Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Abdominal Radiology 7/2020

01.07.2020 | Special Section: Male Pelvis

Imaging of scrotal masses

verfasst von: Kedar G. Sharbidre, Mark E. Lockhart

Erschienen in: Abdominal Radiology | Ausgabe 7/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Testicular cancer is responsible for approximately 0.1% of all cancer deaths in the USA, and seminoma is the most common type of testicular tumor. Ultrasonography is the primary imaging modality for accessing testicular and extratesticular lesions, while magnetic resonance imaging can be used for problem solving in lesion characterization in certain cases. CT imaging is usually performed for retroperitoneal staging of testicular cancer metastasis and follow-up after treatment. Extratesticular masses are common, yet rarely malignant. Imaging plays an important role in primary diagnosis of testicular cancer and differentiating it from common non-neoplastic findings. The purpose of this article is to review various imaging findings in testicular and extratesticular masses.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Lejla Aganovic and Fiona Cassidy, Imaging of the Scrotum, Radiologic Clinics of North America, 2012-11-01, Volume 50, Issue 6, Pages 1145-1165. Lejla Aganovic and Fiona Cassidy, Imaging of the Scrotum, Radiologic Clinics of North America, 2012-11-01, Volume 50, Issue 6, Pages 1145-1165.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Trabert B, Chen J, Devesa SS, Bray F, McGlynn KA. International patterns and trends in testicular cancer incidence, overall and by histologic subtype, 1973-2007. Andrology 2015; 3(1):4–12.PubMedCrossRef Trabert B, Chen J, Devesa SS, Bray F, McGlynn KA. International patterns and trends in testicular cancer incidence, overall and by histologic subtype, 1973-2007. Andrology 2015; 3(1):4–12.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevenson SM, Lowrance WT. Epidemiology and diagnosis of testis cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2015; 42(3):269–275.PubMedCrossRef Stevenson SM, Lowrance WT. Epidemiology and diagnosis of testis cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2015; 42(3):269–275.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Theodore C., Terrier-Lacombe M.J., Laplanche A., et al: Bilateral germ-cell tumours: 22-year experience at the Institut Gustave Roussy. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: pp. 55-59.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Theodore C., Terrier-Lacombe M.J., Laplanche A., et al: Bilateral germ-cell tumours: 22-year experience at the Institut Gustave Roussy. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: pp. 55-59.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood H.M., and Elder J.S.: Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer: separating fact from fiction. J Urol 2009; 181: pp. 452-461.PubMedCrossRef Wood H.M., and Elder J.S.: Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer: separating fact from fiction. J Urol 2009; 181: pp. 452-461.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Coran, A. G., & Adzick, N. S. (2012). Pediatric surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby. Coran, A. G., & Adzick, N. S. (2012). Pediatric surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Heller, H. T., Oliff, M. C., Doubilet, P. M., O’Leary, M. P. and Benson, C. B. (2014), Testicular microlithiasis: Prevalence and association with primary testicular neoplasm. J. Clin. Ultrasound, 42: 423-426.PubMedCrossRef Heller, H. T., Oliff, M. C., Doubilet, P. M., O’Leary, M. P. and Benson, C. B. (2014), Testicular microlithiasis: Prevalence and association with primary testicular neoplasm. J. Clin. Ultrasound, 42: 423-426.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang T, Liu L, Luo J, Liu T, Wei A, A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Testicular Microlithiasis and Incidence of Testicular Cancer. Urol J. 2015; 12(2):2057-64.PubMed Wang T, Liu L, Luo J, Liu T, Wei A, A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Testicular Microlithiasis and Incidence of Testicular Cancer. Urol J. 2015; 12(2):2057-64.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Richenberg, J. & Brejt, N. Testicular microlithiasis: is there a need for surveillance in the absence of other risk factors? Eur Radiol (2012) 22: 2540.PubMedCrossRef Richenberg, J. & Brejt, N. Testicular microlithiasis: is there a need for surveillance in the absence of other risk factors? Eur Radiol (2012) 22: 2540.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel KV, Navaratne S, Bartlett E, Clarke JL, Muir GH, Sellars ME, Sidhu PS, Testicular Microlithiasis: Is Sonographic Surveillance Necessary? Single Centre 14 Year Experience in 442 Patients with Testicular Microlithiasis. Ultraschall Med. 2016; 37(1):68-73.PubMed Patel KV, Navaratne S, Bartlett E, Clarke JL, Muir GH, Sellars ME, Sidhu PS, Testicular Microlithiasis: Is Sonographic Surveillance Necessary? Single Centre 14 Year Experience in 442 Patients with Testicular Microlithiasis. Ultraschall Med. 2016; 37(1):68-73.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Richenberg J., Belfield J., Ramchandani P., Rocher L., Freeman S., Tsili A.C., et al: Testicular microlithiasis imaging and follow-up: guidelines of the ESUR scrotal imaging subcommittee. Eur Radiol 2015; 25: pp. 323-330.PubMedCrossRef Richenberg J., Belfield J., Ramchandani P., Rocher L., Freeman S., Tsili A.C., et al: Testicular microlithiasis imaging and follow-up: guidelines of the ESUR scrotal imaging subcommittee. Eur Radiol 2015; 25: pp. 323-330.