Introduction
Patients and methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Variables | Ureteral stent group | Nephrostomy group |
p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| % |
n
| % | ||
Patients | 36 | 9 | |||
Age (years) | |||||
Median [range] | 70 [33–98] | 62 [49–81] | |||
Mean ± SD | 66.6 ± 16.8 | 65.3 ± 12.0 | 0.831 | ||
Gender | |||||
Male | 8 | 22.2 | 7 | 77.8 | |
Female | 28 | 77.8 | 2 | 22.2 | 0.003 |
Performance status | |||||
0 | 19 | 52.8 | 6 | 66.7 | |
1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 11.1 | |
2 | 7 | 19.4 | 0 | 0.0 | |
3 | 5 | 13.9 | 0 | 0.0 | |
4 | 5 | 13.9 | 2 | 22.2 | 0.109 |
Diabetes mellitus | |||||
Negative | 21 | 58.3 | 7 | 77.8 | |
Positive | 15 | 41.7 | 2 | 22.2 | 0.249 |
Cardiovascular or neurologic disease | |||||
Negative | 23 | 63.9 | 7 | 77.8 | |
Positive | 13 | 36.1 | 2 | 22.2 | 0.356 |
Immunocompromised status | |||||
Negative | 32 | 88.9 | 8 | 88.9 | |
Positive | 4 | 11.1 | 1 | 11.1 | 0.691 |
History of urinary tract abnormalities | |||||
Negative | 36 | 100.0 | 6 | 66.7 | |
Positive | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 33.3 | 0.006 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | |||||
Median [range] | 1.2 [0.4–7.8] | 2.5 [1.1–7.0] | |||
Mean ± SD | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 0.042 | ||
eGFR (mL/min./1.73 m2) | |||||
Median [range] | 40.8 [4.4–112.3] | 20.6 [7.1–42.3] | |||
Mean ± SD | 44.1 ± 25.6 | 23.6 ± 11.3 | 0.025 | ||
Leukocyte counts (× 103/μL) | |||||
Median [range] | 13.5 [1.8–47.0] | 15.6 [9.1–27.9] | |||
Mean ± SD | 15.9 ± 9.0 | 15.9 ± 6.4 | 0.999 | ||
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | |||||
Median [range] | 12.9 [0.0–39.6] | 18.5 [1.8–30.4] | |||
Mean ± SD | 13.6 ± 9.3 | 16.0 ± 10.1 | 0.505 | ||
Platelet counts (× 104/μL) | |||||
Median [range] | 15.3 [2.4–48.1] | 15.6 [7.4–60.1] | |||
Mean ± SD | 17.4 ± 9.8 | 20.2 ± 16.2 | 0.515 | ||
Serum albumin (g/dL) | |||||
Median [range] | 3.0 [1.9–4.5] | 3.0 [1.8–4.3] | |||
Mean ± SD | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 0.821 | ||
Midstream urine culture | |||||
Negative | 7 | 19.4 | 2 | 22.2 | |
Positive | 29 | 80.6 | 7 | 77.8 | 0.586 |
Blood culture | |||||
Negative | 25 | 69.4 | 6 | 66.7 | |
Positive | 11 | 30.6 | 3 | 33.3 | 0.583 |
Hydronephrosis | |||||
Low-grade | 18 | 50.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
High-grade | 18 | 50.0 | 9 | 100.0 | 0.005 |
Laterality | |||||
Right | 19 | 52.8 | 3 | 33.3 | |
Left | 17 | 47.2 | 6 | 66.7 | 0.252 |
Position | |||||
Renal calyx or pelvis | 1 | 2.8 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Pelvic ureteral junction | 3 | 8.3 | 1 | 11.1 | |
