Background
Activation mechanisms of the inflammasome sensors
NLRP1
NLRP3
NLRC4
AIM2
Pyrin
Downstream signals of IL-1Rs
Inflammasomes in tumor microenvironment (TME)
Inflammasomes in tumorigenesis
Inflammasome compartments | Pro- or anti-tumorigenesis | Type of tumors | Outcomes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
NLRP1 | Pro-tumorigenesis (mutation) | Palmoplantar carcinoma | Gain-of-function mutations in NLRP1 are associated with multiple self-healing palmoplantar carcinoma | [59] |
Pro-tumorigenesis (mutation) | Melanoma | NLRP1 variant rs12150220 is associated with higher risk of melanoma | [125] | |
NLRP3 | Pro-tumorigenesis (mutation) | Melanoma | NLRP3 variant rs35829419 is associated with higher risk of melanoma | [125] |
Pro-tumorigenesis (mutation) | Gastric cancer | NLRP3 variants rs10754558 and rs4612666 are significantly associated with gastric cancer | [126] | |
Pro-tumorigenesis (mutation) | Pancreatic cancer | NLRP3 mutation Q705K is associated with pancreatic cancer | [127] | |
Pro-tumorigenesis | Sarcoma | NLRP3 knockout protects mice from methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma | [132] | |
Pro-tumorigenesis | Papilloma | NLRP3-deficient mice are resistant to carcinogenesis-induced papilloma | [296] | |
Pro-tumorigenesis | Squamous cell carcinoma | NLRP3 knockout protects mice from 4-NQO-induced squamous cell carcinoma | [133] | |
Anti-tumorigenesis | Liver cancer | NLRP3 is downregulated during liver cancer development | [134] | |
Anti-tumorigenesis | Colon cancer | NLRP3-deficient mice are susceptible to colitis-associated cancer | [137] | |
Anti-tumorigenesis | Colon cancer | NLRP3 knockout increases colitis and colitis-associated cancer | [136] | |
NLRC4 | Anti-tumorigenesis | Colon cancer | NLRC4-deficient mice show enhanced tumor formation | [141] |
Pyrin | Anti-tumorigenesis | Colon cancer | Pyrin knockout increases colitis and tumorigenesis through promoting intestinal barrier integrity | [138] |
ASC | Pro-tumorigenesis | Gastric cancer | ASC knockout suppresses spontaneous gastric cancer | [129] |
Pro-tumorigenesis | Cecal cancer | ASC knockout suppresses spontaneous cecal cancer | [130] | |
Pro-tumorigenesis | Skin cancer | Conditional knockout of ASC in myeloid cells reduces chemical-induced skin cancer | [143] | |
Anti-tumorigenesis | Squamous cell carcinoma | ASC knockout promotes tumorigenesis through decreasing anti-tumor immunity | [135] | |
Anti-tumorigenesis | Skin cancer | Conditional knockout of ASC in keratinocytes augments chemical-induced skin cancer | [143] | |
Caspase-1 | Pro-tumorigenesis | Cecal cancer | Caspase-1 inhibitor suppresses spontaneous cecal cancer | [130] |
Pro-tumorigenesis | Squamous cell carcinoma | Caspase-1 knockout protects mice from 4-NQO-induced squamous cell carcinoma | [133] | |
Anti-tumorigenesis | Squamous cell carcinoma | Caspase-1 knockout promotes tumorigenesis through decreasing anti-tumor immunity | [135] | |
Anti-tumorigenesis | Colon cancer | Caspase-1-deficient mice show enhanced tumor formation | [141] | |
Caspase-11 | Anti-tumorigenesis | Colon cancer | Caspase-11 knockout mice are more susceptible to colitis-associated cancer | [139] |
IL-1α | Anti-tumorigenesis | Breast cancer | IL-1α knockout mice show higher tumor burden and elevated death rate | [140] |
IL-1β | Pro-tumorigenesis | Gastric cancer | Overexpression of IL-1β causes spontaneous gastric cancer | [131] |
Pro-tumorigenesis | Lung cancer | Anti-inflammatory therapy by canakinumab reduced lung cancer incidence | [284] | |
IL-18 | Pro-tumorigenesis (mutation) | Lymphoma | IL-18 variant rs1946518 is associated with higher risk of lymphoma | [128] |
IL-1R1 | Anti-tumorigenesis | Breast cancer | IL-1R1 knockout mice show higher tumor burden and elevated death rate | [140] |
Inflammasomes in tumor cell death
Inflammasomes in angiogenesis of tumors
Inflammasomes in invasion and metastasis
NLRP3 in invasion and metastasis of tumors
NLRC4 in invasion and metastasis of tumors
AIM2 in invasion and metastasis of tumors
Inflammasomes in immune evasion
