nach oben

Virchows Archiv

Erschienen in:

17.04.2017 | Invited Annual Review Issue

HPV-related carcinomas of the head and neck: morphologic features, variants, and practical considerations for the surgical pathologist

verfasst von: Todd M. Stevens, Justin A. Bishop

Erschienen in: Virchows Archiv | Ausgabe 2/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is a distinct tumor entity with clinical, epidemiologic, genetic, histologic, prognostic, and treatment differences from smoking- and alcohol-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. This is now well known by the pathology and medical community. What is not yet widely known is that several emerging variants of HPV-related carcinoma of the head and neck exist apart from the prototypical non-keratinizing morphology. Further, there is currently considerable variation in methodologies used and clinical scenarios in which to test for HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and no standard approach has emerged. In this article, we will review the morphology of prototypical HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and other HPV-related variants of head and neck carcinoma with an emphasis on their differential diagnosis, grade, and prognosis, as well as outline the current best practices for testing for HPV in head and neck carcinomas.

Bishop JA, Ogawa T, Stelow EB, Moskaluk CA, Koch WM, Pai SI, Westra WH (2013) Human papillomavirus-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic-like features. Am J Surg Pathol 37(6):836–844. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31827b1cd6 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bishop JA, Guo TW, Smith DF, Wang H, Ogawa T, Pai SI, Westra WH (2013) Human papillomavirus-related carcinomas of the sinonasal tract. Am J Surg Pathol 37(2):185–192. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182698673 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

El-Mofty SK (2012) Human papillomavirus-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma variants. Semin Diagn Pathol 32(1):23–31. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2015.02.022 CrossRef

Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, Weber R, Rosenthal DI, Nguyen-Tân PF, Westra WH, Chung CH, Jordan RC, Lu C, Kim H, Axelrod R, Silverman CC, Redmond KP, Gillison ML (2010) Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 363(1):24–35. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0912217 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kimple RJ, Smith MA, Blitzer GC, Torres AD, Martin JA, Yang RZ, Peet CR, Lorenz LD, Nickel KP, Klingelhutz AJ, Lambert PF, Harari PM (2013) Enhanced radiation sensitivity in HPV-positive head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 73(15):4791–4800. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-0587 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Westra WH (2012) The morphologic profile of HPV-related head and neck squamous carcinoma: implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management. Head Neck Pathol 6(Suppl 1):48–54. doi:10.1007/s12105-012-0371-6 CrossRefPubMedCentral

Westra WH (2015) The pathology of HPV-related head and neck cancer: implications for the diagnostic pathologist. Semin Diagn Pathol 32(1):42–53. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2015.02.023 CrossRefPubMed

Kang H, Kiess A, Chung CH (2014) Emerging biomarkers in head and neck cancer in the era of genomics. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 12(1):11–26. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.192 CrossRefPubMed

Singhi AD, Califano J, Westra WH (2012) High-risk human papillomavirus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 34(2):213–218. doi:10.1002/hed.21714 CrossRefPubMed

10.

Lingen MW, Xiao W, Schmitt A, Jiang B, Pickard R, Kreinbrink P, Perez-Ordonez B, Jordan RC, Gillison ML (2013) Low etiologic fraction for high-risk human papillomavirus in oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 49(1):1–8. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.07.002 CrossRefPubMed

11.

Chernock RD, Wang X, Gao G, Lewis JS Jr, Zhang Q, Thorstad WL, El-Mofty SK (2013) Detection and significance of human papillomavirus, CDKN2A(p16) and CDKN1A(p21) expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Mod Pathol 26(2):223–231. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.159 CrossRefPubMed

12.

Poling JS, Ma XJ, Bui S, Luo Y, Li R, Koch WM, Westra WH (2014) Human papillomavirus (HPV) status of non-tobacco related squamous cell carcinomas of the lateral tongue. Oral Oncol 50(4):306–310. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.01.006 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Lewis JS Jr, Scantlebury JB, Luo J, Thorstad WL (2012) Tumor cell anaplasia and multinucleation are predictors of disease recurrence in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, including among just the human papillomavirus-related cancers. Am J Surg Pathol 36(7):1036–1046. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182583678 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Chernock RD (2012) Morphologic features of conventional squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: ‘keratinizing’ and ‘nonkeratinizing’ histologic types as the basis for a consistent classification system. Head Neck Pathol 6(Suppl 1):S41–S47. doi:10.1007/s12105-012-0373-4 CrossRefPubMed

15.

Begum S, Westra WH (2008) Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is a mixed variant that can be further resolved by HPV status. Am J Surg Pathol 32(7):1044–1050. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31816380ec CrossRefPubMed

16.

Bishop JA, Westra WH (2015) Ciliated HPV-related carcinoma: a well-differentiated form of head and neck carcinoma that can be mistaken for a benign cyst. Am J Surg Pathol 39(11):1591–1595. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000521 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Lewis JS Jr, Tarabishy Y, Luo J, Mani H, Bishop JA, Leon ME, Prasad ML, Xu H, Di Palma S (2015) Inter- and intra-observer variability in the classification of extracapsular extension in p16 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma nodal metastases. Oral Oncol 51(11):985–990. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.08.003 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Singhi AD, Stelow EB, Mills SE, Westra WH (2010) Lymphoepithelial-like carcinoma of the oropharynx: a morphologic variant of HPV-related head and neck carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 34(6):800–805. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181d9ba21 CrossRefPubMed

19.

Masand RP, El-Mofty SK, Ma XJ, Luo Y, Flanagan JJ, Lewis JS Jr (2011) Adenosquamous carcinoma of the head and neck: relationship to human papillomavirus and review of the literature. Head Neck Pathol 5(2):108–116. doi:10.1007/s12105-011-0245-3 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Perez-Ordonez B, Irish JC, Yu ES, Gillison ML (2013) Human papillomavirus-16 associated adenocarcinoma NOS of base of tongue. Head Neck Pathol 7:268–273. doi:10.1007/s12105-012-0404-1 CrossRefPubMed

21.

