Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Skeletal Radiology 6/2007

01.06.2007 | Review Article

Imaging of cervical spine injuries of childhood

verfasst von: Geetika Khanna, Georges Y. El-Khoury

Erschienen in: Skeletal Radiology | Ausgabe 6/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Cervical spine injuries of children, though rare, have a high morbidity and mortality. The pediatric cervical spine is anatomically and biomechanically different from that of adults. Hence, the type, level and outcome of cervical spine injuries in children are different from those seen in adults. Normal developmental variants seen in children can make evaluation of the pediatric cervical spine challenging. This article reviews the epidemiology of pediatric cervical spine trauma, normal variants seen in children and specific injuries that are more common in the pediatric population. We also propose an evidence-based imaging protocol to avoid unnecessary imaging studies and minimize radiation exposure in children.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Hachen HJ. Spinal cord injury in children and adolescents: diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic considerations in the acute stage [proceedings]. Paraplegia 1977;15(1):55–64.PubMed Hachen HJ. Spinal cord injury in children and adolescents: diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic considerations in the acute stage [proceedings]. Paraplegia 1977;15(1):55–64.PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Kewalramani LS, Kraus JF, Sterling HM. Acute spinal-cord lesions in a pediatric population: epidemiological and clinical features. Paraplegia 1980;18(3):206–19.PubMed Kewalramani LS, Kraus JF, Sterling HM. Acute spinal-cord lesions in a pediatric population: epidemiological and clinical features. Paraplegia 1980;18(3):206–19.PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamilton MG, Myles ST. Pediatric spinal injury: review of 61 deaths. J Neurosurg 1992;77(5):705–8.PubMed Hamilton MG, Myles ST. Pediatric spinal injury: review of 61 deaths. J Neurosurg 1992;77(5):705–8.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Hill SA, Miller CA, Kosnik EJ, Hunt WE. Pediatric neck injuries. A clinical study. J Neurosurg 1984;60(4):700–6.PubMed Hill SA, Miller CA, Kosnik EJ, Hunt WE. Pediatric neck injuries. A clinical study. J Neurosurg 1984;60(4):700–6.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bailey DK. The normal cervical spine in infants and children. Radiology 1952;59(5):712–9.PubMed Bailey DK. The normal cervical spine in infants and children. Radiology 1952;59(5):712–9.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Hadley MN, Zabramski JM, Browner CM, Rekate H, Sonntag VK. Pediatric spinal trauma. Review of 122 cases of spinal cord and vertebral column injuries. J Neurosurg 1988;68(1):18–24.PubMed Hadley MN, Zabramski JM, Browner CM, Rekate H, Sonntag VK. Pediatric spinal trauma. Review of 122 cases of spinal cord and vertebral column injuries. J Neurosurg 1988;68(1):18–24.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ehara S, el-Khoury GY, Sato Y. Cervical spine injury in children: radiologic manifestations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988;151(6):1175–8.PubMed Ehara S, el-Khoury GY, Sato Y. Cervical spine injury in children: radiologic manifestations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988;151(6):1175–8.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Nitecki S, Moir CR. Predictive factors of the outcome of traumatic cervical spine fracture in children. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29(11):1409–11.PubMed Nitecki S, Moir CR. Predictive factors of the outcome of traumatic cervical spine fracture in children. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29(11):1409–11.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Townsend EH, Jr, Rowe ML. Mobility of the upper cervical spine in health and disease. Pediatrics 1952;10(5):567–74.PubMed Townsend EH, Jr, Rowe ML. Mobility of the upper cervical spine in health and disease. Pediatrics 1952;10(5):567–74.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Penning L. Normal movements of the cervical spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1978;130(2):317–26.PubMed Penning L. Normal movements of the cervical spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1978;130(2):317–26.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Sullivan CR, Bruwer AJ, Harris LE. Hypermobility of the cervical spine in children; a pitfall in the diagnosis of cervical dislocation. Am J Surg 1958;95(4):636–40.PubMed Sullivan CR, Bruwer AJ, Harris LE. Hypermobility of the cervical spine in children; a pitfall in the diagnosis of cervical dislocation. Am J Surg 1958;95(4):636–40.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Pang D, Wilberger JE Jr. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in children. J Neurosurg 1982;57(1):114–29.PubMed Pang D, Wilberger JE Jr. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in children. J Neurosurg 1982;57(1):114–29.