Inflammasomes in classical therapy
Inflammasomes in chemotherapy
Inflammasomes in radiotherapy
Inflammasomes in target therapy
Therapies targeting inflammasomes
Type of interventions | Agents | Type of diseases | Outcomes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
NLRP3 inhibitor | MCC950 | Colorectal carcinoma | MCC950 reverses FL118-induced pyroptosis | [216] |
Pancreatic cancer | MCC950 abrogates NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β-mediated cell proliferation | [159] | ||
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | MCC950 reduces MDSCs, Tregs, and TAMs while increasing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in TME where NLRP3 is overexpressed | [203] | ||
BAY 11–7082 | T cell leukemia | Apoptosis is induced in T cell leukemia cells by BAY 11–7082 through inhibiting NF-κB | [297] | |
Gastric cancer | Apoptosis is induced in gastric cancer cells by BAY 11–7082 through inhibiting NF-κB | [298] | ||
Lupus nephritis | Lupus nephritis is attenuated by BAY 11–7082 through inhibiting both NLRP3 and NF-κB | [299] | ||
Psoriasis | BAY 11–7082 protects animal models from psoriasis through inhibiting both NLRP3 and NF-κB | [300] | ||
ACT001 | Parkinson’s disease | ACT001 ameliorates NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation in animal models of Parkinson’s disease | [260] | |
Isoliquiritigenin | Diet-induced insulin resistance | Isoliquiritigenin inhibits diet-induced insulin resistance through inhibiting NLRP3 activation | [256] | |
Tranilast | Gouty arthritis, cryopyrin-associated autoinflammatory syndromes, and type 2 diabetes | Tranilast shows preventive or therapeutic efficacy in three mouse models of NLRP3-related diseases | [250] | |
Atherosclerosis | Tranilast dampens the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis through enhancing NLRP3 ubiquitination | [301] | ||
NSCLC | Tranilast inhibits EMT invasion, and metastasis of lung cancer cell lines | [252] | ||
Gastric cancer | Tranilast blocks interaction between mesothelial cells and cancer cells resulting in diminished tumor growth and fibrosis | [253] | ||
OLT1177 | Melanoma | OLT1177 disrupts IL-1β/IL-6/STAT3 axis in tumor cells and reduces immunosuppressive activities in MDSCs | [202] | |
Melanoma | OLT1177 reduces MDSCs expansion and tumor growth, whose effects could be further improved in combination with anti-PD-1 | [245] | ||
Alzheimer’s disease | OLT1177 reduces the number of plaques in cortex and rescues cognitive impairment | [302] | ||
Allergic asthma | Both i.p. and oral treatment of OLT1177 alleviate allergic asthma | [303] | ||
CY-09 | Breast cancer | CY-09 curbs NLRP3-mediated drug resistance and EMT | [218] | |
Diet-induced hepatic steatosis | CY-09 ameliorates high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis | [304] | ||
Osteoarthritis | CY-09 attenuates osteoarthritis development through inhibiting NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis of chondrocytes | [305] | ||
MNS | Pancreatic cancer | MNS inhibits cell invasion, migration, and proliferation. Combination of MNS with cytokine-induced killer cells decreases tumor growth | [306] | |
Breast cancer | MNS suppresses metastasis properties of cells | [307] | ||
Burn wound | MNS ameliorates burn wound progression, neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine production by inhibiting NLRP3 | [308] | ||
Oridonin | Peritonitis, gouty arthritis, and type 2 diabetes | Oridonin shows preventive and therapeutic efficacy in three mouse models of NLRP3-related diseases | [255] | |
Small cell lung cancer | Oridonin attenuates migration and EMT of cancer cells | [309] | ||
Oral cancer | Oridonin impedes cell growth | [310] | ||
Glyburide | Lung cancer | Glyburide attenuates inflammation-related lung tumorigenesis by inhibiting NLRP3 | [311] | |
BOT-4-one | Urate-induced peritonitis | BOT-4-one shows strong protective effect against urate-induced peritonitis through inhibiting NLRP3 | [312] | |
Lymphoma | BOT-4-one suppresses proliferation and survival of lymphoma cells | [313] | ||