Upper ureter | 18 | 50.0 | 5 | 55.6 | |
Mid ureter | 5 | 13.9 | 2 | 22.2 | |
Lower ureter | 9 | 25.0 | 1 | 11.1 | 0.861 |
Size (mm) (mean ± SD) | |||||
Longest diameter | |||||
Median [range] | 7.0 [4.0–35.0] | 11.0 [8.0–19.0] | |||
Mean ± SD | 8.7 ± 5.6 | 11.8 ± 4.0 | 0.131 | ||
Shortest diameter | |||||
Median [range] | 5.0 [2.0–15.0] | 7.0 [5.0–12.0] | |||
Mean ± SD | 5.7 ± 2.8 | 7.3 ± 2.0 | 0.106 | ||
Time to drainage (day) | |||||
Median [range] | 1.0 [1–3] | 1.0 [1–4] | |||
Mean ± SD | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 0.155 | ||
Susceptibility test of initial antimicrobial treatment | |||||
Resistant | 5 | 13.9 | 3 | 33.3 | |
Susceptible | 31 | 86.1 | 6 | 66.7 | 0.186 |
Time until susceptible antimicrobial treatment (day) | |||||
Median [range] | 1.0 [1–4] | 1.0 [1–4] | |||
Mean ± SD | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 0.157 | ||
Duration of symptom (day) | |||||
Median [range] | 1.0 [1–9] | 2.0 [1–6] | |||
Mean ± SD | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 0.618 | ||
Septic shock | |||||
Negative | 18 | 50.0 | 5 | 55.6 | |
Positive | 18 | 50.0 | 4 | 44.4 | 0.530 |
Variables | Septic shock group | Non-septic shock group |
p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| % |
n
| % | ||
Patients | 23 | 46 | |||
Age (yr) | |||||
Median [range] | 73 [43–98] | 65 [18–87] | |||
Mean ± SD | 69.1 ± 13.8 | 62.2 ± 16.9 | 0.073 | ||
Gender | |||||
Male | 7 | 30.4 | 17 | 37.0 | |
Female | 16 | 69.6 | 29 | 63.0 | 0.789 |
Performance status | |||||
0 | 10 | 43.5 | 32 | 69.6 | |
1 | 1 | 4.4 | 3 | 6.5 | |
2 | 2 | 8.7 | 6 | 13.0 | |
3 | 3 | 13.0 | 4 | 8.7 | |
4 | 7 | 30.4 | 1 | 2.2 | 0.012 |
Diabetes mellitus | |||||
Negative | 11 | 47.8 | 37 | 80.4 | |
Positive | 12 | 52.2 | 9 | 19.6 | 0.011 |
Cardiovascular or neurologic disease | |||||
Negative | 13 | 56.5 | 35 | 76.1 | |
Positive | 10 | 43.5 | 11 | 23.9 | 0.107 |
Immunocompromised status | |||||
Negative | 19 | 82.6 | 42 | 91.3 | |
Positive | 4 | 17.4 | 4 | 8.7 | 0.426 |
History of urinary tract abnormalities | |||||
Negative | 21 | 91.3 | 44 | 95.7 | |
Positive | 2 | 8.7 | 2 | 4.3 | 0.596 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | |||||
Median [range] | 1.8 [0.4–7.0] | 1.1 [0.6–7.8] | |||
Mean ± SD | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 0.069 | ||
eGFR (mL/min./1.73 m2) | |||||
Median [range] | 26.5 [7.1–112.3] | 44.1 [4.4–82.5] | |||
Mean ± SD | 35.4 ± 27.6 | 45.5 ± 19.2 | 0.122 | ||
Leukocyte counts (× 103/μL) | |||||
Median [range] | 15.7 [1.8–47.0] | 13.7 [5.1–28.8] | |||
Mean ± SD | 17.6 ± 10.3 | 14.8 ± 5.2 | 0.231 | ||
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | |||||
