Introduction
Method
Participants and procedure
N, M (SD) or % | |
---|---|
Gender | |
Boys | 652 |
Girls | 348 |
Age | 10.60 (3.30) |
4–11 years | 617 |
12–18 years | 383 |
11–18 years (YSR) | 446 |
IQa
| 98.32 (16.45) |
Primary clinical diagnosis | |
Depressive disorders | 56 |
Anxiety disorders | 80 |
Pervasive developmental disorders | 227 |
Identity/personality problems | 27 |
ADHD | 366 |
Parent–child relationship problem | 88 |
Disruptive behavior disorders | 50 |
Adjustment disorder | 38 |
Learning disorders | 16 |
Reactive attachment disorder | 14 |
Eating disorders | 4 |
Somatoform disorders | 3 |
Other disorders | 20 |
No diagnosis | 11 |
ASEBA percentage in clinical rangeb
| |
CBCL | 57.3 |
TRF | 37.2 |
YSR | 37.7 |
CBCL or TRF | 69.9 |
CBCL or TRF or YSRc
| 74.4 |
Instrument
Statistical analyses
Results
Intensity levels of self-conscious emotions
N |
M (SD) Present sample | % endorsing very true |
M (SD) non-clinical comparison group1
| % endorsing very true | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CBCL item 26 “Lacks guilt” | |||||
Boys 4–11 years | 409 | 0.69 (0.80)a
| 21.3 | 0.24 (0.49)** | 2.6 |
Boys 12–18 years | 243 | 0.71 (0.80)a
| 21.8 | 0.23 (0.50)** | 3.6 |
Girls 4–11 years | 208 | 0.43 (0.63)b
| 7.3 | 0.19 (0.44)** | 2.0 |
Girls 12–18 years | 140 | 0.69 (0.80)a
| 20.7 | 0.18 (0.47)** | 3.7 |
TRF item 26 “Lacks guilt” | |||||
Boys 4–11 years | 409 | 0.60 (0.76)a
| 16.9 | 0.24 (0.53)** | 5.2 |
Boys 12–18 years | 243 | 0.56 (0.77)a
| 17.3 | 0.18 (0.44)** | 2.5 |
Girls 4–11 years | 208 | 0.35 (0.66)b
| 10.2 | 0.08 (0.31)** | 0.8 |
Girls 12–18 years | 140 | 0.39 (0.67)b
| 10.0 | 0.11 (0.38)** | 2.1 |
YSR item 26 “Lacks guilt” | |||||
Boys 11–18 years | 285 | 0.68 (0.75)a
| 17.2 | 0.56 (0.68)* | 10.9 |
Girls 11–18 years | 161 | 0.59 (0.73)a
| 14.3 | 0.45 (0.66)* | 9.6 |
N |
M (SD) present sample | % endorsing very true |
M (SD) non-clinical comparison group1
| % endorsing very true | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CBCL item 52 “Feels very guilty” | |||||
Boys 4–11 years | 409 | 0.21 (0.47)a
| 2.5 | 0.05 (0.23)** | 0.2 |
Boys 12–18 years | 243 | 0.35 (0.57)b
| 4.9 | 0.07 (0.28)** | 0.5 |
Girls 4–11 years | 208 | 0.31 (0.57)b
| 5.3 | 0.07 (0.27)** | 0.3 |
Girls 12–18 years | 140 | 0.44 (0.65)b
| 8.6 | 0.12 (0.35)** | 0.9 |
TRF item 52 “Feels very guilty” | |||||
Boys 4–11 years | 409 | 0.08 (0.30)a
| 0.7 | 0.05 (0.24) | 0.4 |
Boys 12–18 years | 243 | 0.21 (0.48)b
| 3.3 | 0.03 (0.17)** | 0.0 |
Girls 4–11 years | 208 | 0.10 (0.33)a
| 1.0 | 0.04 (0.21)* | 0.0 |
Girls 12–18 years | 140 | 0.31 (0.62)b
| 8.6 | 0.09 (0.34)** | 1.5 |
YSR item 52 “Feels very guilty” | |||||
Boys 11–18 years | 285 | 0.33 (0.59)a
| 6.3 | 0.27 (0.53) | 3.8 |
Girls 11–18 years | 161 | 0.61 (0.73)b
| 14.9 | 0.33 (0.55)** | 3.8 |
N |
M (SD) present sample | % endorsing very true |
M (SD) non-clinical comparison group1