Parthenolide | In vitro research | Parthenolide inhibits the activation of NLRP3 | [256] | |
Glycyrrhizin | In vitro research | Glycyrrhizin inhibits the activation of TLR4, NF-κB, and NLRP3 | [256] | |
NU9056 | In vitro research | NU9056 inhibits NLRP3 activation indirectly through inhibiting KAT5 | [79] | |
Methylene blue | Spinal cord injury | Methylene blue alleviates neuroinflammation through inhibiting NLRP3 | [314] | |
In vitro research | Methylene blue is a broad-spectrum inflammasome inhibitor against NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and non-canonical inflammasomes | [261] | ||
Pioglitazone | Traumatic brain injury | Pioglitazone treatment decreases expression of IL-1β, caspase-1, and NLRP3 | [315] | |
Fenamate NSAIDs | Alzheimer’s disease | Fenamate NSAIDs show therapeutic effects in Alzheimer’s disease through inhibiting NLRP3 | [316] | |
Resveratrol | Renal cancer | Resveratrol suppresses tumor progression through downregulating expression of NLRP3 | [258] | |
Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity | Resveratrol reduces doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury and systemic inflammation | [259] | ||
Radiation-induced inflammatory bowel disease | Resveratrol alleviates bowel inflammation after irradiation by repressing NLRP3 expression | [228] | ||
JC-171 | Multiple sclerosis | JC-171 delays progression of multiple sclerosis by interfering with NLRP3/ASC interaction | [317] | |
JC-124 | Alzheimer’s disease | JC-124 inhibits NLRP3 and shows neuroprotective effect | [318] | |
Colchicine | Ischemia–reperfusion injury | Colchicine reduces liver damage in mouse model of renal ischemia–reperfusion injury by downregulating NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β | [319] | |
IFN39 | In vitro research | IFN39 inhibits NLRP3-ASC speckle formation through blocking NEK7-NLRP3 interaction | [320] | |
Maxing shigan decoction | Mycoplasma pneumonia infection | Maxing shigan decoction suppresses NLRP3-induced cell pyroptosis and IL-1β production after Mycoplasma pneumonia infection | [321] | |
Sulforaphane | In vitro research | Sulforaphane attenuates activation of both NLRP3 and NLRC4 | [262] | |
Ischemia–reperfusion injury | Sulforaphane reduces retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury and reduces retinal ganglion cell death | [322] | ||
β-hydroxybutyrate | Glioma | NLRP3-mediated migration of glioma cells is suppressed by β-hydroxybutyrate | [323] | |
Alzheimer’s disease | Pathology of Alzheimer’s disease is alleviated by β-hydroxybutyrate through inhibiting NLRP3 | [324] | ||
Gout flares | Gout flares is relieved by β-hydroxybutyrate through inhibiting NLRP3 in neutrophil | [325] | ||
16,673-34-0 | Cardiac dysfunction | Western diet-induced cardiac dysfunction is prevented by 16,673-34-0 | [326] | |
Ischemia–reperfusion injury | Heart ischemia–reperfusion injury is reduced by 16,673-34-0 | [327] | ||
Celastrol | Melanoma | Celastrol inhibits migration and invasion of melanoma cells by suppressing macrophage-derived NLRP3/IL-1β pathway | [172] | |
NBC series | In vitro research | NBC series inhibits activation of NLRP3 without affecting Ca2+ homeostasis | [328] | |
Apigenin | Peritonitis | Apigenin ameliorates inflammatory symptoms related to NLRP3 activation | [329] | |
Fc11a-2 | Colitis | Fc11a-2 attenuates symptoms and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colitis by targeting NLRP3 | [330] | |
Formononetin | Colitis | Formononetin prevents colonic cell injury by reducing NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1β protein levels | [331] | |
Triptolide | Myocardial remodeling | Triptolide attenuates myocardial remodeling by targeting NLRP3 | [332] | |
Andrographolide | Colitis-associated cancer | Andrographolide reduces colitis and tumor burden by inhibiting NLRP3 and triggering mitophagy | [333] | |
Curcumin | Colitis | Curcumin ameliorates colitis symptoms by inhibiting NLRP3 in macrophages | [334] | |
Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones | In vitro research | Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones inhibits NLRP3-mediated IL-1β release in monocyte | [335] | |