Median [range] | 13.7 [0.2–39.6] | 13.1 [0.0–41.7] | |||
Mean ± SD | 15.0 ± 10.4 | 13.3 ± 9.4 | 0.506 | ||
Platelet counts (×104/μL) | |||||
Median [range] | 11.6 [2.4–36.1] | 21.1 [4.8–60.1] | |||
Mean ± SD | 14.0 ± 9.2 | 22.3 ± 10.9 | 0.002 | ||
Serum albumin (g/dL) | |||||
Median [range] | 2.6 [1.8–4.3] | 3.3 [2.1–4.5] | |||
Mean ± SD | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 0.003 | ||
Midstream urine culture | |||||
Negative | 2 | 8.7 | 16 | 37.2 | |
Positive | 21 | 91.3 | 30 | 62.8 | 0.022 |
Blood culture | |||||
Negative | 11 | 47.8 | 40 | 87.0 | |
Positive | 12 | 52.2 | 6 | 13.0 | 0.001 |
Hydronephrosis | |||||
Low-grade | 8 | 34.8 | 28 | 60.9 | |
High-grade | 15 | 65.2 | 18 | 39.1 | 0.072 |
Laterality | |||||
Right | 9 | 39.1 | 24 | 52.2 | |
Left | 14 | 60.9 | 22 | 47.8 | 0.444 |
Position | |||||
Renal calyx or pelvis | 1 | 4.4 | 5 | 10.9 | |
Pelvic ureteral junction | 2 | 8.7 | 6 | 13.0 | |
Upper ureter | 9 | 39.1 | 23 | 50.0 | |
Mid ureter | 4 | 17.4 | 4 | 8.7 | |
Lower ureter | 7 | 30.4 | 8 | 17.4 | 0.464 |
Size (mm) (mean ± SD) | |||||
Longest diameter | |||||
Median [range] | 8.0 [4.0–35.0] | 9.5 [2.0–80.0] | |||
Mean ± SD | 9.8 ± 7.0 | 11.7 ± 12.3 | 0.415 | ||
Shortest diameter | |||||
Median [range] | 5.0 [2.0–15.0] | 6.0 [2.0–39.0] | |||
Mean ± SD | 6.0 ± 3.0 | 7.9 ± 7.6 | 0.140 | ||
Drainage | |||||
None | 1 | 4.4 | 23 | 50.0 | |
Ureteral stent | 18 | 78.2 | 18 | 39.1 | |
Nephrostomy | 4 | 17.4 | 5 | 10.9 | 0.001 |
Time to drainage (day) | |||||
Median [range] | 1.0 [1–3] | 1.0 [1–4] | |||
Mean ± SD | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.263 | ||
Susceptibility test of initial antimicrobial treatment | |||||
Resistant | 6 | 26.1 | 6 | 13.0 | |
Susceptible | 17 | 73.9 | 40 | 87.0 | 0.178 |
Time until susceptible antimicrobial treatment (day) | |||||
Median [range] | 1.0 [1–4] | 1.0 [1–4] | |||
Mean ± SD | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 0.308 | ||
Duration of symptom (day) | |||||
Median [range] | 2.0 [1–9] | 2.0 [1–4] | |||
Mean ± SD | 2.3 ± 2.1 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 0.245 |
Factor | OR | 95 % CI |
p value |
---|---|---|---|
Performance status | |||
0, 1 | Ref | ||
2, 3, 4 | 1.52 | (0.35–6.54) | 0.574 |
Diabetes mellitus | |||
Negative | Ref | ||
Positive | 3.34 | (0.74–15.00) | 0.116 |
Platelet counts | |||
15.0≦ | Ref | ||
15.0> | 5.43 | (1.40–21.28) | 0.014 |
Serum albumin | |||
2.8≦ | Ref | ||
2.8> | 5.88 | (1.27–27.03) | 0.023 |
Midstream urine culture | |||
Negative | Ref | ||
Positive | 3.58 | (0.38–33.33) | 0.266 |
Blood culture | |||
Negative | Ref | ||
Positive | 2.03 | (0.42–9.80) | 0.379 |