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Elzinga-Tinke JE, Sirre ME, Looijenga LHJ, Van Casteren N, Wildhagen MF, Dohle GR. The predictive value of testicular ultrasound abnormalities for carcinoma in situ of the testis in men at risk for testicular cancer. Int J Androl. 2010;33:597–603.PubMed Elzinga-Tinke JE, Sirre ME, Looijenga LHJ, Van Casteren N, Wildhagen MF, Dohle GR. The predictive value of testicular ultrasound abnormalities for carcinoma in situ of the testis in men at risk for testicular cancer. Int J Androl. 2010;33:597–603.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Montgomery JS, Bloom DA. The diagnosis and management of scrotal masses. Med Clin North Am. 2011; 95:235–244.PubMedCrossRef Montgomery JS, Bloom DA. The diagnosis and management of scrotal masses. Med Clin North Am. 2011; 95:235–244.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Albers P., Albrecht W., Algaba F., et al: EAU guidelines on testicular cancer: 2011 update. Eur Urol 2011; 60: pp. 304-319.PubMedCrossRef Albers P., Albrecht W., Algaba F., et al: EAU guidelines on testicular cancer: 2011 update. Eur Urol 2011; 60: pp. 304-319.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat S.R. Williamson, B. Delahunt, C. Magi-Galluzzi, et al. Members of the ISUP testicular tumour panel. The World Health Organization 2016 classification of testicular germ cell tumours: a review and update from the international society of urological pathology testis consultation panel. Histopathology, 70 (2017 Feb), pp. 335-346. S.R. Williamson, B. Delahunt, C. Magi-Galluzzi, et al. Members of the ISUP testicular tumour panel. The World Health Organization 2016 classification of testicular germ cell tumours: a review and update from the international society of urological pathology testis consultation panel. Histopathology, 70 (2017 Feb), pp. 335-346.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis J. Thomas, Michael A. Brooks, Andrew J. Stephenson, The Role of Imaging in the Diagnosis, Staging, Response to Treatment, and Surveillance of Patients with Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis, Urologic Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 3, 2019, Pages 315-331.PubMedCrossRef Lewis J. Thomas, Michael A. Brooks, Andrew J. Stephenson, The Role of Imaging in the Diagnosis, Staging, Response to Treatment, and Surveillance of Patients with Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis, Urologic Clinics of North America, Volume 46, Issue 3, 2019, Pages 315-331.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Andrew J Stephenson, Joel Sheinfeld, The role of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in the management of testicular cancer, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, Volume 22, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 225-233. Andrew J Stephenson, Joel Sheinfeld, The role of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in the management of testicular cancer, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, Volume 22, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 225-233.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat M.B. Amin, S.B. Edge, F.L. Greene, et al. (Eds.), AJCC cancer staging manual (8th ed), Springer, New York, NY (2017). M.B. Amin, S.B. Edge, F.L. Greene, et al. (Eds.), AJCC cancer staging manual (8th ed), Springer, New York, NY (2017).
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Aigner F, De Zordo T, Pallwein-Prettner L, Junker D, Schäfer G, Pichler R, Leonhartsberger N, Pinggera G, Dogra VS, Frauscher F. Real-time sonoelastography for the evaluation of testicular lesions. Radiology. 2012;263(2):584–9.PubMedCrossRef Aigner F, De Zordo T, Pallwein-Prettner L, Junker D, Schäfer G, Pichler R, Leonhartsberger N, Pinggera G, Dogra VS, Frauscher F. Real-time sonoelastography for the evaluation of testicular lesions. Radiology. 2012;263(2):584–9.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang DY, Sidhu PS. Focal testicular lesions: colour Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and tissue elastography as adjuvants to the diagnosis. Br J Radiol. 2012; 85 Spec No 1(Spec Iss 1):S41–S53. Huang DY, Sidhu PS. Focal testicular lesions: colour Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and tissue elastography as adjuvants to the diagnosis. Br J Radiol. 2012; 85 Spec No 1(Spec Iss 1):S41–S53.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Marko J, Wolfman DJ, Aubin AL, et al. Testicular Seminoma and Its Mimics: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives. RadioGraphics. 2017; 37:1085–98.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Marko J, Wolfman DJ, Aubin AL, et al. Testicular Seminoma and Its Mimics: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives. RadioGraphics. 2017; 37:1085–98.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsili A.C., Bertolotto M., Turgut A.T., et al: MRI of the scrotum: recommendations of the ESUR scrotal and penile imaging working group. Eur Radiol 2018; 28: pp. 31-43). Tsili A.C., Bertolotto M., Turgut A.T., et al: MRI of the scrotum: recommendations of the ESUR scrotal and penile imaging working group. Eur Radiol 2018; 28: pp. 31-43).