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Leventhal HR. Birth injuries of the spinal cord. J Pediatr 1960;56:447–53.PubMed Leventhal HR. Birth injuries of the spinal cord. J Pediatr 1960;56:447–53.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Sherk HH, Schut L, Lane JM. Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine in children. Orthop Clin North Am 1976;7(3):593–604.PubMed Sherk HH, Schut L, Lane JM. Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine in children. Orthop Clin North Am 1976;7(3):593–604.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Lawson JP, Ogden JA, Bucholz RW, Hughes SA. Physeal injuries of the cervical spine. J Pediatr Orthop 1987;7(4):428–35.PubMed Lawson JP, Ogden JA, Bucholz RW, Hughes SA. Physeal injuries of the cervical spine. J Pediatr Orthop 1987;7(4):428–35.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Osenbach RK, Menezes AH. Pediatric spinal cord and vertebral column injury. Neurosurgery 1992;30(3):385–90.PubMed Osenbach RK, Menezes AH. Pediatric spinal cord and vertebral column injury. Neurosurgery 1992;30(3):385–90.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Tepas JJ, 3rd, DiScala C, Ramenofsky ML, Barlow B. Mortality and head injury: the pediatric perspective. J Pediatr Surg 1990;25(1):92–5; discussion 96.PubMed Tepas JJ, 3rd, DiScala C, Ramenofsky ML, Barlow B. Mortality and head injury: the pediatric perspective. J Pediatr Surg 1990;25(1):92–5; discussion 96.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson JM, Schutt AH. Spinal injury in children: a review of 156 cases seen from 1950 through 1978. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55(8):499–504.PubMed Anderson JM, Schutt AH. Spinal injury in children: a review of 156 cases seen from 1950 through 1978. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55(8):499–504.PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Swischuk LE. Spine and spinal cord trauma in the battered child syndrome. Radiology 1969;92(4):733–8.PubMed Swischuk LE. Spine and spinal cord trauma in the battered child syndrome. Radiology 1969;92(4):733–8.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Rooks VJ, Sisler C, Burton B. Cervical spine injury in child abuse: report of two cases. Pediatr Radiol 1998;28(3):193–5.PubMed Rooks VJ, Sisler C, Burton B. Cervical spine injury in child abuse: report of two cases. Pediatr Radiol 1998;28(3):193–5.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Kleinman PK, Shelton YA. Hangman’s fracture in an abused infant: imaging features. Pediatr Radiol 1997;27(9):776–7.PubMed Kleinman PK, Shelton YA. Hangman’s fracture in an abused infant: imaging features. Pediatr Radiol 1997;27(9):776–7.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanley P, Duncan AW, Isaacson J, Isaacson AS. Radiology of fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine during delivery. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985;145(3):621–5.PubMed Stanley P, Duncan AW, Isaacson J, Isaacson AS. Radiology of fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine during delivery. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985;145(3):621–5.PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Reid H. Birth injury to the cervical spine and spinal cord. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1983;32:87–90. Reid H. Birth injury to the cervical spine and spinal cord. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1983;32:87–90.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, Todd KH, Zucker MI. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;343(2):94–9.PubMed Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, Todd KH, Zucker MI. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;343(2):94–9.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Viccellio P, Simon H, Pressman BD, Shah MN, Mower WR, Hoffman JR. A prospective multicenter study of cervical spine injury in children. Pediatrics 2001;108(2):E20.PubMed Viccellio P, Simon H, Pressman BD, Shah MN, Mower WR, Hoffman JR. A prospective multicenter study of cervical spine injury in children. Pediatrics 2001;108(2):E20.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaffe DM, Binns H, Radkowski MA, Barthel MJ, Engelhard HH, 3rd. Developing a clinical algorithm for early management of cervical spine injury in child trauma victims. Ann Emerg Med 1987;16(3):270–6.PubMed Jaffe DM, Binns H, Radkowski MA, Barthel MJ, Engelhard HH, 3rd. Developing a clinical algorithm for early management of cervical spine injury in child trauma victims. Ann Emerg Med 1987;16(3):270–6.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Yngve DA, Harris WP, Herndon WA, Sullivan JA, Gross RH. Spinal cord injury without osseous spine fracture. J Pediatr Orthop 1988;8(2):153–9.PubMed Yngve DA, Harris WP, Herndon WA, Sullivan JA, Gross RH. Spinal cord injury without osseous spine fracture. J Pediatr Orthop 1988;8(2):153–9.