Arglabin | Atherosclerosis | Arglabin shows anti-atherogenic effects partially through targeting NLRP3 | [336] | |
LFG-500 | NSCLS | LFG-500 suppresses NLRP3-mediated EMT, migration, and metastasis | [178] | |
ibrutinib | In vitro research | Ibrutinib indirectly inhibits NLRP3 inflammasomes by suppressing phosphorylated BTK that directly inhibited NLRP3 and ASC | [257] | |
AIM2 inhibitor | Andrographolide | Radiation-induced lung inflammation | Andrographolide prevents AIM2 from entering the nucleus | [224] |
glycyrrhizin | In vitro research | Glycyrrhizin inhibits activation of AIM2 | [256] | |
Methylene blue | In vitro research | Methylene blue is a broad-spectrum inflammasome inhibitor against NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and non-canonical inflammasomes | [261] | |
NLRC4 inhibitor | Sulforaphane | In vitro research | Sulforaphane attenuates activation of both NLRP3 and NLRC4 | [262] |
Methylene blue | In vitro research | Methylene blue is a broad-spectrum inflammasome inhibitor against NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and non-canonical inflammasomes | [261] | |
ASC inhibitor | CRID3 (MCC950) | In vitro research | CRID3 directly interacts with ASC causing blocked formation of ASC specks | [271] |
Spinal cord injury | CRID3 improves histology and behavior results after spinal cord injury by inhibiting ASC-related inflammasomes | [270] | ||
ibrutinib | In vitro research | Ibrutinib indirectly inhibits NLRP3 inflammasomes by suppressing phosphorylated BTK that directly inhibits NLRP3 and ASC | [257] | |
Caspase-1 inhibitor | VX-765 | NSCLC | ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD axis-induced pyroptosis is inhibited by VX-765 | [263] |
NSCLC | VX-765 inhibits cell migration by blocking AIM2 signal | [264] | ||
Alzheimer’s disease | VX-765 alleviates neuropathology and cognitive impairment in mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease | [337] | ||
VX-740 | Colitis | VX-740 mitigates IL-1β secretion in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis | [338] | |
Osteoarthritis | VX-740 attenuates joint damage in mouse models of osteoarthritis | [339] | ||
VRT-018858 | Transient ischemia | VRT-018858 shows protective effect against brain damage in transient ischemia | [340] | |
Thalidomide | Melanoma | Thalidomide reduces tumor growth through inhibiting caspase-1 in MDSCs | [267] | |
Ac-YVAD-CHO | Melanoma | Ac-YVAD-CHO inhibits iNOS-induced apoptosis | [268] | |
Melanoma | Ac-YVAD-CHO inhibits phloretin-induced apoptosis | [269] | ||
Ac-FLTD-CMK | Traumatic brain injury | Ac-FLTD-CMK shows neuroprotective effect in traumatic brain injury through inhibiting pyroptosis | [341] | |
Ac-YVAD-CMK | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Ac-YVAD-CMK reverses caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis | [265] | |
Breast cancer | Ac-YVAD-CMK increases proliferation and invasion, while decreasing apoptosis in cancer cells | [342] | ||
Renal cancer | Ac-YVAD-CMK abrogates AIM2-mediated anti-tumor effect | [343] | ||
Z-YVAD-fmk | Prostate cancer | Z-YVAD-fmk inhibits radiation-induced apoptosis by targeting caspase-1 | [266] | |
Q-VD-OPh | Leukemia | Q-VD-OPh in combination with vitamin D show anti-leukemia effects through inducing differentiation | [344] | |
IL-1α inhibitor | Lutikizumab | In vitro research | Lutikizumab specifically binds to IL-1α and IL-1β simultaneously | [345] |
IL-1β inhibitor | Canakinumab | rheumatoid arthritis | Canakinumab is effective in joint inflammation models | [278] |
Rilonacept | autoimmune disorders | High-affinity “cytokine traps” potently block cytokines in vitro and in vivo | ||
Gevokizumab | Heart failure | Gevokizumab limits cardiac remodeling and coronary dysfunction | [281] | |
Lutikizumab | In vitro research | Lutikizumab specifically binds to IL-1α and IL-1β simultaneously | [345] | |
IL-18 inhibitor | IL-18BP | Colorectal carcinoma | IL-18BP binds to IL-18 with high-affinity limiting anti-tumor immunity | [282] |