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Groll RJ, Warde P, Jewett MA Comprehensive systematic review of testicular germ cell tumor surveillance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007; 64(3):182-97.PubMedCrossRef Groll RJ, Warde P, Jewett MA Comprehensive systematic review of testicular germ cell tumor surveillance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007; 64(3):182-97.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Sohaib SA, Koh DM, Husband JE The role of imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and management of testicular cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008; 191(2):387-95.PubMedCrossRef Sohaib SA, Koh DM, Husband JE The role of imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and management of testicular cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008; 191(2):387-95.PubMedCrossRef
26.
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kreydin EI, Barrisford GW, Feldman AS, Preston MA Testicular cancer: what the radiologist needs to know. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013; 200(6):1215-25.PubMedCrossRef Kreydin EI, Barrisford GW, Feldman AS, Preston MA Testicular cancer: what the radiologist needs to know. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013; 200(6):1215-25.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat EAU Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands. EAU Guidelines. Presented at the EAU Annual Congress Copenhagen 2018. EAU Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands. EAU Guidelines. Presented at the EAU Annual Congress Copenhagen 2018.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Browne TJ, Richie JP, Gilligan TD, Rubin MA. Intertubular growth in pure seminomas: associations with poor prognostic parameters. Hum Pathol 2005; 36(6):640–645.PubMedCrossRef Browne TJ, Richie JP, Gilligan TD, Rubin MA. Intertubular growth in pure seminomas: associations with poor prognostic parameters. Hum Pathol 2005; 36(6):640–645.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Sommers D, Winter T. Ultrasonography evaluation of scrotal masses. Radiol Clin North Am 2014; 52: 1265-81.PubMedCrossRef Sommers D, Winter T. Ultrasonography evaluation of scrotal masses. Radiol Clin North Am 2014; 52: 1265-81.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahan Mathur, Michael Spektor, MR Imaging of the Testicular and Extratesticular Tumors: When Do We Need?, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, Volume 27, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 151-171.PubMedCrossRef Mahan Mathur, Michael Spektor, MR Imaging of the Testicular and Extratesticular Tumors: When Do We Need?, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, Volume 27, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 151-171.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Petrelli F, Coinu A, Cabiddu M, Ghilardi M, Borgonovo K, Lonati V, et al. Surveillance or Adjuvant Treatment With Che- motherapy or Radiotherapy in Stage I Seminoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 13 Studies. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2015;13:428–34.PubMedCrossRef Petrelli F, Coinu A, Cabiddu M, Ghilardi M, Borgonovo K, Lonati V, et al. Surveillance or Adjuvant Treatment With Che- motherapy or Radiotherapy in Stage I Seminoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 13 Studies. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2015;13:428–34.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Yuasa T, Yoshiki T, Ogawa O, Tanaka T, Isono T, Mishina M, et al. Detection of alpha-fetoprotein mRNA in seminoma. J Androl 1999;20:336–40.PubMed Yuasa T, Yoshiki T, Ogawa O, Tanaka T, Isono T, Mishina M, et al. Detection of alpha-fetoprotein mRNA in seminoma. J Androl 1999;20:336–40.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Marshall, C., Enzerra, M., Rahnemai-Azar, A.A. et al. Serum tumor markers and testicular germ cell tumors: a primer for radiologists. Abdom Radiol (2019) 44: 1083). Marshall, C., Enzerra, M., Rahnemai-Azar, A.A. et al. Serum tumor markers and testicular germ cell tumors: a primer for radiologists. Abdom Radiol (2019) 44: 1083).
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Woodward P.J., Sohaey R., O’Donoghue M.J., et al: From the archives of the AFIP: tumors and tumorlike lesions of the testis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2002; 22: pp. 189-216.PubMedCrossRef Woodward P.J., Sohaey R., O’Donoghue M.J., et al: From the archives of the AFIP: tumors and tumorlike lesions of the testis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2002; 22: pp. 189-216.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Cheng, B. Lyu, L.M. Roth Perspectives on testicular germ cell neoplasms Hum Pathol, 59 (2017), pp. 10-25. L. Cheng, B. Lyu, L.M. Roth Perspectives on testicular germ cell neoplasms Hum Pathol, 59 (2017), pp. 10-25.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat CJ Logothetis, ML Samuels, A Trindade, DE Johnson The growing teratoma syndrome Cancer, 50 (1982), pp. 1629-1635. CJ Logothetis, ML Samuels, A Trindade, DE Johnson The growing teratoma syndrome Cancer, 50 (1982), pp. 1629-1635.