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Swischuk LE, John SD, Hendrick EP. Is the open-mouth odontoid view necessary in children under 5 years? Pediatr Radiol 2000;30(3):186–9.PubMed Swischuk LE, John SD, Hendrick EP. Is the open-mouth odontoid view necessary in children under 5 years? Pediatr Radiol 2000;30(3):186–9.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Hernandez JA, Chupik C, Swischuk LE. Cervical spine trauma in children under 5 years: productivity of CT. Emerg Radiol 2004;10(4):176–8.PubMed Hernandez JA, Chupik C, Swischuk LE. Cervical spine trauma in children under 5 years: productivity of CT. Emerg Radiol 2004;10(4):176–8.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Dwek JR, Chung CB. Radiography of cervical spine injury in children: are flexion-extension radiographs useful for acute trauma? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174(6):1617–9.PubMed Dwek JR, Chung CB. Radiography of cervical spine injury in children: are flexion-extension radiographs useful for acute trauma? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174(6):1617–9.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Takhtani D, Melhem ER. MR imaging in cervical spine trauma. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2000;8(3):615–34.PubMed Takhtani D, Melhem ER. MR imaging in cervical spine trauma. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2000;8(3):615–34.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Frank JB, Lim CK, Flynn JM, Dormans JP. The efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric cervical spine clearance. Spine 2002;27(11):1176–9.PubMed Frank JB, Lim CK, Flynn JM, Dormans JP. The efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric cervical spine clearance. Spine 2002;27(11):1176–9.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Johansen JG, McCarty DJ, Haughton VM. Retrosomatic clefts: computed tomographic appearance. Radiology 1983;148(2):447–8.PubMed Johansen JG, McCarty DJ, Haughton VM. Retrosomatic clefts: computed tomographic appearance. Radiology 1983;148(2):447–8.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Osborn RE, el-Khoury GY, Lehmann TR. Retrosomatic cleft: a radiographic study. Spine 1987;12(9):950–2.PubMed Osborn RE, el-Khoury GY, Lehmann TR. Retrosomatic cleft: a radiographic study. Spine 1987;12(9):950–2.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Ogden JA. Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. XI. The first cervical vertebra. Skeletal Radiol 1984;12(1):12–20.PubMed Ogden JA. Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. XI. The first cervical vertebra. Skeletal Radiol 1984;12(1):12–20.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Ogden JA. Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. XII. The second cervical vertebra. Skeletal Radiol 1984;12(3):169–77.PubMed Ogden JA. Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. XII. The second cervical vertebra. Skeletal Radiol 1984;12(3):169–77.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Keynes RJ, Stern CD. Segmentation and neural development in vertebrates. Trends in Neurosci 1985;8:220–3. Keynes RJ, Stern CD. Segmentation and neural development in vertebrates. Trends in Neurosci 1985;8:220–3.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Cattell HS, Filtzer DL. Pseudosubluxation and other normal variations in the cervical spine in children. A study of 160 children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1965;47(7):1295–309.PubMed Cattell HS, Filtzer DL. Pseudosubluxation and other normal variations in the cervical spine in children. A study of 160 children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1965;47(7):1295–309.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Swischuk LE. Anterior displacement of C2 in children: physiologic or pathologic. Radiology 1977;122(3):759–63.PubMed Swischuk LE. Anterior displacement of C2 in children: physiologic or pathologic. Radiology 1977;122(3):759–63.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Suss RA, Zimmerman RD, Leeds NE. Pseudospread of the atlas: false sign of Jefferson fracture in young children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983;140(6):1079–82.PubMed Suss RA, Zimmerman RD, Leeds NE. Pseudospread of the atlas: false sign of Jefferson fracture in young children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983;140(6):1079–82.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Budin E, Sondheimer F. Lateral spread of the atlas without fracture. Radiology 1966;87(6):1095–8.PubMed Budin E, Sondheimer F. Lateral spread of the atlas without fracture. Radiology 1966;87(6):1095–8.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Tulsi RS. Growth of the human vertebral column. An osteological study. Acta Anat (Basel) 1971;79(4):570–80. Tulsi RS. Growth of the human vertebral column. An osteological study. Acta Anat (Basel) 1971;79(4):570–80.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Swischuk LE, Swischuk PN, John SD. Wedging of C-3 in infants and children: usually a normal finding and not a fracture. Radiology 1993;188(2):523–6.PubMed Swischuk LE, Swischuk PN, John SD. Wedging of C-3 in infants and children: usually a normal finding and not a fracture. Radiology 1993;188(2):523–6.