly-income) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | 1 | ||||
RD in psychological strain | 0.534*** | 1 | |||
Social support | −0.474*** | −0.317*** | 1 | ||
RD in Income | 0.224*** | 0.253*** | − 0.457*** | 1 | |
Ln (monthly-income) | −0.199*** | − 0.312*** | 0.240*** | − 0.112** | 1 |
Robust regression model
Variable | Depression | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model1 | Model2 | Model3 | Model4 | Model5 | ||||||
β (S.E.) | P | β (S.E.) | P | β (S.E.) | P | β (S.E.) | P | β (S.E.) | P | |
RD in psychological strain | 0.690 (0.039) | < 0.001 | 0.569 (0.038) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Perceived social support | −0.500 (0.035) | < 0.001 | −0.400 (0.033) | < 0.001 | ||||||
RD in income | 0.771 (0.101) | < 0.001 | 0.189 (0.100) | 0.061 | −0.042 (0.094) | 0.655 | ||||
Ln (monthly-income) | −4.226 (0.753) | < 0.001 | −3.729 (0.728) | < 0.001 | −0.791 (0.679) | 0.244 | −2.088 (0.653) | 0.001 | −0.133 (0.623) | 0.831 |
ISEI | 0.054 (0.025) | 0.034 | 0.044 (0.024) | 0.069 | 0.056 (0.022) | 0.011 | 0.025 (0.021) | 0.239 | 0.045 (0.020) | 0.025 |
Sex (Female) | ||||||||||
Male | 1.150 (0.726) | 0.113 | 0.756 (0.699) | 0.280 | −0.377 (0.632) | 0.551 | 0.564 (0.621) | 0.364 | −0.343 (0.577) | 0.552 |
Age (40–59) | ||||||||||
17–29 | 1.086 (1.118) | 0.332 | 1.920 (1.084) | 0.077 | 2.091 (0.970) | 0.031 | 2.769 (0.966) | 0.004 | 3.585 (0.895) | < 0.001 |
30–39 | −0.175 (0.981) | 0.858 | 0.368 (0.949) | 0.698 | 0.457 (0.852) | 0.591 | 0.619 (0.842) | 0.462 | 1.331 (0.782) | 0.089 |
Marital (Others) | ||||||||||
Single | −5.812 (1.421) | < 0.001 | −5.361 (1.366) | < 0.001 | −5.766 (1.231) | < 0.001 | −3.159 (1.212) | 0.009 | −4.441 (1.122) | < 0.001 |
Married | −4.963 (1.317) | < 0.001 | − 4.379 (1.267) | 0.001 | − 4.361 (1.141) | < 0.001 | −0.870 (1.136) | 0.444 | −1.968 (1.049) | 0.061 |
Education (College and below) | ||||||||||
Bachelor and above | −0.902 (0.726) | 0.214 | −0.920 (0.698) | 0.188 | −0.475 (0.629) | 0.450 | 0.052 (0.620) | 0.933 | 0.015 (0.574) | 0.979 |
Residence (Rural) | ||||||||||
Urban | −5.949 (0.970) | < 0.001 | − 5.912 (0.933) | < 0.001 | −4.098 (0.844) | < 0.001 | − 4.448 (0.831) | < 0.001 | −3.352 (0.770) | < 0.001 |
RD in income # perceived social support | −0.020 (0.008) | 0.012 | ||||||||
RD in Psychological strain # perceived social support | −0.008 (0.003) | 0.016 | ||||||||
Constant | 8.349 (1.854) | < 0.001 | 7.421 (1.784) | < 0.001 | 6.675 (1.609) | < 0.001 | 2.245 (1.607) | 0.163 | 2.784 (1.483) | 0.061 |
R2 | 0.112 (F = 12.72, P < 0.001) | 0.162 (F = 17.53, P < 0.001) | 0.329 (F = 44.45, P < 0.001) | 0.323 (F = 35.84, P < 0.001) | 0.435 (F = 53.39, P < 0.001) |