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Ali, Tehmina Z. et al. Benign and Malignant Neoplasms of the Testis and Paratesticular Tissue Surgical Pathology Clinics, Volume 2, Issue 1, 61-159. Ali, Tehmina Z. et al. Benign and Malignant Neoplasms of the Testis and Paratesticular Tissue Surgical Pathology Clinics, Volume 2, Issue 1, 61-159.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck SDW, Foster RS, Bihrle R, Donohue JP. Significance of primary tumor size and preorchiectomy serum tumor marker level in predicting pathologic stage at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in clinical Stage A nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Urology 2007;69:557–9.PubMedCrossRef Beck SDW, Foster RS, Bihrle R, Donohue JP. Significance of primary tumor size and preorchiectomy serum tumor marker level in predicting pathologic stage at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in clinical Stage A nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Urology 2007;69:557–9.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Milose JC, Filson CP, Weizer AZ, Hafez KS, Montgomery JS. Role of biochemical markers in testicular cancer: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance. Open Access J Urol 2011;4:1–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Milose JC, Filson CP, Weizer AZ, Hafez KS, Montgomery JS. Role of biochemical markers in testicular cancer: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance. Open Access J Urol 2011;4:1–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Guney S., Guney N., Sonmez N.C., et al: Risk-adapted management for patients with clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumour of the testis. Med Oncol 2009; 26: pp. 136-142.PubMedCrossRef Guney S., Guney N., Sonmez N.C., et al: Risk-adapted management for patients with clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumour of the testis. Med Oncol 2009; 26: pp. 136-142.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsili AC et al MRI in the Histologic Characterization of Testicular Neoplasms. American Journal of Roentgenology 2007 189:6. Tsili AC et al MRI in the Histologic Characterization of Testicular Neoplasms. American Journal of Roentgenology 2007 189:6.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard and Sweeney, Diagnosis and Treatment of Testicular Cancer: A Clinician’s Perspective, Surgical Pathology Clinics, 2015, Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2015, Pages 717-723. Bernard and Sweeney, Diagnosis and Treatment of Testicular Cancer: A Clinician’s Perspective, Surgical Pathology Clinics, 2015, Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2015, Pages 717-723.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Nidhi Aggarwal and Anil V. Parwani (2009) Spermatocytic Seminoma. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine: December 2009, Vol. 133, No. 12, pp. 1985-1988. Nidhi Aggarwal and Anil V. Parwani (2009) Spermatocytic Seminoma. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine: December 2009, Vol. 133, No. 12, pp. 1985-1988.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Moch H, Cubilla AL, Humphrey PA, Reuter VE, Ulbright TM. The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs: part A—renal, penile, and testicular tumours. Eur Urol 2016;70(1):93–105.PubMedCrossRef Moch H, Cubilla AL, Humphrey PA, Reuter VE, Ulbright TM. The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs: part A—renal, penile, and testicular tumours. Eur Urol 2016;70(1):93–105.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Varela JR, Pombo F, Requejo I, Aguilera C, Bargiela A, Alvarez A. Spermatocytic seminoma: sonographic appearance. J Ultrasound Med 1996;15(8):607–609.PubMedCrossRef Varela JR, Pombo F, Requejo I, Aguilera C, Bargiela A, Alvarez A. Spermatocytic seminoma: sonographic appearance. J Ultrasound Med 1996;15(8):607–609.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharmeen F, Rosenthal MH, Howard SA. The management of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy in spermatocytic seminoma of the testicle. Clin Imaging 2014;38(2):202–204.PubMedCrossRef Sharmeen F, Rosenthal MH, Howard SA. The management of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy in spermatocytic seminoma of the testicle. Clin Imaging 2014;38(2):202–204.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Grady RW, Ross JH, Kay R. Epidemiological features of testicular teratoma in a prepubertal population. J. Urol. 1997; 158; 1191–1192.PubMedCrossRef Grady RW, Ross JH, Kay R. Epidemiological features of testicular teratoma in a prepubertal population. J. Urol. 1997; 158; 1191–1192.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Langer J.E., Ramchandani P., Siegelman E.S., and Banner M.P.: Epidermoid cysts of the testicle: sonographic and MR imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173: pp. 1295-1299.PubMedCrossRef Langer J.E., Ramchandani P., Siegelman E.S., and Banner M.P.: Epidermoid cysts of the testicle: sonographic and MR imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173: pp. 1295-1299.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Alma G. Loya, Jonathan W. Said, and Edward G. Grant Epidermoid Cyst of the Testis: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation RadioGraphics 2004 24:suppl_1, S243-S246. Alma G. Loya, Jonathan W. Said, and Edward G. Grant Epidermoid Cyst of the Testis: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation RadioGraphics 2004 24:suppl_1, S243-S246.