| % endorsing very true | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CBCL item 71 “Self-conscious, easily ashamed” | |||||
Boys 4–11 years | 409 | 0.56 (0.69)a
| 11.5 | 0.27 (0.51)** | 3.1 |
Boys 12–18 years | 243 | 0.65 (0.72)a
| 14.8 | 0.27 (0.52)** | 3.9 |
Girls 4–11 years | 208 | 0.60 (0.72)a
| 14.1 | 0.25 (0.47)** | 1.7 |
Girls 12–18 years | 140 | 0.87 (0.76)b
| 22.9 | 0.32 (0.53)** | 3.3 |
TRF item 71 “Self-conscious, easily ashamed” | |||||
Boys 4–11 years | 409 | 0.44 (0.62)a
| 7.1 | 0.29 (0.51)** | 2.5 |
Boys 12–18 years | 243 | 0.53 (0.72)a
| 13.2 | 0.20 (0.44)** | 1.6 |
Girls 4–11 years | 208 | 0.50 (0.68)a
| 10.2 | 0.24 (0.48)** | 2.5 |
Girls 12–18 years | 140 | 0.75 (0.78)b
| 20.7 | 0.27 (0.50)** | 2.7 |
YSR item 71 “Self-conscious, easily ashamed” | |||||
Boys 11–18 years | 285 | 0.57 (0.66)a
| 9.5 | 0.42 (0.59)* | 5.5 |
Girls 11–18 years | 161 | 0.94 (0.72)b
| 23.0 | 0.62 (0.67)** | 10.4 |
Gender and age effects
Lack of guilt, guilt, and shame and clinical diagnoses
Item 26 “Lacks guilt” | |||
---|---|---|---|
CBCL | TRF | YSR | |
Primary DSM classification | |||
Depressive disorders (n = 56/42†) | 0.65 (0.10)a
| 0.32 (0.10)a
| 0.58 (0.12)a
|
Anxiety disorders (n = 80/52) | 0.37 (0.09)b
| 0.36 (0.08)a
| 0.49 (0.10)a
|
Pervasive developmental disorders (n = 227/94) | 0.68 (0.05)a
| 0.45 (0.05)a
| 0.60 (0.08)a
|
Identity/personality problems (n = 27/25) | 0.76 (0.15)ac
| 0.56 (0.14)a
| 0.49 (0.15)a
|
ADHD (n = 366/121) | 0.56 (0.04)a
| 0.55 (0.04)a
| 0.69 (0.07)a
|
Parent–child relationship problem (n = 88/38) | 0.86 (0.08)c
| 0.54 (0.08)a
| 0.71 (0.12)ab
|
Disruptive behavior disorders (n = 50/26) | 1.00 (0.11)c
| 1.01 (0.10)b
| 1.07 (0.15)b
|
F(6,885/6,389) | 5.58** | 5.61** | 2.17* |
η
2
| .04 | .03 | .03 |
Item 52 “Feels very guilty” | |||
---|---|---|---|
CBCL | TRF | YSR | |
Primary DSM classification | |||
Depressive disorders (n = 56/42) | 0.47 (0.07)a
| 0.29 (0.05)a
| 0.74 (0.10)a
|
Anxiety disorders (n = 80/52) | 0.39 (0.06)ab
| 0.36 (0.05)a
| 0.66 (0.09)a
|
Pervasive developmental disorders (n = 227/94) | 0.31 (0.03)bc
| 0.12 (0.03)b
| 0.30 (0.07)b
|
Identity/personality problems (n = 27/25) | 0.55 (0.11)a
| 0.14 (0.08)ab
| 0.52 (0.13)ab
|
ADHD (n = 366/121) | 0.24 (0.03)c
| 0.10 (0.02)b
| 0.29 (0.06)b
|
Parent–child relationship problem (n = 88/38) | 0.32 (0.06)bc
| 0.10 (0.04)b
| 0.47 (0.10)ab
|
Disruptive behavior disorders (n = 50/26) | 0.27 (0.08)bc
| 0.11 (0.06)b
| 0.56 (0.13)ab
|
F(6,885/6,389) | 2.60* | 5.96** | 4.32** |
η
2
| .02 | .04 | .06 |
Item 52 “Self-conscious, easily ashamed” | |||
---|---|---|---|
CBCL | TRF | YSR | |
Primary DSM classification | |||
Depressive disorders (n = 56/42) | 0.77 (0.10)ab
| 0.53 (0.09)a
| 0.90 (0.10)ab
|
Anxiety disorders (n = 80/52) | 0.80 (0.08)ab
| 0.85 (0.07)b
| 1.13 (0.09)a
|
Pervasive developmental disorders (n = 227/94) | 0.88 (0.05)a
| 0.73 (0.04)b
| 0.66 (0.07)bc
|
Identity/personality problems (n = 27/25) | 0.84 (0.14)ab