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Loder R. The cervical spine. In: Morrissy RT WS (ed) Lovell and Winter’s pediatric orthopedics. 6th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 2005. Loder R. The cervical spine. In: Morrissy RT WS (ed) Lovell and Winter’s pediatric orthopedics. 6th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 2005.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Wackenheim A. Roentgen diagnosis of the craniovertebral region. New York, NY: Springer Verlag; 1974. Wackenheim A. Roentgen diagnosis of the craniovertebral region. New York, NY: Springer Verlag; 1974.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Locke GR, Gardner JI, Van Epps EF. Atlas-dens interval (ADI) in children: a survey based on 200 normal cervical spines. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1966;97(1):135–40.PubMed Locke GR, Gardner JI, Van Epps EF. Atlas-dens interval (ADI) in children: a survey based on 200 normal cervical spines. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1966;97(1):135–40.PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Wholey MH, Bruwer AJ, Baker HL Jr. The lateral roentgenogram of the neck; with comments on the atlanto-odontoid-basion relationship. Radiology 1958;71(3):350–6.PubMed Wholey MH, Bruwer AJ, Baker HL Jr. The lateral roentgenogram of the neck; with comments on the atlanto-odontoid-basion relationship. Radiology 1958;71(3):350–6.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Harris JH, Carson GC, Wagner LK. Radiologic diagnosis of traumatic occipitovertebral dissociation: 1. Normal occipitovertebral relationships on lateral radiographs of supine subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;162(4):881–6.PubMed Harris JH, Carson GC, Wagner LK. Radiologic diagnosis of traumatic occipitovertebral dissociation: 1. Normal occipitovertebral relationships on lateral radiographs of supine subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;162(4):881–6.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Powers B, Miller MD, Kramer RS, Martinez S, Gehweiler JA, Jr. Traumatic anterior atlanto-occipital dislocation. Neurosurgery 1979;4(1):12–7.PubMed Powers B, Miller MD, Kramer RS, Martinez S, Gehweiler JA, Jr. Traumatic anterior atlanto-occipital dislocation. Neurosurgery 1979;4(1):12–7.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee C, Woodring JH, Goldstein SJ, Daniel TL, Young AB, Tibbs PA. Evaluation of traumatic atlantooccipital dislocations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1987;8(1):19–26.PubMed Lee C, Woodring JH, Goldstein SJ, Daniel TL, Young AB, Tibbs PA. Evaluation of traumatic atlantooccipital dislocations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1987;8(1):19–26.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaufman RA, Carroll CD, Buncher CR. Atlantooccipital junction: standards for measurement in normal children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1987;8(6):995–9.PubMed Kaufman RA, Carroll CD, Buncher CR. Atlantooccipital junction: standards for measurement in normal children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1987;8(6):995–9.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Harris JH, Mirvis SE. The radiology of acute cervical spine trauma, 3rd edn. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins; 1996. Harris JH, Mirvis SE. The radiology of acute cervical spine trauma, 3rd edn. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins; 1996.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Hosalkar HS, Cain EL, Horn D, Chin KR, Dormans JP, Drummond DS. Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87(11):2480–8.PubMed Hosalkar HS, Cain EL, Horn D, Chin KR, Dormans JP, Drummond DS. Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87(11):2480–8.PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Bucholz RW, Burkhead WZ. The pathological anatomy of fatal atlanto-occipital dislocations. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1979;61(2):248–50.PubMed Bucholz RW, Burkhead WZ. The pathological anatomy of fatal atlanto-occipital dislocations. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1979;61(2):248–50.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Werne S. Studies in spontaneous atlas dislocation. Acta Orthop Scand (Suppl) 1957;23:1–159. Werne S. Studies in spontaneous atlas dislocation. Acta Orthop Scand (Suppl) 1957;23:1–159.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Harris JH Jr, Carson GC, Wagner LK, Kerr N. Radiologic diagnosis of traumatic occipitovertebral dissociation: 2. Comparison of three methods of detecting occipitovertebral relationships on lateral radiographs of supine subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;162(4):887–92.PubMed Harris JH Jr, Carson GC, Wagner LK, Kerr N. Radiologic diagnosis of traumatic occipitovertebral dissociation: 2. Comparison of three methods of detecting occipitovertebral relationships on lateral radiographs of supine subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;162(4):887–92.