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Genevieve L. Bennett and Roberto A. Garcia Benign Intratesticular Dermoid Cyst: Sonographic Findings, American Journal of Roentgenology 2002 179:5, 1315-1317. Genevieve L. Bennett and Roberto A. Garcia Benign Intratesticular Dermoid Cyst: Sonographic Findings, American Journal of Roentgenology 2002 179:5, 1315-1317.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat OB Stroosma, KP Delaere Carcinoid tumours of the testis BJU Int, 101 (2008), pp. 1101-1105. OB Stroosma, KP Delaere Carcinoid tumours of the testis BJU Int, 101 (2008), pp. 1101-1105.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Dilworth JP, Farrow GM, Oesterling JE. Non‐germ cell tumors of testis. Urology 1991; 37; 399–417.PubMedCrossRef Dilworth JP, Farrow GM, Oesterling JE. Non‐germ cell tumors of testis. Urology 1991; 37; 399–417.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Manganaro L, Vinci V, Pozza C, et al (2015) A prospective study on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of testicular lesions: distinctive features of Leydig cell tumours. Eur Radiol 25:3586-95.PubMedCrossRef Manganaro L, Vinci V, Pozza C, et al (2015) A prospective study on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of testicular lesions: distinctive features of Leydig cell tumours. Eur Radiol 25:3586-95.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Aksglaede L, Skakkebaek NE, Almstrup K, Juul A. Clinical and biological parameters in 166 boys, adolescents and adults with nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome: a Copenhagen experience. Acta Paediatr. 2011; 100; 793–806.PubMedCrossRef Aksglaede L, Skakkebaek NE, Almstrup K, Juul A. Clinical and biological parameters in 166 boys, adolescents and adults with nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome: a Copenhagen experience. Acta Paediatr. 2011; 100; 793–806.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernández GC, Tardáguila F, Rivas C et al. Case report: MRI in the diagnosis of testicular Leydig cell tumour. Br J Radiol 2004;77(918):521–524.PubMedCrossRef Fernández GC, Tardáguila F, Rivas C et al. Case report: MRI in the diagnosis of testicular Leydig cell tumour. Br J Radiol 2004;77(918):521–524.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Idrees, M T, Ulbright, T M, Oliva, E, Young, R H, Montironi, R, Egevad, L, Berney, D, Srigley, J R, Epstein, J I, Tickoo, S K & the Members of the International Society of Urological Pathology Testicular Tumour Panel (2017) Histopathology 70, 513– 521. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13115 The World Health Organization 2016 classification of testicular non‐germ cell tumours: a review and update from the International Society of Urological Pathology Testis Consultation Panel. Idrees, M T, Ulbright, T M, Oliva, E, Young, R H, Montironi, R, Egevad, L, Berney, D, Srigley, J R, Epstein, J I, Tickoo, S K & the Members of the International Society of Urological Pathology Testicular Tumour Panel (2017) Histopathology 70, 513– 521. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​his.​13115 The World Health Organization 2016 classification of testicular non‐germ cell tumours: a review and update from the International Society of Urological Pathology Testis Consultation Panel.
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Cassidy F.H., Ishioka K.M., McMahon C.J., et al: MR imaging of scrotal tumors and pseudotumors. Radiographics 2010; 30: pp. 665-683.PubMedCrossRef Cassidy F.H., Ishioka K.M., McMahon C.J., et al: MR imaging of scrotal tumors and pseudotumors. Radiographics 2010; 30: pp. 665-683.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Stikkelbroeck NM, Otten BJ, Pasic A, et al. High prevalence of testicular adrenal rest tumors, impaired spermatogenesis, and Leydig cell failure in adolescent and adult males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5721–28.PubMedCrossRef Stikkelbroeck NM, Otten BJ, Pasic A, et al. High prevalence of testicular adrenal rest tumors, impaired spermatogenesis, and Leydig cell failure in adolescent and adult males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5721–28.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Ashley RA, McGee SM, Isotaolo PA, Kramer SA, Cheville JC. Clinical and pathological features associated with the testicular tumor of the adrenogenital syndrome. J. Urol. 2007; 177; 546–549.PubMedCrossRef Ashley RA, McGee SM, Isotaolo PA, Kramer SA, Cheville JC. Clinical and pathological features associated with the testicular tumor of the adrenogenital syndrome. J. Urol. 2007; 177; 546–549.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Dumic, M., Duspara, V., Grubic, Z. et al. Testicular adrenal rest tumors in congenital adrenal hyperplasia—cross-sectional study of 51 Croatian male patients Eur J Pediatr (2017) 176: 1393. Dumic, M., Duspara, V., Grubic, Z. et al. Testicular adrenal rest tumors in congenital adrenal hyperplasia—cross-sectional study of 51 Croatian male patients Eur J Pediatr (2017) 176: 1393.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu P, Thorner P Sonographic appearance of Sertoli cell tumour: with pathologic correlation. Pediatr Radiol 1993;23(2):127–128.PubMedCrossRef Liu P, Thorner P Sonographic appearance of Sertoli cell tumour: with pathologic correlation. Pediatr Radiol 1993;23(2):127–128.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharon L. Shin and Eric K. Outwater, Benign Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor of the Testis in a Prepubescent Patient American Journal of Roentgenology 2007 189:2. Sharon L. Shin and Eric K. Outwater, Benign Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor of the Testis in a Prepubescent Patient American Journal of Roentgenology 2007 189:2.