IL-1R inhibitor | Anakinra | Burkitt lymphoma | Anakinra abrogates cytokine release syndrome during CAR-T therapy | [289] |
Breast cancer | Anakinra reduces tumor growth by abrogating IL-22 production | [283] | ||
Mesothelioma | Synergistic effect is observed in combined of cisplatin and Anakinra against malignant mesothelioma | [215] | ||
AMG 108 | Osteoarthritis | AMG 108 decreases neutrophil count | [346] | |
GSDMD inhibitor | Necrosulfonamide | NSCLC | ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD axis-induced pyroptosis is inhibited by necrosulfonamide | [263] |
Alzheimer’s disease | Necrosulfonamide inhibits β-amyloid-induced neuronal pyroptosis | [347] | ||
LDC7559 | In vitro research | LDC7559 binds to GSDMD and inhibits NETosis | [272] | |
Disulfiram | Breast cancer | Metabolite of disulfiram shows anticancer effect | [348] | |
Nasopharyngeal cancer | Disulfiram/copper shows potent cytotoxic effects on cancer cells and fibroblasts | [275] | ||
Sepsis | Disulfiram prevents NET release from neutrophils leading to reduced multiple organ dysfunction | [273] | ||
In vitro research | Disulfiram inhibits GSDMD pore formation | [274] | ||
Bay 11–7082 | Multiple myeloma | Bay 11–7082 induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells | ||
In vitro research | Bay 11–7082 inhibits GSDMD pore formation | [274] | ||
NLRP3 activator | Polyphyllin VI | NSCLC | Polyphyllin VI induces pyroptosis through activating NLRP3 | [263] |
17β-estradiol | Hepatocellular carcinoma | 17β-estradiol provokes pyroptosis via NLRP3 | ||
BMS-986299 | Cancer | BMS-986299 shows potential anticancer effects | [3] |
Interventions related to inflammasomes | Diseases | Stage of development | Comments | NCT numbers |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glycyrrhizin | Lung cancer | I/II (completed) | NLRP3 inhibitor | NCT02449122 |
Liver cancer | I/II (completed) | NLRP3 inhibitor | NCT02449109 | |
ACT001 | Glioblastoma | I/II (recruiting) | NLRP3 inhibitor | NCT05053880 |
Andrographolides | Colon cancer | II (terminated) | NLRP3/AIM2 inhibitor | NCT01993472 |
Methylene Blue | Colon cancer | III (completed) | broad-spectrum inflammasome inhibitor | NCT01694966 |
Methylene blue | Breast cancer | Not Applicable | broad-spectrum inflammasome inhibitor | NCT02084784 |
BMS-986299 | Advanced cancer | I (terminated) | NLRP3 activator | NCT03444753 |
Thalidomide | Prostate cancer | II (completed) | caspase-1 inhibitor | NCT00400517 |
Thalidomide | Multiple myeloma | III (completed) | caspase-1 inhibitor | NCT01296503 |
Canakinumab | Lung cancer | III (completed) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT01327846 |
Canakinumab | Lung cancer | III (active, not recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT 03,447,769 |
Canakinumab | Lung cancer | II (recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT04905316 |
Canakinumab | Lung cancer | III (active, not recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT03631199 |
Canakinumab | Lung cancer | II (completed) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT 03,968,419 |
Canakinumab | Lung cancer | II (recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT04789681 |
Canakinumab | Lung cancer | III (completed) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT03626545 |
Canakinumab | Lung cancer | I (terminated) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT03064854 |
Canakinumab | Lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer | I (completed) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT02900664 |
Canakinumab | Pancreatic cancer | I (active, not recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT04581343 |
Canakinumab | Pancreatic cancer | III (recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT04229004 |
Canakinumab | Breast cancer | I (active, not recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT03742349 |
Canakinumab | Myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia | II (recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT04239157 |