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaufman RA, Dunbar JS, Botsford JA, McLaurin RL. Traumatic longitudinal atlanto-occipital distraction injuries in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1982;3(4):415–9.PubMed Kaufman RA, Dunbar JS, Botsford JA, McLaurin RL. Traumatic longitudinal atlanto-occipital distraction injuries in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1982;3(4):415–9.PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Bulas DI, Fitz CR, Johnson DL. Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in children. Radiology 1993;188(1):155–8.PubMed Bulas DI, Fitz CR, Johnson DL. Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in children. Radiology 1993;188(1):155–8.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Dziurzynski K, Anderson PA, Bean DB, Choi J, Leverson GE, Marin RL et al. A blinded assessment of radiographic criteria for atlanto-occipital dislocation. Spine 2005;30(12):1427–32.PubMed Dziurzynski K, Anderson PA, Bean DB, Choi J, Leverson GE, Marin RL et al. A blinded assessment of radiographic criteria for atlanto-occipital dislocation. Spine 2005;30(12):1427–32.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Roche CJ, O’Malley M, Dorgan JC, Carty HM. A pictorial review of atlanto-axial rotatory fixation: key points for the radiologist. Clin Radiol 2001;56(12):947–58.PubMed Roche CJ, O’Malley M, Dorgan JC, Carty HM. A pictorial review of atlanto-axial rotatory fixation: key points for the radiologist. Clin Radiol 2001;56(12):947–58.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Hohl M. Normal motions in the upper portion of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1964;46:1777–9.PubMed Hohl M. Normal motions in the upper portion of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1964;46:1777–9.PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Kowalski HM, Cohen WA, Cooper P, Wisoff JH. Pitfalls in the CT diagnosis of atlantoaxial rotary subluxation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;149(3):595–600.PubMed Kowalski HM, Cohen WA, Cooper P, Wisoff JH. Pitfalls in the CT diagnosis of atlantoaxial rotary subluxation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;149(3):595–600.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Fielding JW, Hawkins RJ. Atlanto-axial rotatory fixation. (Fixed rotatory subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint). J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977;59(1):37–44.PubMed Fielding JW, Hawkins RJ. Atlanto-axial rotatory fixation. (Fixed rotatory subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint). J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977;59(1):37–44.PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark CR, Kathol MH, Walsh T, el-Khoury GY. Atlantoaxial rotatory fixation with compensatory counter occipitoatlantal subluxation. A case report. Spine 1986;11(10):1048–50.PubMed Clark CR, Kathol MH, Walsh T, el-Khoury GY. Atlantoaxial rotatory fixation with compensatory counter occipitoatlantal subluxation. A case report. Spine 1986;11(10):1048–50.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Phillips WA, Hensinger RN. The management of rotatory atlanto-axial subluxation in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989;71(5):664–8.PubMed Phillips WA, Hensinger RN. The management of rotatory atlanto-axial subluxation in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989;71(5):664–8.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Subach BR, McLaughlin MR, Albright AL, Pollack IF. Current management of pediatric atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation. Spine 1998;23(20):2174–9.PubMed Subach BR, McLaughlin MR, Albright AL, Pollack IF. Current management of pediatric atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation. Spine 1998;23(20):2174–9.PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Washington ER. Non-traumatic atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial dislocation; a case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1959;41-A(2):341–4.PubMed Washington ER. Non-traumatic atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial dislocation; a case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1959;41-A(2):341–4.PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Altongy JF, Fielding JW. Combined atlanto-axial and occipito-atlantal rotatory subluxation. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72(6):923–6.PubMed Altongy JF, Fielding JW. Combined atlanto-axial and occipito-atlantal rotatory subluxation. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72(6):923–6.