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Gundrum JD, Mathiason MA, Moore DB, Go RS. Primary testicular diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: a population‐based study on the incidence, natural history, and survival comparison with primary nodal counterpart before and after the introduction of rituximab. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:5227–5232,PubMedCrossRef Gundrum JD, Mathiason MA, Moore DB, Go RS. Primary testicular diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: a population‐based study on the incidence, natural history, and survival comparison with primary nodal counterpart before and after the introduction of rituximab. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:5227–5232,PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang, C., Wang, H., Wang, Q. et al. Primary testicular lymphoma: experience with 13 cases and literature review Int J Hematol (2013) 97: 240. Wang, C., Wang, H., Wang, Q. et al. Primary testicular lymphoma: experience with 13 cases and literature review Int J Hematol (2013) 97: 240.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Fonseca R, Habermann TM, Colgan JP, O’Neill BP, White WL, Witzig TE, et al. Testicular lymphoma is associated with a high incidence of extranodal recurrence. Cancer. 2000;88:154–61.PubMedCrossRef Fonseca R, Habermann TM, Colgan JP, O’Neill BP, White WL, Witzig TE, et al. Testicular lymphoma is associated with a high incidence of extranodal recurrence. Cancer. 2000;88:154–61.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Shahab N, Doll DC. Testicular lymphoma. Semin Oncol 1999;26(3):259-269.PubMed Shahab N, Doll DC. Testicular lymphoma. Semin Oncol 1999;26(3):259-269.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Crellin AM, Hudson BV, Bennett MH, Harland S, Hudson GV. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the testis. Radiother Oncol 1993;27(2):99-106.PubMedCrossRef Crellin AM, Hudson BV, Bennett MH, Harland S, Hudson GV. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the testis. Radiother Oncol 1993;27(2):99-106.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhat S, Sachin J, Ramaprasad A, Job S. Striated pattern on scrotal ultrasonography: a marker for non‐Hodgkins lymphoma of testis. Indian J Urol 2014; 30:113–114.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bhat S, Sachin J, Ramaprasad A, Job S. Striated pattern on scrotal ultrasonography: a marker for non‐Hodgkins lymphoma of testis. Indian J Urol 2014; 30:113–114.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Nabil Adra, Lawrence H. Einhorn, Testicular Cancer Update, Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology May 2017 - Volume 15, Issue 5, pages 386-397. Nabil Adra, Lawrence H. Einhorn, Testicular Cancer Update, Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology May 2017 - Volume 15, Issue 5, pages 386-397.
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Coté TR, Biggar RJ, Rosenberg PS, et al; AIDS/Cancer Study Group. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among people with AIDS: incidence, presentation and public health burden. Int J Cancer 1997;73(5):645-650. Coté TR, Biggar RJ, Rosenberg PS, et al; AIDS/Cancer Study Group. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among people with AIDS: incidence, presentation and public health burden. Int J Cancer 1997;73(5):645-650.
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheah, C. Y., Wirth, A., & Seymour, J. F. (2014). Primary testicular lymphoma. Blood, 123(4), 486-493. Accessed August 09, 2019. Cheah, C. Y., Wirth, A., & Seymour, J. F. (2014). Primary testicular lymphoma. Blood, 123(4), 486-493. Accessed August 09, 2019.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Rawal A, Keeler TC, Milano MA.Testicular extramedullary myeloid cell tumor: report of a case with unique clinicopathological features and a brief review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004; 128:332–334.PubMed Rawal A, Keeler TC, Milano MA.Testicular extramedullary myeloid cell tumor: report of a case with unique clinicopathological features and a brief review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004; 128:332–334.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Narayanan G, Joseph R, Soman LV. Bilateral synchronous plasmacytoma of the testis. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2016;29:196-7.CrossRef Narayanan G, Joseph R, Soman LV. Bilateral synchronous plasmacytoma of the testis. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2016;29:196-7.CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmoll HJ, Jordan K, Huddart R, et al; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Testicular seminoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(suppl 5):v140-v146. Schmoll HJ, Jordan K, Huddart R, et al; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Testicular seminoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(suppl 5):v140-v146.
