Introduction
Hyaluronic acid and its biological and physiological properties
Hyaluronan synthesis, degradation and inhibition
E9 (embryonic stage) | E11-13 | E15 | E17 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neural tube | Lung | Heart | Dermis | Mesenchyme | Epidermis | Cartilage | Epidermis | Bone | Kidney | Vitreous body | |
Has1 | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | |
Has2 | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | + | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + |
Has3 | + | + | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + |
How molecular weight relates to HA function
Hyaluronan receptors
Hyaluronan binding proteins
Hyaluronan in the kidney
Disease | Positive effects of HA | Negative effects of HA |
---|---|---|
Acute kidney injury (AKI) | IL-10-induced HMW-HA reduces fibrosis in I/R model [22] | |
Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) | Can potentially serve as a biomarker to distinguish between CKD and AKI in certain clinical cases | Increases pro-fibrotic cells and molecules (macrophage presence, CD44 and LYVE-1 expression, α-SMA levels) [46] |
Diabetic nephropathy | Elevated levels associated with disease development [50] | |
IgA nephropathy | ||
Obstructive uropathy | IL-10-induced HMW-HA reduces fibrosis [22] | |
Transplant | Can serve as a predictive biomarker for unsuccessful transplant [56] | Associated with organ rejection [57] |
Vesicoureteral reflux | Reduces occurrence of UTIs caused by VUR [58] |