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouillot P, Fuentes S, Dufour H, Manera L, Grisoli F. Imaging features in combined atlantoaxial and occipitoatlantal rotatory subluxation: a rare entity. Case report. J Neurosurg 1999;90(2 Suppl):258–60.PubMed Bouillot P, Fuentes S, Dufour H, Manera L, Grisoli F. Imaging features in combined atlantoaxial and occipitoatlantal rotatory subluxation: a rare entity. Case report. J Neurosurg 1999;90(2 Suppl):258–60.PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakar C, Harish S, Saifuddin A, Allibone J. Displaced fracture through the anterior atlantal synchondrosis. Skeletal Radiol 2005;34(9):547–9.PubMed Thakar C, Harish S, Saifuddin A, Allibone J. Displaced fracture through the anterior atlantal synchondrosis. Skeletal Radiol 2005;34(9):547–9.PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonadio WA. Cervical spine trauma in children: Part II. Mechanisms and manifestations of injury, therapeutic considerations. Am J Emerg Med 1993;11(3):256–78.PubMed Bonadio WA. Cervical spine trauma in children: Part II. Mechanisms and manifestations of injury, therapeutic considerations. Am J Emerg Med 1993;11(3):256–78.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Judd DB, Liem LK, Petermann G. Pediatric atlas fracture: a case of fracture through a synchondrosis and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 2000;46(4):991–4; discussion 994–5.PubMed Judd DB, Liem LK, Petermann G. Pediatric atlas fracture: a case of fracture through a synchondrosis and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 2000;46(4):991–4; discussion 994–5.PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruge JR, Sinson GP, McLone DG, Cerullo LJ. Pediatric spinal injury: the very young. J Neurosurg 1988;68(1):25–30.PubMed Ruge JR, Sinson GP, McLone DG, Cerullo LJ. Pediatric spinal injury: the very young. J Neurosurg 1988;68(1):25–30.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Sherk HH, Nicholson JT, Chung SM. Fractures of the odontoid process in young children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978;60(7):921–4.PubMed Sherk HH, Nicholson JT, Chung SM. Fractures of the odontoid process in young children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978;60(7):921–4.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Blockey NJ, Purser DW. Fractures of the odontoid process of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1956;38-B(4):794–817.PubMed Blockey NJ, Purser DW. Fractures of the odontoid process of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1956;38-B(4):794–817.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Swischuk LE, Hayden CK Jr, Sarwar M. The Dens-Arch synchondrosis versus the Hangman’s fracture. Pediatr Radiol 1979;8(2):100–2.PubMed Swischuk LE, Hayden CK Jr, Sarwar M. The Dens-Arch synchondrosis versus the Hangman’s fracture. Pediatr Radiol 1979;8(2):100–2.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat McGrory BJ, Klassen RA, Chao EY, Staeheli JW, Weaver AL. Acute fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993;75(7):988–95.PubMed McGrory BJ, Klassen RA, Chao EY, Staeheli JW, Weaver AL. Acute fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993;75(7):988–95.PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Bagley LJ. Imaging of spinal trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 2006;44(1):1–12, vii.PubMed Bagley LJ. Imaging of spinal trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 2006;44(1):1–12, vii.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Kathol MH. Cervical spine trauma. What is new? Radiol Clin North Am 1997;35(3):507–32.PubMed Kathol MH. Cervical spine trauma. What is new? Radiol Clin North Am 1997;35(3):507–32.PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Management of acute central cervical spinal cord injuries. Neurosurgery 2002;50(3 Suppl):S166–72. Management of acute central cervical spinal cord injuries. Neurosurgery 2002;50(3 Suppl):S166–72.
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Pang D. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children, 2 decades later. Neurosurgery 2004;55(6):1325–42; discussion 1342–3.PubMed Pang D. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children, 2 decades later. Neurosurgery 2004;55(6):1325–42; discussion 1342–3.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Grabb PA, Pang D. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children. Neurosurgery 1994;35(3):406–14; discussion 414.PubMed Grabb PA, Pang D. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children. Neurosurgery 1994;35(3):406–14; discussion 414.PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Pang D, Pollack IF. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children-the SCIWORA syndrome. J Trauma 1989;29(5):654–64.PubMed Pang D, Pollack IF. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children-the SCIWORA syndrome. J Trauma 1989;29(5):654–64.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Imaging of cervical spine injuries of childhood
verfasst von
Geetika Khanna
Georges Y. El-Khoury
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2007
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Skeletal Radiology / Ausgabe 6/2007
Print ISSN: 0364-2348
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2161
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-006-0223-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2007