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Krege S., Beyer J., Souchon R., et al: European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the second meeting of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus group (EGCCCG): part I. Eur Urol 2008; 53: pp. 478-496.PubMedCrossRef Krege S., Beyer J., Souchon R., et al: European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the second meeting of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus group (EGCCCG): part I. Eur Urol 2008; 53: pp. 478-496.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Oldenburg J, Fosså SD, Nuver J, et al; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Testicular seminoma and non-seminoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(suppl 6):vi125-vi132. Oldenburg J, Fosså SD, Nuver J, et al; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Testicular seminoma and non-seminoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(suppl 6):vi125-vi132.
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Woodhouse J, Ferguson MM Multiple hyperechoic testicular lesions are a common finding on ultrasound in Cowden disease and represent lipomatosis of the testis. Br J Radiol 2006;79(946):801–803.PubMedCrossRef Woodhouse J, Ferguson MM Multiple hyperechoic testicular lesions are a common finding on ultrasound in Cowden disease and represent lipomatosis of the testis. Br J Radiol 2006;79(946):801–803.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Kara, T., Durmaz, M.S. & Ceken, K. Ultrasonography of tubular ectasia of the rete testis with associated scrotal findings J Med Ultrasonics (2013) 40: 27.CrossRef Kara, T., Durmaz, M.S. & Ceken, K. Ultrasonography of tubular ectasia of the rete testis with associated scrotal findings J Med Ultrasonics (2013) 40: 27.CrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Rubens DJ, Liao L. Benign intratesticular cystic lesions: US features. Radiographics. 2001;21(Suppl):S273–81.PubMedCrossRef Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Rubens DJ, Liao L. Benign intratesticular cystic lesions: US features. Radiographics. 2001;21(Suppl):S273–81.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Fernandez Atuan et al Splenogonadal fusion: Case report and review of literature, Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports, Volume 1, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 375-377. R. Fernandez Atuan et al Splenogonadal fusion: Case report and review of literature, Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports, Volume 1, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 375-377.
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Rayson, D. , Burch, P. A. and Richardson, R. L. (1998), Sarcoidosis and testicular carcinoma. Cancer, 83: 337-343.PubMedCrossRef Rayson, D. , Burch, P. A. and Richardson, R. L. (1998), Sarcoidosis and testicular carcinoma. Cancer, 83: 337-343.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernández-Pérez GC, Tardáguila FM, Velasco M et al. Radiologic findings of segmental testicular infarction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184(5): 1587–1593.PubMedCrossRef Fernández-Pérez GC, Tardáguila FM, Velasco M et al. Radiologic findings of segmental testicular infarction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184(5): 1587–1593.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Akbar SA, Sayyed TA, Jafri SZ, Hasteh F, Neill JS. Multimodality imaging of paratesticular neoplasms and their rare mimics. Radiographics. 2003;23(6):1461–76.PubMedCrossRef Akbar SA, Sayyed TA, Jafri SZ, Hasteh F, Neill JS. Multimodality imaging of paratesticular neoplasms and their rare mimics. Radiographics. 2003;23(6):1461–76.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Valentino M, Bertolotto M, Ruggirello M, Pavlica P, Barozzi L, Rossi C. Cystic lesions and scrotal fluid collections in adults: Ultrasound findings. J Ultrasound. 2011;14(4):208–215.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Valentino M, Bertolotto M, Ruggirello M, Pavlica P, Barozzi L, Rossi C. Cystic lesions and scrotal fluid collections in adults: Ultrasound findings. J Ultrasound. 2011;14(4):208–215.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams SB, Han M, Jones R, Andrawis R. Adenomatoid tumor of the testes. Urology. 2004; 63(4):779–781.PubMedCrossRef Williams SB, Han M, Jones R, Andrawis R. Adenomatoid tumor of the testes. Urology. 2004; 63(4):779–781.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolfman DJ, Marko J, Gould CF, Sesterhenn IA, Lattin GE Jr. Mesenchymal extratesticular tumors and tumorlike conditions: from the radiologic pathology archives. Radiographics 2015;35:1943–1954.PubMedCrossRef Wolfman DJ, Marko J, Gould CF, Sesterhenn IA, Lattin GE Jr. Mesenchymal extratesticular tumors and tumorlike conditions: from the radiologic pathology archives. Radiographics 2015;35:1943–1954.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Jung SE, Lee JM, Kang CS, Cho Y. Sclerosing Lipogranuloma of the Scrotum. J Ultrasound Med 2007;26:1231–1233.PubMedCrossRef Jung SE, Lee JM, Kang CS, Cho Y. Sclerosing Lipogranuloma of the Scrotum. J Ultrasound Med 2007;26:1231–1233.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Imaging of scrotal masses
verfasst von
Kedar G. Sharbidre
Mark E. Lockhart
Publikationsdatum
01.07.2020
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Abdominal Radiology / Ausgabe 7/2020
Print ISSN: 2366-004X
Elektronische ISSN: 2366-0058
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02395-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2020