Canakinumab | Myelodysplastic syndromes | II (recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT05237713 |
Canakinumab | Myelodysplastic syndromes | I/II (recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT04798339 |
Canakinumab | Myelodysplastic syndromes | I (recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT04810611 |
Canakinumab | Renal cancer | Early Phase 1 (recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT04028245 |
Canakinumab | Melanoma | II (active, not recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT03484923 |
Canakinumab | Clonal cytopenias of unknown significance | II (recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT05641831 |
Gevokizumab | Colon cancer | I (active, not recruiting) | IL-1β inhibitor | NCT03798626 |
Tadekinig alfa (IL-18BP) | CAR T-cell-related cytokine release syndrome | Early Phase 1 (recruiting) | IL-18 inhibitor | NCT05306080 |
Xilonix | Colon cancer | III (terminated) | IL-1α inhibitor | NCT01767857 |
Xilonix | Colon cancer | III (completed) | IL-1α inhibitor | NCT02138422 |
Xilonix | Pancreatic cancer | I (completed) | IL-1α inhibitor | NCT03207724 |
Xilonix | Advanced cancer | I (completed) | IL-1α inhibitor | NCT01021072 |
SB-485232 | Ovarian cancer | I (completed) | Recombinant IL-18 | NCT00659178 |
SB-485232 | Melanoma | II (completed) | Recombinant IL-18 | NCT00107718 |
SB-485232 | Lymphoma | I (completed) | Recombinant IL-18 | NCT00500058 |
SB-485232 | Lymphoma | I (completed) | Recombinant IL-18 | NCT01768338 |
SB-485232 | Solid tumor | I (completed) | Recombinant IL-18 | NCT00085878 |
SB-485232 | Solid tumor and lymphoma | I (completed) | Recombinant IL-18 | NCT00085904 |
ST-067 | Solid tumor | I/II (recruiting) | Recombinant IL-18 | NCT04787042 |
huCART19-IL18 | Leukemia and lymphoma | I (recruiting) | CAR-T targeting CD19 and expressing IL-18 | NCT04684563 |
Anakinra | Breast cancer | I (completed) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT01802970 |
Anakinra | Rectal cancer | I (recruiting) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT04942626 |
Anakinra | Colon cancer | II (completed) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT02090101 |
Anakinra | Pancreatic cancer | I (unknown) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT02021422 |
Anakinra | Pancreatic cancer | Early I (completed) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT02550327 |
Anakinra | Pancreatic cancer | II (not yet recruiting) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT04926467 |
Anakinra | Prostate cancer | I (active, not recruiting) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT04227275 |
Anakinra | Multiple myeloma and plasma cell neoplasm | II (completed) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT00635154 |
Anakinra | Multiple myeloma | I/II (active, not recruiting) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT03430011 |
Anakinra | Multiple myeloma | II (completed) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT03233776 |
Anakinra | Multiple myeloma | II (recruiting) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT04099901 |
Anakinra | Myeloma | I (completed) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT02492750 |
Anakinra | B-cell lymphoma | II (active, not recruiting) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT04432506 |
Anakinra | B-cell lymphoma | II (recruiting) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT04359784 |
Anakinra | B-cell lymphoma | II (recruiting) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT04205838 |
Anakinra | Lymphoma | II (active, not recruiting) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT04150913 |
Anakinra | B-cell lymphoma/leukemia | II (recruiting) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT04148430 |
Anakinra | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | I (unknown) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT04691765 |
Anakinra | Solid tumor | I (completed) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT00072111 |
Anakinra | Advanced Cancer | I (completed) | IL-1 receptor inhibitor | NCT01624766 |