Chang AMV, Nikiforova MN, Johnson JT, Bauman JE, Perez-Ordonez B, Seethala RR, Krane JF, Chiosea SI (2014) Human papillomavirus-associated adenocarcinoma of the base of tongue: potentially actionable genetic changes. Head Neck Pathol 8:151–156. doi:10.1007/s12105-013-0508-2 CrossRefPubMed

22.

Hanna J, Reimann JDR, Haddad RI, Krane JF (2013) Human papillomavirus-associated adenocarcinoma of the base of the tongue. Hum Pathol 44:1516–1523. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2012.12.004 CrossRefPubMed

23.

Bishop JA, Westra WH (2011) Human papillomavirus-related small cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Am J Surg Pathol 35(11):1679–1684. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182299cde CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Kraft S, Faquin WC, Krane JF (2012) HPV-associated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the oropharynx: a rare new entity with potentially aggressive clinical behavior. Am J Surg Pathol 36(3):321–330. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31823f2f17 CrossRefPubMed

25.

Thompson ED, Stelow EB, Mills SE, Westra WH, Bishop JA (2016) Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the head and neck: a clinicopathologic series of 10 cases with an emphasis on HPV status. Am J Surg Pathol 40(4):471–478. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000580 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Bishop JA, Montgomery EA, Westra WH (2014) Use of p40 and p63 immunohistochemistry and human papillomavirus testing as ancillary tools for the recognition of head and neck sarcomatoid carcinoma and its distinction from benign and malignant mesenchymal processes. Am J Surg Pathol 38(2):257–264. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000119 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Watson RF, Chernock RD, Wang X, Liu W, Ma XJ, Luo Y, Wang H, El-Mofty SK, Lewis JS Jr (2013) Spindle cell carcinomas of the head and neck rarely harbor transcriptionally-active human papillomavirus. Head Neck Pathol 7(3):250–257. doi:10.1007/s12105-013-0438-z CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Radkay-Gonzalez L, Faquin W, McHugh JB, Lewis JS Jr, Tuluc M, Seethala RR (2016) Ciliated adenosquamous carcinoma: expanding the phenotypic diversity of human papillomavirus-associated tumors. Head Neck Pathol 10(2):167–175. doi:10.1007/s12105-015-0653-x CrossRefPubMed

29.

Bishop JA, Lewis JS Jr, Rocco JW, Faquin WC (2015) HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: an update on testing in routine pathology practice. Semin Diagn Pathol 32(5):344–351. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2015.02.013 CrossRefPubMed

30.

Stevens TM, Caughron SK, Dunn ST, Knezetic J, Gatalica Z (2011) Detection of high-risk HPV in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: comparison of chromogenic in situ hybridization and a reverse line blot method. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 19(6):574–578. doi:10.1097/PAI.0b013e318215248a CrossRefPubMed

31.

Bishop JA, Ma XJ, Wang H, Luo Y, Illei PB, Begum S, Taube JM, Koch WM, Westra WH (2012) Detection of transcriptionally active high-risk HPV in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as visualized by a novel E6/E7 mRNA in situ hybridization method. Am J Surg Pathol 36(12):1874–1882. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318265fb2b CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Seethala RR, et al. (2013) Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinomas of the pharynx. College of American Pathologists. http://www.cap.org/ShowProperty?nodePath=/UCMCon/Contribution Folders/WebContent/pdf/pharynx-13protocol-3300.pdf. Accessed 2 November 2016

33.

Cai C, Chernock RD, Pittman ME, El-Mofty SK, Thorstad WL, Lewis JS Jr (2014) Keratinizing-type squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: p16 overexpression is associated with positive high-risk HPV status and improved survival. Am J Surg Pathol 38(6):809–815. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000183 CrossRefPubMed

34.

Robinson M, Schache A, Sloan P, Thavaraj S (2012) HPV specific testing: a requirement for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Head Neck Pathol 6(Suppl 1):S83–S90. doi:10.1007/s12105-012-0370-7 CrossRefPubMed

35.

Singhi AD, Westra WH (2010) Comparison of human papillomavirus in situ hybridization and p16 immunohistochemistry in the detection of human papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancer based on a prospective clinical experience. Cancer 1;116(9):2166–2173. doi:10.1002/cncr.25033

Titel: HPV-related carcinomas of the head and neck: morphologic features, variants, and practical considerations for the surgical pathologist
verfasst von: Todd M. Stevens
Justin A. Bishop
Publikationsdatum: 17.04.2017
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Virchows Archiv / Ausgabe 2/2017
Print ISSN: 0945-6317
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-017-2118-y

Springer Medizin

HPV-related carcinomas of the head and neck: morphologic features, variants, and practical considerations for the surgical pathologist

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Pathologie

Molekularpathologische Untersuchungen im Wandel der Zeit

Vergleichende Pathologie in der onkologischen Forschung

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren

Personalisierte Medizin in der Onkologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2017

Molecular mechanisms of therapy resistance in solid tumors: chasing “moving” targets

Toward personalized management in bladder cancer: the promise of novel molecular taxonomy

Erratum to: Managing the genomic revolution in cancer diagnostics

Preparing pathology for precision medicine: challenges and opportunities

Early detection: the impact of genomics

Molecular profiling of sarcomas: new vistas for precision medicine

Neu im Fachgebiet Pathologie

Molekularpathologische Untersuchungen im Wandel der Zeit

Vergleichende Pathologie in der onkologischen Forschung

Gastrointestinale Stromatumoren

Personalisierte Medizin in der Onkologie