Abdominal Radiology 7/2020 Zur Ausgabe

Special Section: Male pelvis

Prostate MR: pitfalls and benign lesions

Special Section: Distinguished Papers from JSAR

Mass-forming hepatic cryptococcosis: a mimicker of metastatic tumors

Screening-Mammografie offenbart erhöhtes Herz-Kreislauf-Risiko

26.04.2024 Mammografie Nachrichten

Routinemäßige Mammografien helfen, Brustkrebs frühzeitig zu erkennen. Anhand der Röntgenuntersuchung lassen sich aber auch kardiovaskuläre Risikopatientinnen identifizieren. Als zuverlässiger Anhaltspunkt gilt die Verkalkung der Brustarterien.

S3-Leitlinie zu Pankreaskrebs aktualisiert

23.04.2024 Pankreaskarzinom Nachrichten

Die Empfehlungen zur Therapie des Pankreaskarzinoms wurden um zwei Off-Label-Anwendungen erweitert. Und auch im Bereich der Früherkennung gibt es Aktualisierungen.

Fünf Dinge, die im Kindernotfall besser zu unterlassen sind

18.04.2024 Pädiatrische Notfallmedizin Nachrichten

Im Choosing-Wisely-Programm, das für die deutsche Initiative „Klug entscheiden“ Pate gestanden hat, sind erstmals Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit Notfällen von Kindern erschienen. Fünf Dinge gilt es demnach zu vermeiden.

„Nur wer sich gut aufgehoben fühlt, kann auch für Patientensicherheit sorgen“

13.04.2024 Klinik aktuell Kongressbericht

Die Teilnehmer eines Forums beim DGIM-Kongress waren sich einig: Fehler in der Medizin sind häufig in ungeeigneten Prozessen und mangelnder Kommunikation begründet. Gespräche mit Patienten und im Team können helfen.

Update Radiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.