| 0.52 (0.13)a
| 0.76 (0.14)b
|
ADHD (n = 366/121) | 0.44 (0.04)b
| 0.35 (0.03)c
| 0.52 (0.06)c
|
Parent–child relationship problem (n = 88/38) | 0.63 (0.07)ab
| 0.45 (0.07)ac
| 0.66 (0.11)bc
|
Disruptive behavior disorders (n = 50/26) | 0.45 (0.10)b
| 0.24 (0.09)c
| 0.67 (0.13)bc
|
F(6,885/6,389) | 11.65** | 13.09** | 5.58** |
η
2
| .07 | .08 | .08 |
Relations between lack of guilt, guilt, and shame and DSM-oriented ASEBA scales
CBCL item 26 “Lacks guilt” | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not true (n = 541) | Somewhat true (n = 275) | Very true (n = 184) |
F (2,991) |
η
2
| |
CBCL DSM-oriented scale | |||||
Affective problems | 4.95 (0.14) | 4.84 (0.19) | 5.24 (0.25) | 0.87 | .00 |
Anxiety problems | 3.25 (0.11) | 3.33 (0.14) | 3.10 (0.19) | 0.49 | .00 |
ADHD problems | 7.30 (0.15) | 7.36 (0.19) | 7.74 (0.26) | 1.03 | .00 |
Oppositional defiant problems | 3.85 (0.08)a
| 4.71 (0.11)b
| 4.99 (0.15)c
| 27.37** | .05 |
Conduct problems | 3.39 (0.11)a
| 4.13 (0.15)b
| 5.49 (0.20)c
| 36.58** | .07 |
TRF item 26 “Lacks guilt” | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not true (n = 637) | Somewhat true (n = 217) | Very true (n = 146) |
F(2,991) |
η
2
| |
TRF DSM-oriented scale | |||||
Affective problems | 3.19 (0.10) | 3.44 (0.17) | 3.49 (0.22) | 0.99 | .00 |
Anxiety problems | 2.46 (0.09) | 2.26 (0.14) | 2.23 (0.19) | 0.82 | .00 |
ADHD problems | 10.15 (0.25)a
| 13.01 (0.40)b
| 12.54 (0.54)b
| 17.63** | .03 |
Oppositional defiant problems | 2.45 (0.07)a
| 3.18 (0.12)b
| 3.42 (0.15)b
| 19.27** | .04 |
Conduct problems | 2.72 (0.11)a
| 3.41 (0.17)b
| 4.79 (0.23)c
| 30.03** | .06 |
YSR item 26 “Lacks guilt” | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not true (n = 228) | Somewhat true (n = 146) | Very true (n = 72) |
F(2,437) |
η
2
| |
YSR DSM-oriented scale | |||||
Affective problems | 6.06 (0.24) | 5.74 (0.29) | 6.12 (0.42) | 0.45 | .00 |
Anxiety problems | 3.29 (0.14) | 3.11 (0.17) | 3.43 (0.25) | 0.65 | .00 |
ADHD problems | 6.56 (0.19) | 7.22 (0.24) | 6.74 (0.34) | 2.23 | .01 |
Oppositional defiant problems | 3.10 (0.10) | 3.41 (0.12) | 3.08 (0.17) | 2.14 | .01 |
Conduct problems | 3.55 (0.15)a
| 4.07 (0.18)b
| 4.66 (0.25)b
| 7.52* | .03 |
CBCL item 52 “Feels very guilty” | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not true (n = 749) | Somewhat true (n = 206) | Very true (n = 45) |
F(2,991) |
η
2
| |
CBCL DSM-oriented scale | |||||
Affective problems | 4.66 (0.11)a
| 5.86 (0.22)b
| 6.16 (0.46)b
| 13.80** | .03 |
Anxiety problems | 2.87 (0.08)a
| 4.24 (0.16)b
| 4.91 (0.34)b
| 38.17** | .07 |
ADHD problems | 7.34 (0.12) | 7.58 (0.23) | 7.47 (0.48) | 0.41 | .00 |
Oppositional defiant problems | 4.40 (0.07)a
| 3.96 (0.14)b
| 4.16 (0.29)ab
| 3.99* | .01 |
Conduct problems | 3.91 (0.10) | 4.19 (0.19) | 4.13 (0.40) | 0.82 | .00 |
TRF item 52 “Feels very guilty” | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not true (n = 877) | Somewhat true (n = 98) | Very true (n = 25) |