Skeletal Radiology 6/2007 Zur Ausgabe

Akuter Schwindel: Wann lohnt sich eine MRT?

28.04.2024 Schwindel Nachrichten

Akuter Schwindel stellt oft eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar. Wie nützlich dabei eine MRT ist, hat eine Studie aus Finnland untersucht. Immerhin einer von sechs Patienten wurde mit akutem ischämischem Schlaganfall diagnostiziert.

Screening-Mammografie offenbart erhöhtes Herz-Kreislauf-Risiko

26.04.2024 Mammografie Nachrichten

Routinemäßige Mammografien helfen, Brustkrebs frühzeitig zu erkennen. Anhand der Röntgenuntersuchung lassen sich aber auch kardiovaskuläre Risikopatientinnen identifizieren. Als zuverlässiger Anhaltspunkt gilt die Verkalkung der Brustarterien.

S3-Leitlinie zu Pankreaskrebs aktualisiert

23.04.2024 Pankreaskarzinom Nachrichten

Die Empfehlungen zur Therapie des Pankreaskarzinoms wurden um zwei Off-Label-Anwendungen erweitert. Und auch im Bereich der Früherkennung gibt es Aktualisierungen.

Fünf Dinge, die im Kindernotfall besser zu unterlassen sind

18.04.2024 Pädiatrische Notfallmedizin Nachrichten

Im Choosing-Wisely-Programm, das für die deutsche Initiative „Klug entscheiden“ Pate gestanden hat, sind erstmals Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit Notfällen von Kindern erschienen. Fünf Dinge gilt es demnach zu vermeiden.

Update Radiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.