F(2,991) |
η
2
| |
TRF DSM-oriented scale | |||||
Affective problems | 3.18 (0.08)a
| 3.62 (0.24)a
| 5.60 (0.48)b
| 12.81** | .03 |
Anxiety problems | 2.18 (0.07)a
| 3.77 (0.20)b
| 4.03 (0.40)b
| 35.31** | .07 |
ADHD problems | 11.06 (0.20) | 11.63 (0.60) | 11.37 (1.21) | 0.41 | .00 |
Oppositional defiant problems | 2.76 (0.06) | 2.74 (0.17) | 2.22 (0.35) | 1.18 | .00 |
Conduct problems | 3.18 (0.09) | 3.02 (0.26) | 3.27 (0.53) | 0.20 | .00 |
YSR item 52 “Feels very guilty” | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not true (n = 294) | Somewhat true (n = 110) | Very true (n = 42) |
F(2,437) |
η
2
| |
YSR DSM-oriented scale | |||||
Affective problems | 5.55 (0.21)a
| 6.28 (0.34)ab
| 7.99 (0.57)b
| 7.49* | .03 |
Anxiety problems | 2.72 (0.12)a
| 4.07 (0.19)b
| 4.82 (0.32)b
| 26.69** | .11 |
ADHD problems | 6.72 (0.18) | 6.76 (0.29) | 7.56 (0.48) | 1.34 | .01 |
Oppositional defiant problems | 3.18 (0.09) | 3.32 (0.15) | 3.06 (0.25) | 0.58 | .00 |
Conduct problems | 3.73 (0.14) | 4.31 (0.22) | 4.04 (0.37) | 2.31 | .00 |
CBCL item 71 “Self-conscious, easily ashamed” | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not true (n = 509) | Somewhat true (n = 347) | Very true (n = 144) |
F(2,991) |
η
2
| |
CBCL DSM-oriented scale | |||||
Affective problems | 4.72 (0.14)a
| 5.08 (0.16)ab
| 5.62 (0.28)b
| 4.02* | .01 |
Anxiety problems | 2.43 (0.10)a
| 3.60 (0.11)b
| 5.25 (0.18)c
| 93.98** | .16 |
ADHD problems | 7.74 (0.15)a
| 7.22 (0.17)b
| 6.61 (0.28)b
| 6.14* | .01 |
Oppositional defiant problems | 4.29 (0.09) | 4.36 (0.10) | 4.20 (0.18) | 0.38 | .00 |
Conduct problems | 3.85 (0.12) | 4.00 (0.14) | 4.38 (0.24) | 1.82 | .00 |
TRF item 71 “Self-conscious, easily ashamed” | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not true (n = 595) | Somewhat true (n = 294) | Very true (n = 111) |
F(2,991) |
η
2
| |
TRF DSM-oriented scale | |||||
Affective problems | 2.83 (0.10)a
| 3.74 (0.14)b
| 4.52 (0.24)c
| 22.23** | .05 |
Anxiety problems | 1.72 (0.08)a
| 2.94 (0.11)b
| 4.47 (0.19)c
| 96.87** | .16 |
ADHD problems | 11.98 (0.25)a
| 10.12 (0.34)b
| 9.17 (0.61)b
| 12.16** | .02 |
Oppositional defiant problems | 2.83 (0.07) | 2.68 (0.10) | 2.47 (0.18) | 1.67 | .00 |
Conduct problems | 3.16 (0.11) | 3.13 (0.15) | 3.32 (0.27) | 0.22 | .00 |
YSR item 71 “Self-conscious, easily ashamed” | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not true (n = 195) | Somewhat true (n = 187) | Very true (n = 64) |
F(2,437) |
η
2
| |
YSR DSM-oriented scale | |||||
Affective problems | 5.47 (0.27)a
| 5.94 (0.26)a
| 7.54 (0.48)b
| 6.18* | .03 |
Anxiety problems | 2.27 (0.14)a
| 3.69 (0.14)b
| 4.98 (0.25)c
| 46.12** | .17 |
ADHD problems | 6.90 (0.23) | 6.67 (0.21) | 6.68 (0.41) | 0.12 | .00 |
Oppositional defiant problems | 3.22 (0.12) | 3.17 (0.11) | 3.23 (0.21) | 0.06 | .00 |
Conduct problems | 3.88 (0.17) | 4.04 (0.16) | 3.58 (0.31) | 1.01 | .00 |